SUBJECT INDEX

Absorbance of crosslinked lysozyme 299

4-Acetamido-2-hydroxybenzyl azide 189

Acetonitrile in enzyme kinetics 408

N-Acetoxysuccinimide 638 N-Acetyldehydroalanine methyl

ester 735 N-Acetyl-D-galactosamine 162 N-Acetylhomocysteine thiolactone

178, 204, 248 a-N-Acetyl-L-lysine 735 E-N-Acetyl-L-lysine 348 N-Acetyltryptophan p-nitrophenyl

ester 407 N-Acetyltyrosine 406, 410, 451 Acid

anhydride, wool reactions 370 chloride, wool reactions 364 solubility 361

Actin composition 661 differential spin labeling 678 ESR spectra 676 forms 209, 442, 661, 677 lipid interactions 681 polymers 678 subunits 661

a-Actinin 658 Activated vinyl compounds 362 Activation energy of protein

folding 57 Active esters 486 Actomyosin 57, 442 Acyl carrier protein (ACP) 4 Acylation of proteins 235, 349,

406

Addition reactions and anti tumour activity 22 dehydroascrobic acid 21 hormones and lac tones 22 thiols 20-23 wool 363

Adipaldehyde protein crosslinking 437

Adipoyl insulins 263, 265, 274 Affinity

chromatography of soybean agglutinin 153

labeling of ribosomes electrophilic labels photoaffinity labels reagents 597 sites 603 structural models 603

Agglutination erythrocytes 158 lectins 149 rate 158

595-606 605 605

Aggregation induced by X-rays 520

Aggregation of myosin 661 Air pollution 634, 639 Albumin

aggregation 510 antigenic structure 90 gel filtration 514 ultracentrifugation 513 wheat flour 73

Alcohol dehydrogenase 521 Aldehyde tanning 434 Aldolase 442 Aldosterone 22

745

746

Alkali phosphatase 521 solubility 361 treated wool 701

3-Alkyl-3,4-dihydro-l,2-2H-ben­zoxazine 664

N-Alkyldihydropyridines 351 Alpha

amino acid crosslinking 738 helix 308, 385, 390

Amide crosslinks 332 Amidine links 217 Amino acid

analysis actin 662 crosslinked bovine serum

albumin 243 crosslinked collagen 237 crosslinked gelatin 552 glutenin 79 irradiated enzymes 560 wool 308, 330

crosslinking 641 free radicals 520 hydrolysis 690 protein binding 526 pyrimidine photoadducts 624 reactivity 172, 525 sequence 116, 124, 492

Amino group reversible blocking reagents 108

Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase 5, 572, 596

1-(5-Amino~5-carboxypentyl) pyridinium cation 351

S-$-Aminoethylcysteine 714 6-Aminohexanoic acid 436 Aminotyrosine 106 Amylase 521 Anhydrobiotic dormant state 16 Antibodies 9, 142 Anti-carbohydrate activity 162 Antigenic mode of folding 122 Antigenic sites 92, 129, 142 Antisera 93 Antitumour activity 22, 23 Aprotic solvents 356, 405, 420 Archibald colorimetric procedure

286

Arginine antigenicity 101 citrulline conversion 286 converting enzymes 292 derivatives 101, 102, 366 in hair proteins 283

INDEX

Artifical crosslinks 169, 178, 212

E-($-Aspartyl) lysine 172, 345 Atherosclerosis 403 Atomic absorption spetrometry

251 Audioradiography 619 4-Azidocarbonyl-3-hydroxyphenyl­

maleimide 189 p-Azidophenyl bromide 178

B cells 163 Backing-off procedure 485 Baking performance 81 Benzaldehydes 421 Benzenesulfonyl chloride 374 Benzophenone tetracarboxylic

dianhydride 372 N-Benzoyl-L-tyrosine-p-nitro­

anilide 406 Bifunctional reagents 178, 197,

208, 212, 216, 263, 274, 355, 449 affinity 183 antibody crosslinking 139, 147 bridging ability 143 design 181, 187 reactive groups 177 semi reversible 193

Binding specificity 665 Biological activity

and crosslinking 171 and immunological properties

268 of crosslinked insulins 268 of irradiated enzymes 565 of plant lectins 149

Biological inertness of leather 426

Biosynthesis of wheat proteins 81

Bisamides 644

INDEX

NE. NE'Bis(2-carboxyethyl)­lysine 704

S-Bis(achloroethyl)phosphonyl­ethyl cysteine 723. 738

Bis(achloroethyl)vinylphosphonate 365. 727

1.1-Bis(diazoacetyl)-2-phenyl­ethane 178

Bisdiazobenzidine 178 Bis(hydroxysuccinimide) succinate

ester 178 Bis-L-tyrosine-p-azobenzenearso­

nate 146 Bisulfite

food additive 633 nucleic acid crosslinking 633 transamination catalyst 634

Bis(ureido)tetraprolyl azobenzene 211

Biuret phenol method 174 Blood serum lipoprotein 657 Bovine serum (plasma) albumin

(BSA) aldehyde reactions 420 aromatic Schiff's bases' 416 binding sites 422 conformation 244 crosslinking 238 dimers 242 disulfide bonds 242 reduction-alkylation 415 Schlieren pattern 241

Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor 45

Bridge antibody molecules 146 Bridge-labeled reagents 198 Bromelain crosslinking 558 5-Bromouridine 596 4-Butyrolactone 360

Calf hair swelling 314 Caroooenzoxylysines 636 Carbodiimide protein modification

102. 464. 485. 654

747

S-Carboxyethyl lysozyme 105 2-Carboxyethyl-selenol-4-azido-

2-nitrobenzoate 194 S-Carboxyethylcysteine (SCEC)

698 NE-(2-Carboxyethyl) lysine 704 4-Carboxy-3-hydroxyphenyl-

maleimide 189 S-Carboxymethyl proteins 94. 285 Carboxypeptidase A 276 Carcinoembryonic antigen 163 Cardiolipin enzyme complex 563 Carpet beetle larvae 375 Carrageenan 395 Casein-glutaraldehyde reactions

437 Catalase crosslinking 521. 654 Cell

agglutination 156 immune response 140 lethality 572

Cellulose crosslinking 236 Cesium chloride density gradient

573 Charge relay system 406 Chemical

degradation of crosslinks 641 shifts 729. 731 stability 132. 316

Chloramphenicol 596 4-Chloroacetylphenyl maleimide

191 Cholesterol 663 Chondroitin sulfate 395 Chromatin

effect of DNAse 590 histone-nonhistone links 581 irradiation 571 protein-DNA adducts 571-592

Chromium tanning 431 Chymopapain crosslinking 588 Chymotrypsin

albumin crosslinking 202 cardiolipin complex 563 digestion 93

Carbon-sulfur bond cleavage 714 Carbonyl-bis(methionine p-nitrophe­

nyl ester) 265 Carbonyl-diimidazole 176

effect of apolar solvents 407 immobilized 405 radiosensitivity 516. 563. 599 thiolation 247. 255

748

Circular dichroism 94, 266, Citraconylation of lysozyme Citrulline in hair 283 Cleavable crosslinking agents

182, 197, 230 Coenzyme A 4 Collagen

499 109

aldehyde reactions 434, 449 amino acid composition 237 enzyme-binding sites 459 chrome reactions 433 conformation 473 crosslinking 425-439 films 237 galactosidase complex 451 lactase complex 450 microfibrils 447 membranes 448 pepsin treatment 456 radiation treatment 522 tanning 425-439

Combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry 705

Complementation 58 Concanavalin A 156, 563, 575 Conditions for crosslinking 170 Configurational energy 62 Conformation

and immunochemistry 92 collagen models 491-508 crosslinked proteins 244, 266 reduced proteins 94 solid state 496

Conformational energies 56, 504 Conformationally adjacent resi-

dues 133 Conjugated ring radicals 528 Cooperative interactions 55, 216 Coulomb attractions 664 Coupling constants 729, 731 Covalent crosslinking

by disulfides 90 by free radicals 555 in structure of lysozyme 92

Creatine phosphotransferase 521 Crosslink

cleavage 182 density 307, 313, 386 determination 211, 384 digestibility 345

formation 169 function 295 model 527 side products 183 types 172

Crosslinked F~actin

alpha-amino acids 738 cellulose 236 collagen 237, 446 chymotrypsin 247 fibers 305

INDEX

fibrin and fibrinogen 175 globin 247 hemoglobin 209 insulin 247, 261-279 lysozyme 159 mitogen 164 proteins 202 ribosomes 209, 221 wheat glutenin 80 wool 355

Crosslinking agents 172, 197, 207 and antigenicity 132 and biological activity 171 and protein folding 171 bisulfite catalysis 633 by ethylene glycol 383 by formaldehyde 641 by glutaraldehyde 349 by heat 330, 348 by isopeptide bonds 283, 503 by radiation 509-537, 557-568 by thiolation 247 chemistry 429, 554 effect on melting points 427 function in keratin 310 ideal reagents 137 in chrome tanning 433 in the solid state 514 intra-protomer 654 intra-subunits 655 noncovalent 532 of bacteriophage 638 of chymotrypsin 202 of collagen 425, 492 of dimers and oligomers 228 of fibroin 553 of gelatin 551

INDEX

Cross1inking (continued) of glutamate dehydrogenase 201 of lactate dehydrogenase 198 of plant lectins 149 of soybean agglutinin 150 of wool 330, 360, 641 protein-nucleic acid 571-592,

637 protein-protein 618 quasi-random 655 reversible 197, 270 total and intermolecular 317,

727 two-step procedure 217 yields 224

Crotalus adamantus L-amino acid oxidase 485

Crotona1dehyde 21 Cyanoborohydride reduction 415 S-cyanoethyl

cysteine 721 wheat proteins 74 wool 702

Cyanogen bromide 93 Cyclic anhydrides 371 Cyclic bifunctional compounds 371 Cyc10hexanedione-enzyme reactions

101 Cysteic acid 530 Cysteine

codons 12 cross1inking 642 effect on rheological proper­ties 84 evolutionary role 1 formation from serine 235 in bacterial proteins 13 in collagen 236 in mammalian proteins 15 in silk fibroin 238 incorporation

plants 36 mass spectrum modification

into tomato

708, 722 190

role in dormancy 16 substitution 696 sulfhydryl group pairing 272 vinyl phosphonate adducts 738

Cystine and helix melting 312 cross1inks 235, 308 disulfoxide 523, 530 in sheep feeds 315 in wheat proteins 72 in wool 355, 378 staining 332

Cystiny1-insu1in 274 Cytidine 635 Cytochrome C 522 Cytochrome P-450 650 Cytosine

749

lysine derivative 636 transamination reactions 635 ultraviolet absorption 635

Dansyl group determination 264, 374

Deamidated gliadin 553 Dehydroascorbic acid-thio1

reactions 20, 52 Deoxycytidine 635 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

392, 590 double-stranded phage 639 polymerase 572 radio1ysis 559, 564, 522 synthesis 5

Deoxythymidine 56 Depolymerase 515 Deprotected peptides 482 Dermatan sulfate 395 Desulfurization 416, 714 Deuterium labeling of cross1inks

736 Dextran 395 Diacid chlorides 367 Diaminosuberoy1-insulin 267 Diborane reduction 103 1,3-Dibromoacetone 178 Diesterases 638 Diethylpyrocarbonate 176 Differential thermal analysis

(DTA) 329 Digestibility of crosslinked

proteins 345, 461

750 INDEX

Dihydrobenzoxazines 644 Dithiolated insulin 255 Dihydrocytosine 634 Dithiols 3, 7 Dihydrolipoate 3, 7 Dithiothreitol 3, 7, 34, 72 Dihydrophenylalanine 531 Divinyl benzene 365 Diiodotyrosine 331 Divinyl sulfone 363 Diketene 98 Dodecanedioyl insulin 265 Diketopiperazine 483 Dodecenesuccinic anhydride 371 Dimethyl adipimidate 197 l2-Doxylstearic acid 676 Dimethylene-S,S'-dicysteine 377 Dormancy 16-19 Dimethylformamide (DMF) 349, 360,

407, 421 Dimethyl suberimidate 163, 197,

230 Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) 360 Dinitrophenylation 347 Dinitrophenyl-L-tyrosine-p-azo-

benzene arsonate (DNP-RAT) 141 Dioxane 407, 411 Diphenyletherdisulfonyl chloride

374 Dipolar aprotic solvents Disc gel electrophoresis Disulfide bonds

360 38

and antigenic sites 89, 116 and crosslink density 313 and mechanical properties 315 and protein turnover 31-41 and wheat protein functionali-

ty 67 artificial 172

84 changes during mixing cleavage 74, 217 correct pairing 271 crosslinks 90, 198, 217, 248,

313 decomposition 333 immunochemical function heat stability 41

272

94

in tomato plants 34 interchange 385, 390 oxidation 271 properties 315 radiolysis 566 random formation reduction 3, 303, 310, 346,

362, 515 renaturation 51 rupture 714 stability 4

Effective carbon number Egg albumin 553 Elastase 522

697

Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR, ESR)

517, 551, 667, 680 Electron scanning microscopy 649 Electropherograms 358, 617 Electrophilic labels 605 Electrophoresis of

crosslinked insulin 264 proteins 202 ribosomes 219, 222, 226, 617 thiolated insulin 252

S-pyridylethyl proteins 74 trehalosephosphate synthetase

403 Ellman's method Endotherms 330

34

Energy barriers to protein folding 58

Entropy of unfolding 297, 301, 305

Enzyme binding

to collagen 441 to membranes 442

crosslinking 176 DNA-complexes 559 diffusion 465 digestion inhibitors

275, 347, 378 31

loading capacity 459 mitochondrial binding 465

Equatorial reflections 338 Ergothioneine 3,7 Erythrocyte agglutination 158

INDEX

ESR, see electron paramagnetic resonance

Ester cross1inks 299, 383 Ethoxyformic anhydride 399 Ethyl acrylate 21 Ethyl ch1oroformate 176 Ethyl vinyl ketone 21 Ethylene dibromide 377 Ethylene glycol 183, 383, 497 S,S'-Ethy1ene-bis-cysteine 696 Eucaryotic cells 572 Eucaryotic enzymes 12 Evolutionary development 308 Extracellular proteins 14 Fatty acid synthesis 5 Feather irradiation 516 Ferredoxin 6 Fibrin cross1inking 175 Fibrinogen agglutination 175,

511, 522 Fibroin 238 Fiber tensile tests 362 Ficin radio1ysis 558, 567 Fish protein concentrate (FPC)

657 F1ory-Rehner equation 386 Fluid mosaic cell membrane 657 Fluorescent diimidoesters 199 F1uoronitrobenzenes 178, 262,

347 Food sterilization 510 Formaldehyde cross1inking

431, 435, 641 348,

Formic acid swelling 314, 387 Free energies of binding 159 Free energy of unfolding 298 Free radicals in proteins 516,

551 Fructose-6-phosphokinase

D-Ga1actose 151 Galactosidase 445

442

Gamma globulin aggregation 511 Gamma radio1ysis 511, 558 Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC)

687-710 and mass spectrometry 692 derivatives 691 of alkali-treated wool 701

751

of crosslinked amino acids 698 reagents 690

Gel electrophoresis of actin 677 of crosslinked soybean agglu­

tinin 152 of protein~DNA adducts 574-589

Gel filtration of crosslinked protein-RNA 213 of insulin 264 of lactate dehydrogenase 533 of protein aggregates 513 of protein-DNA adducts 574,

586, 588 of ribosome components 615 of transglutaminases 174 of urease 534 of wheat proteins 69, 78, 80

Gelation 551 Glass transition 330 Gliadins

axial ratio 74 baking quality 81 biosynthesis 81 chromatography 70 components 69

Globin thio1ation 247, 255 Globulin aggregation 511 Glucagon bridges 140 Glucose oxidase chromogen method

448 G1ucosy1 donors 392 G1uconidase 402 Glutamic dehydrogenase 201, 644 Glutamic synthetase 651 G1utamy1-1ysines 172, 345-348 Glutaraldehyde cross1inking 150,

163, 178, 349, 438, 450, 650 Glutathione

biosynthesis 8 disubstitution 8, 11 disulfide interchange 84, 191 in dormancy 16 metabolism 9 oxidation 7, 21, 45 radio1ysis 516 reactions 190 reduction 46 S-transferase 21

752

Glutenin baking quality 81 biosynthesis 81 composition 71 molecular weights 76 reduction-alkylation 78

Glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydro-genase 5, 442, 512

Glycerol crosslinking 183 Glycine spacer 129 Glycine triplets 492 Glycolysis 5, 442 Guanidinated proteins 98, 513 Guanosine nucleotides 392, 596

Hair, see also wool amino acid composition 285 citrulline in 288 cortex 284 cross-section 284 follicle-enzyme 288 medulla 284 structure 331 swelling 314 tryptic digestion 285

Haptenic determinants 98, 140 Heat treatment of proteins 37,

331 Helix melting 310 Helix spacings 338 Helix stabilization Hematin irradiation Hemocyanin aggregates

311 522

511 Hemoglobin crosslinking 209, 522 Hemothioacetals 6, 20 Heparin 395 Heptanoic anhydride 371 Heterobifunctional reagents 172,

176 Heterogeneous catalysis 442 Hexafluoropropanol 497 Hexahydrophthalic anhydride 371 Hexamethylene diisocyanate 178,

262, 369 Histidine

crosslinking 642 methyl esters 102 protein modification 366, 572

INDEX

Histones 230, 290, 572, 581, 638 Homobifunctional reagents 172,

177 Homogeneous crosslinking 262 Hookean region 315 Horn radiolysis 516 Horsehair 315 Human hair structure 331 Humoral immune response 140 Hyaluronic acid 395 Hydrodynamic value 60 Hydrogen

bonding 494-505, 452, 534, 740, 741

disulfide reduction 3 pressure, primitive earth 2 sulfide, and prebiotic synthe-

sis 4 Hydrolase activity 515 Hydrophilic crosslinking 197,

207 Hydrophobic crosslinking 207-211,

665 Hydrothermal stability 426 Hydroxyapatite chromatography

638 Hydroxyl radicals 550 Hypoglycemic potency 268

Ideal crosslinking agent 187 Imino residues 493 2-Iminothiolane 204 Immobilized chymotrypsin 407 Immune electron microscopy 599 Immune response 140 Immuno-reactivity 269 Immunochemistry

crossreaction 94 of lysozyme derivatives 95 of peptide fragments 92, 108 of proteins 90 of ribosomes 620

Immunoglobulin G 45 Immunoglobulin synthesis 163 Immunogenic determinant 140 Inhibition of transamidase

activity 286 Insect resistance of wool 373,

375, 378

INDEX

Insect tests 262 Insulin

aggregation 257 biosynthesis 262 crosslinking 247, 261-279 derivatives 262, 273 dimers 276-279

mechanical properties 315 melting 330 structural changes 329 swelling 313

Keto acids 20 E-N-(2-Ketopyrimidyl)-L-lysine

639 Kinetics

753

enzymatic degradation 275 fractionation 261 hexamers 247

of chymotrypsin catalysis 409 of protein folding 58

labeled 275 long acting 248 metal binding 256 molecular properties 251 radiolysis 516, 522 therapeutic value 247 topology 262 X-ray analysis 262 zinc 254

Interhelical crosslinks 457, 503 Intercellular mammalian protein

14 Intermolecular crosslinks 210 Intramolecular stacking 147 Intraprotomer links 654 Intrasubunit cross1inking 655 Introduction of cross1inks 235,

345-352 Ion-exchange chromatography 683 Ionic binding 664 Ionic protein-lipid interactions

674

of Schiff's base formation 417

of thiol-disulfide interchange 58

Lactate dehydrogenase 402 active site 190 amino acid sequence 191 crosslinking 190, 198, 511 isozymes 193 purification 192, 203

Lactose, immobilized 453 Lanthionine 103, 172, 311

determination 687-710 S-dioxide 704

Lauroyl chloride 367 Leather

composition 425 molecular properties 429 tanning 430 water sorption 426

Lectins Isocyanate-wool reactions 369 Isoelectric focusing 264 Isoe1ectric precipitation 679 Isomorphous replacement 331 Isopeptide cross1inks 283, 345-348 Isotope incorporation 40

binding sites 161 crosslinking 163 semisynthetic 159 soybean 149, 160 wheat germ 159

Keratan sulfate 395 Keratin, see also Wool

amino acid composition chemical stability 316 crosslink density 320 crosslinking 307-322 evolutionary development helix stabilization 311 hydrolysis 317

308

307

Light scattering 512 Lipase 657 Lipid

actin interactions 674 lipid interactions 665 protein complexes

and food quality 657 binding forces 664 effect of heat 668 toxic effects 57

754

Lipogenesis 268 Lipoprotein complexes 675 Lipoprotein-glycosamine glycan

403 Low-density lipoprotein Low-dose reactivity 624 Lowry reaction 616 Lymphocytes

agglutination 150 leukemic 161 stimulation 161

Lysine

403

aldehyde reactions 416, 436 collagen modification 462 crosslinking 644 modification 366 nucleic acid reactions 635 radiolysis 519 vasopressin 522

Lysinoalanine cleavage 737

INDEX

Malignant cell agglutination 150 Mass spectrometry

and gas-liquid chromatography 692

decomposition pathways 715 of crosslinked amino acids

687-710 of cysteine derivatives

Mautner's reagent 194 Mechanism of

713

collagen enzyme binding 462 disulfide formation 51 radiation-induced crosslinking

514 Melting curves 299 Melting points

collagen 427 heated wool 336

deuterium labeling 736 estimation 172, 687, 696, 699 in wool 311, 333

Membrane filter technique 575 Memory effects 310 Mercaptoethanol 316 4-Mercaptobutyrimidate ester 218 Meridional reflections 333, 340 Metal ions in crosslinking 584 Methionine Lysinonorleucine 172, 176

Lysozyme aggregation 511 antigenic sites 90, 120, 132,

140

crosslinking 265 sulfoxide 530 radiolysis 523

Methoxybenzaldehydes 422 Methyl (4-thiobutyrimidate) Methyl vinyl ketone 365 N,N'-Methylene-bis-acrylamide

antisera 93 carboxymethylation conformation 298

93

crosslinking denaturation

159, 298 297

ion-exchange chromatography immunochemistry 93 maleylation 98 ORD and CD spectra 94, 102 reactions 44, 52, 98, 101,

296, 297 surface simulation 128 thiol-disulfide interchange three-dimensional model 132

Lytic activity 103

364 S,S'-Methylene-bis-cysteine

60 Methylenedilysine 435, 642 N-E-Methyllysine 642 S-Methyllysozyme 94 N-Methylolglutamine 642

103,Methylmercuric iodide 332 Methylsulfonic acid 530 Microfibrils 333, 447,

45 Mitochondrial membrane 465 Mitogenic activity 150, 160 Mohair 315 Molecular

packing 258 thiology 25

218

696

Macrofibrils 357 Macrophages 162 Maleylacetoacetate isomerase

weights 75, 154, 221, 251, 456 21

INDEX

Monodesamido insulin 258 Monofunctional reagents 355 Monothiolated insulin 255 Monothiols 3, 7 Moth resistance 372, Multiple crossbridges Multiprotein complex Multisubunits 171 Multitarget model 625

375, 378 158

170

Muscle pyruvate kinase 651 Mycobacterium tuberculosis 392 Myofibrillar proteins 658, 664 Myoglobin

agglutination 511 antigenic structure 90, 129 folding 91

Myosin catalytic sites 660 complex formation 661 configuration 659 denaturation 669 detection 665 effect of heat 668 effect of processing 660 lipid interactions 665-669 subunits 659

Myristoyl chloride 367

NMR, see nuclear magnetic resonance

Nail irradiation 516 Natural crosslinks 172 Negative staining 649 Neuroamidinase 160 Nicotine adenine dinucleotide

phosphate, reduced 16, 46 Nitrene 178 Nitrobenzaldehydes 422 Nitroquinoline N-oxide 535 Nitrotyrosine 106 Nitroxide spin labels Nonbonded interactions

667 504

532 Noncovalent crosslinking Nonhistone proteins Nonprotein amino acids 688 Nuclear magnetic resonance

spectroscopy (NMR) 641, 727 Nuclease-T 55, 57

Nucleic acid binding 623 crosslinking 634-640

Nucleohistones 639

755

Nucleophilic addition 735 Nucleophilic displacement 736 Nucleoprotein photochemistry 612 Nucleosomes 575

Octenyl SUCC1n1C anhydride 371 Octanoyl chloride l&f ~~7 Octyl isocyanate 369 Olation 432 Oligonucleotides 596 Optical rotatory dispersion

(ORD) 95 Ortho effect 422 Ovalbumin

crosslinking 351 radiolysis 522

Oxidation reduction cycle 16 thiolated insulin 248 wheat gluten 84

Oxidative coupling 255, 555 Oxidative sulfitolysis 263 N-Oxides 534 Oxindolylalanine 297 Oxygen

in protein aggregation in thiol oxidation 46 on the primitive earth

Oxytocin 511, 522, 563 Ozone layer 572

513

2

Pancreatic a-amylase 402 Pancreatic trypsin inhibitor 53 Partial hydrolysis 317 Peanut lectins 162 Penicillamine 516 Pepsin 446, 553 Peptide

active esters 486 cyclization 483 immunoadsorbent 110 mapping 216 racemization 484 transferase 596

756

Peracetic acid solubility 361 Peroxidase 512 Peroxide radicals 519 Peroxydisulfate crosslinking 549 m-Phenylene diisocyanate 262 Phenylglyoxal 102 Phenylisothiocyanate 266 Phosgene 262 Phosphatidyl

choline 663 inositol 663 serine 663

Phosphoglycerate kinase 442 Phosvitin 553 Photoaffinity labels 605 Photoexcitation 628

Polyproline 209 Polysomes 612 Poly (4SU) template 623 Polytripeptides 473-487 Polyunsaturated fatty acids Polyuridine 621 Poly(uridylic acid) 394 Poly (4-vinylpyridine) 356 Prebiotic synthesis 4 Precipitin reaction 113 Primary sulfur radical 516 Primitive metabolism 4 Proinsulin 262 Prokaryotic enzymes 13 Pronase E 346 Protease digestion 458 Protein

INDEX

663

Photo incorporation 598 Photoinduced crosslinking Photoproducts 572

611-629 adducts 571-592

Plant lectins 149 Plasmalogens 663 Polar lipids 663 Poly(adenylic acid) 394 Poly (ala-pro-pro) 478 Polyanions 290 Polyarginine 290 Polycations 290 Poly(cytidylic acid) 394, 637 Polyelectrolyte-protein reactions

391 Polyether 351 Polyfunctional crosslinks 649 Poly (gly-sar-pro) 498 Poly(guanylic acid) 394 Polyhistidine 398 Polyhexapeptide 398 Poly lysine 398

catalase crosslinking 654 cytosine derivatives 635 glutaraldehyde reactions 437

aldehyde reactions 436 analysis 585 antigenicity 90, 140 cell agglutination 150 complementation 88 crosslinking 169, 207, 211-214,

224, 345-352, 509, 549, 557-568, 637, 649

crystal stabilization 199 deaggregation 74 disulfide bonds 51-62 folding 43, 52 fractions 83 lipid interactions 657 modification 98 nucleic acid interactions 207,

572, 633 Polyanion interactions 391 polymerization 518 protein crosslinking 618 reduction 45, 52, 415 ribosome cross1inking 612 stabilizing energy 55 synthesis 5 thiol-disulfide reactions 43 turnover 31

Proteinase inhibitors 31-37, 522 Pronase 446

Polymer networks 305 Polymer-water interactions 429 Polymethylene diimidate 178 Polynucleotide crosslinks 621 Polyornithine 394 Polypeptidase 512-Polypeptide-collagen models 491- Protofibrillar strands 308

Pummerer rearrangement 349 Purine photoadducts 627 Puromycin 596

505 Polypeptide-polynucleotide

crosslinks 637

INDEX

cytidylate binding 55 radiolysis 122, 559

S-~-(Pyridylethyl)glutenin 74, 78 ribosome treatment 616, 619

S-~-(Pyridylethyl)cysteines 718

696,

Pyridoxal-BSA binding 416 Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

757

Pyrimidine photoadducts 624 bacteriophage crosslinking 638 Pyromellitic dianhydride 372 messenger 596 Pyruvate kinase 442 polymerase 572

Quasi-random crosslinking 655 Quaternary pyridinium compounds

352 Quills 332

ribosomal 612, 623, 625 trehalose binding 398

Ribonucleoprotein complexes 612 Ribosome

Quinoid intermediates 554 S-~-(2-Quinolylethyl)cysteine 720

affinity labeling 595-605 audioradiography 619 binding sites 595-605 composition 216 conformation 624, 629 crosslinking 201, 219-230, Rabbit muscle aldolase 402

Racemization 484 Radical binding 527 Radiation-induced crosslinking

509-513, 526 Radiosensitivity of enzymes 559 Radius of gyration of insulin

258 Random coil 52, 74 Receptor binding sites 269 Receptor crosslinkage 62 Redox potentials 3, 7 Reduced protein crosslinking

45, 376 Reduction-alkylation 6, 74, 415 Reduction-oxidation of insulin

269

611-629 electrophoresis 617 immunochemistry 620 ligands 596 noncovalent bonding 622 protein crosslinking 209 radioactive labeling 623 ribonucleic acid complexes

612 sedimentation analysis structure 596, 603 subunits 216 topography 624

Rohrschneider constants

622

693

Refractive index measurments Regio-specific binding 462 Relative molar response 697 Relative torsional modulus 429

249 Saccharide binding 156 Sarcoplasmic proteins 664 Sarcosine in polytripeptides 498 Scanning electron microscopy 76 Scission mechanism 519 Reorientation correlation time

676 Schiff's base formation 434 Schlieren pattern 241 Seal fur swelling 314 Secondary binding forces 665

Reporter groups 182 Respiratory diseases 634 Reverse Michael reactions 737 Reversible crosslinking 218, 230,Secondary sulfur radical 516

271 Rheological behaviour 84 Rhesus monkey fur swelling Ribonuclease 45, 392

aggregates 153, 512 antigenic structure 90 conformation 52

314

Selenols 194 Self-aggregation 153 Self-crosslinking theory 348 Semicrystalline polymers 313 Semireversible crosslinking 193 Sephadex chromatography 34, 37,

70, 190

758

Serine proteases 560 Shear modulus 316 Sheep skin 349 Shuff1e-ase enzyme 44 Sia1og1ycopeptides 160 Silk fibroin 238 Skin lipids 663 Solid state conformation 497 Solution conformation 496 Sodium

bisulfite 633 borohydride 316, 423 cyanoborohydride 416-424 sulfide solubility 361

Soybean agglutinin (SBA) cell agglutination 156 cross1inking 150, 156 energy of binding 159 mitogenic activity 160 molecular properties 151 sugar binding sites 158

Soybean globulin 553 Sphingomyelin 663 Spin-labeling 678 Spleen cells 163 Spleen phosphodiesterase 638 Steady state kinetics 407 Stereo-selective polymerization

487 Steric factors 482 Steroid hormones 22 Stratum corneum 308 Streptomyces hydroscopicus 392 Streptomyces griseus 445 Streptomycin 596 Stroma protein 442 Subery1 insulin 265 Subribosoma1 particles 628 Subtilisin 12, 235, 523 Subunit geometry 649 Succina1dehyde 437 Succiny1

collagen 462 concanavalin A 162 insulin 263 lysozyme 98

Sucrose gradient centrifugation 667

INDEX

Sulfhydryl group, see also Thio1s active site 175, 190, 678 addition reactions 664, 738 alkylation 74, 346 assay 243 binding to N-oxides 535 cross1inking 212, 558 disulfide interchange 52, 310,

375, 558 endogenous 217 exogenous 217 in myosin 660 in tomato plants 34 introduction 217, 250 ionization 376 modification 713 oxidation 52, 74, 219 radio1ysis 516 reactivity 190

Sulfur dioxide 633 Sulfur radicals 516 Su1foethy1 cellulose 71 Sulfonyl halide-wool reactions

372 Su1fony1-bis~ethoxycarbony1

insulin 265 Sulfoxide hydrogen bonding 536 Super-coiling 492 Supercontraction 6, 385, 389 Superoxide dismutase 523 Superoxide radical 523 Surface-simulation synthesis

128 Swelling of hairs 314 Swelling limitations in keratins

313 Symmetrical reagents 655 Synthesis

amino acid sequence 116, 121 antigenic peptides 114 deuterated phenylalanine deriva-

tive 727 reagents 172, 187, 197 viny1phosphonate-amino acid

adducts 727

INDEX

T cells 140, 163 Tanning 425-439 Target theory 625 Tartryl azides 178, 211, 230 Telopeptides 445, 453 Testicular hyaluronidase 402 Tetrafluorosuccinylation 100 3,4,5,6-Tetrahydroxy-suberimidate

210 Tetramethylene diacrylate 365 Tetranitromethane 183 Tetraplet free radical 518 Thermodynamics

crosslinks 295-305 disulfide exchange 51 protein folding 297

Thin layer chromatography (TLC) 144, 567

Thiols, see also Sulfhydryl antitumour effect 23 in dormancy 16 in primitive metabolism 4, 5 reactions

addition 20-23 and protein folding 43 disulfide interchange 4, 43 enzyme catalysis 45 esters 194 mechanisms 44 of glutathione of lysozyme 44 role of oxygen titer 248

44

46

Transamidase activity 286 Transamidation 176 Transamination 634 Transglutaminases 173, 290 Translocation 5 Trehalose P synthetase 391

and atherosclerosis 403 biosynthesis 392 catalytic function 393 polyanion interactions 392 RNA binding 398

759

Triazine formation 645 Trichohyaline protein 284 ll-Tricosenyl succinic anhydride

371 Trifluoroacetylation

497 Trifluoroethanol 497 Triglycerides 663 Triolein 667 Tripalmitin 667 Triple-helical conformation

492 Tritium labeling 735 Tropocollagen 443 Troponin 658 Trypsin 45, 276, 446

agglutination 512 crosslinking 557 complex with DNA 562 digestion 110 immobilized 558 radiolysis 557, 563

Trypsinogen 45

451,

stability 7 Thiolation of

insulin 247 Tryptophan

ribonuclease 257 trypsin 255

Thiology 25 Thioredoxin 3, 7 4-Thiouridine 596 Thiyl radical 518, 528 Tissue culture 573 Tissue fixation 651 Topography

insulin 262 eucaryotic ribosomes 230

Toluylene diisocyanate 359 Torsional modulus 316, 339

analysis 448 p-azobenzenearsonate (RAT),

antigenic action 141 crosslinking 642 free radicals 550 radiolysis 519

Tyrosine crosslinking 643 derivatives 106 radiolysis 519 vinyl phosphonate adduct 738

760

Ultracentrifugation 52, 512, 614 Ultraviolet radiation 612 Ultraviolet spectroscopy 447, 571 Undecanedioyl insulin 265 Unfolding of reduced proteins 74 Unsaturated carbonyl compounds 20 Unsaturated fatty acids 663 Uracil 634 Urea denaturation 419 Urea-bisulfite test 317 Uridine diphosphate D-glucose

392

Van't Hoff plot 300 Vegetable syntans 431 Vegetable tanning 425-439 Venom phosphodiesterase 638 Vinyl protein reactions 363, 714 Vinyl sulfone 363 2-Vinylpyridine 376 4-Vinylpyridine 456 Vitamin E, antioxidant effect 8 Viscometry 52, 512

Water in chymotrypsin solute activity

Wheat gluten as food 68

action 430

baking performance 81 biosynthesis 81 fractionation 68 functionality 67-84 reduction-alkylation 72

Wine 633 Wool, see also Keratin

412

acid anhydride reactions 370 acid chloride reactions 364 acylation 332, 346, 364, 370,

551 alkali-treatment 701 amino acid content 330 crimp 386 crosslinking 330, 355, 360,

641 S-cyanoethyl 702 cystine in 355

digestion 346 dinitrophenylation 346 dyeing 386 esterification 383, 551 ethylene glycol reactions

383-390

INDEX

flame-resistant 356 formaldehyde treatment 385,

435, 642 glass transition 330 heat stability 329, 331, 386 isocyanate, reactions with 369 lysinoalanine in, 311, 333 melting point 336 modification 689 moth resistance 372, 375, 378 mutant Merino 315 physicochemical properties 308 oxidation 551 permanent press 383 reduction-alkylation 415, 702 solubility 384 stretch properties 383 structure 357 sulfonyl halides, reactions

372 supercontraction 370, 384, 388 yellowing 329 vinyl phosphonate reactions

738 X-ray analysis 329

X-ray analysis 12 insulin 262 keratins 329-341 low angle 332

X-ray induced aggregation 520

Yeast tRNA-polylysine crosslin­king 213

Young's modulus 315

Zero-length crosslinking 172 Zinc-insulin 254 Zippering action 451 Zirconium in leather 431