Subject Index

acebutolol 73 (table), 405 acetylcholine (ACh) 13, 14, 18, 19

(table), 143-190 action on:

cerebellar cortex 176 membrane resistance 177 neocortical neurone 177

postsynaptic effects 149-50 receptors 148-149

muscarinic 149 nicotinic 148

release 144 spontaneous 152-153

storage 144 synthesis 143-144

acetyl coenzyme A 143, 144 acidic fibroblast growth factor 261 actinociceptive activity 246 adenosine 307-319

Al receptors 312-313 blockage by caffeine 314-315 ?uring circadian period 312-313 m:

rats 313 REM sleep deprivation 313

A2 receptors 314 blockage by caffeine 315

analogs 311-312 L-PIA 307,310-311

central receptors 315-317 effect on sleep 309-312 hypnotic action hypothesis 317 - 318 intracerebroventricular administration

309-310 microinjections 310-311 structural formula 308 (fig.) transport inhibition 317

adenosine agonists 314 adenosine deaminase 307

inhibition 311 adenosine-5' -ethyl carboxamide

(NECA) 307,309,311, 312 (fig.)

adenylate cyclase 123

adinazolam 399-400 adrenal suppression 55 adrenergic agonists 70-77, 162 adrenergic antagonists 70- 77, 162, 389

fJ- 389 adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

10 (table), 283 adrenoreceptors 179 fJ-adrenoreceptor antagonists 402

high lipophilicity 402-403 low lipophilicity 405-407 moderate lipophilicity 403-405

adverse drug reactions 324, 338 alaproclate 98 (table), 99 alfaxalane 220 alpidem 388, 401 alprazolam 374, 398-399

high dose 513-514 hyperexcitability 511 (table), 515 tolerance 507, 508 (table) withdrawal symptoms 511 (table),

514,516,524 althesin 49 (table) amantadine 553 AMH 133 amine-depleting substances 66- 70 amineptine 467, 476 y-aminobutyric acid see GABA aminopeptidase 245 DL-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid

251 amitryptyline 467,468 (table), 480-481

effect on REM sleep 472-476 amphetamine 427-429, 436-438

psychosis 437 side effects 436

anesthetics 550 chronopharmacology 56

angiotensin 10 (table) angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors

554 anisomycin 8 anterior hypothalamus 4

nuclei 6

570

anticonvulsant drugs 491-500 antidepressant drugs 388,466-482

activating 467 classification 466-468 effect on:

dopamine 467-468 norepinephrine 467-468 REM sleep 472-480 serotonin 467-468 sleep 471-472,480-481

mechanism of action 466 monamine deficiency hypothesis 466 nonsedative 467 sedative 467 use in;

narcolepsy 482 psychophysiological insomnia

481-482 sleep apnea syndrome 482

antihistamines 450-453 antiallergencs 451 clinical implications 453 nonsedative 452-453 sedative 451-452

antihypertensives 523, 544, 550 anti-insulin antibodies 9 anti manic drugs 482-484 antiparkinsonian drugs 453-455

anticholinergic 454-455 clinical implications 455 dopaminergic 454

anxiety 387 anxiolytic drugs 387-414

sleep and 388-389 apomorphine 78 (table), 80, 84 arecoline hydrochloride 455 arfendazam 232-233 arginine-vasotocin 9,10 (table),

262-263 ascending reticular activating system 3,

184 astemizole 126, 131, 132,452-453 asthma, nocturnal 55 atenolol 405-406 atonia see postural atonia atrial natriuretic peptide 297-299 atropine sulfate 155,165,171,182

REM sleep effect 158, 159, 161 axoaxonic synapse 211 azatidine 451-452

baclofen 212 barbiturates 220,235-236,524,553

withdrawal 524, 554 benzodiazepines 35-40,215 (table),

234-235,315-317,346-368, 371-376

Subject Index

binding site 217-218 daytime sleepiness 545 dependence see benzodiazepine

dependence derivatives 232 discontinuation symptoms 503-504 effect on;

acetylcholine 524 circadian rhythms 40 other neurotransmitters 524

for anxiety 388-400 GABA-mimetic properties 216-17

biochemistry 216 electrophysiology 216 pharmacology 216 receptor interactions 218

hypnotic 225-226,228-230, 448-449

interdose withdrawal phenomenon 505

non-medical use 506 pharmacological properties associated

518-525 absorption rate 518 effects on LC-NE/HPA axes

520-524 hyperexcitability phenomena

522-523 withdrawal difficulties 523-524

elimination rate 518-519 receptor affinity-biological activity

relationship 226-233 receptor-binding affinity 519-520 receptor downregulationl

upregulation 520 receptor agonists 37 receptor ligands 223-225 receptor subclasses 225-226 REM sleep latency prolongation 40 REM sleep suppression 375 tolerance 234, 507 withdrawal symptoms 503-504,

506-517 behavioral reactions 512 CNS reactions 512 daytime anxiety 507-508, 515 early morning insomnia 508, 515 hyperexcitability 508-509,515 rebound anxiety 511-512 rebound insomnia 509-510,513,

514 benzodiazepines dependence 503-526

prevalence 505-506 rebound anxiety 515 rebound insomnia 515 risk factors 512-517

dose 512-514

Subject Index

duration of administration 514-515

gradual versus abrupt discontinuation 515-516

subjects with psychiatric disorders 517

subjects with sleep disorders 517 subjects with substance abuse

disorders 516 2-benzylhistamine 125 bethanecol 155,159,174,175,188 bicuculline 220 binodaline 473 biocytin 152 biological clock 47, 50 biological rhythms 50-51

adaptive phenomena to predictable changes 51

properties 50-51 biperiden 155, 161,454-455 fJ-blockers 544, 554

lipophilic 544 ophthalmic administration 554

bombesin 261 bombesin-like peptides 261 brain protein synthesis 8

inhi bi tors 8 brain stem 5, 13 bretazenil 233 Broca's diagonal band 4 brofaromine 482 bromocriptine 68,78 (table) 80, 454 brompheniramine 132, 451 bronchodilators 543-544 brotizolam 347 (table), 362-363

efficacy 362-363 side effects 363 withdrawal effects 363

buprenorphine 555 bupropion 467 buspirone 96 (table), 104 (table),

409-410 sleep disturbances by 543

butriptyline 467 butyrophenones 447-448

caffeine 426 adenosine A]/Az receptors blockage

315 behavioral interaction with adenosine

agonists 314 chemical structure 426 (fig.) dose responses effects on sleep 314-

315 structural formula 308 (fig.)

calcitonin gene-related peptide 144 calcium channel 524

captopril 554 carbachol 17,159,160,161,167

action on; muscarinic receptors 159, 171 nicotinic receptors 171

breathing after 182 microinjection into pontine

tegmentum 181 PGO wave stimulation 164 pontine, blood pressure fall 184

carbamazepine 484,496-498,547 carbin ox amine 451 fJ-carboline derivatives 223 casein kinase II 245

571

cataplexy 165-166,435,539 (table) catecholaminergic-depleting substances

66-68 catecholaminergic system 65-85 cathionine 421 caudal magnocellular nucleus 120 caudal mesencephalic tegmentum 159 central cholinergic neurons 145-146 central nervous system stimulation

experiments 4 cerebellum

cortex 164, 175, 180, 188 P cells 176-178 vestibular reflexes regulation

175-180 cerebral cortex excitation 4 cerebrospinal fluid, sleep-promoting

factors in 7 cerveau isole preparations 2-3 cetirizine 452-453 chloral hydrate 553 chloramphenicol 8 4-chlordiazepam 217 chlordiazepoxide 230,232,390-1,524 p-chlorophenylalanine 93, 100-102 chlorpheniramine 125, 130, 134 (table),

451 drowsiness induced by 547

chlorpromazine 444-446,546 cholecystokinin 260-261 cholecystokinin octapeptide 9, 10

(table),260-261 choline acetyl tranferase 143-144,145 cholinergic multi transmitter neurones

144 cholinergic-noradrenergic interactions

162 cholinergic receptors 145 cholinergic REM induction test (CRIT)

165 cholinergic system 14,143-190

anatomy 145-148 basal forebrain groups 146

572

cholinergic system (Contd.) brainstem groups 147-148

cortical activation 184-186 lesions 154-155

basal forebrain 154 LDT/PPT 154-155

pharmacological manipulations 155-166

cortical activation 155 -156 hippocampal theta rhythm

156-157 REM see under rapid eye

movement sleep postsynaptic effects 149-150 postural mechanisms 166-180,

187-189 cerebellar regulation of vestibular

reflexes 175-180 decerebrate rigidity 166-169 postural adjustments during

cortically-induced movements 173-175

REM sleep see under rapid eye movement in sleep

vestibular reflexes 169-173 receptors 148-149

muscarinic 149 nicotinic 148

respiratory mechanisms 181-184 sleep associations 151-154

REM sleep 186-187 see also acetylcholine

cholinoceptive executive area 160, 163 cholinoceptive neurons 168 cholinoceptive pontine reticular neurons

167, 175 cholinoceptive pontine tegmental

neurons 175 cholinomimetics 455 chronergy 48, 49

acrophase 55 chronesthy 48

of biosystem 54-55 chronobiotic drug 59 chronokinetics 52-54

biomechanisms 53-54 chronopharmacokinetics 48, 52-53 chronopharmacology 47-60 chronoptimization 48, 52 chronotherapy 51-52, 56 cianserin 96 (table), 104 (table) cilazapril 550 cimetidine 126, 132, 133 circadian modulation 282-283 circadian rhythm 19,47-48,53,55,60,

279-280

Subject Index

benzodiazepine effect 40 disorders 557 pulsating effect 281

circadian sleep-waking rhythm 245-246

cismethyldioxolane 155, 161 citalopram 98 (table), 99, 473 CL218.872 225, 230 clemastine 57, 451-452 clenbuterol 76, 79 (table) clinical trials 334-335 clobazam 232 clomethiazole 220 clomipramine 435,467,468,468

(table),480-481 effect on REM sleep 471,475 for narcolepsy 482 REM behavior disorder associated

553 very low intravenous dose 474

clonazepam 393-394 drowsiness induced by 547 rebound insomnia 540

clonidine 15,72 (table), 75, 77,167, 180,389,407-408

anxiolytic effect 523 withdrawal 523,524

clorazepate 391-392 clorazepate dipotasium 53 clorgyline 477 clozapine 448-449 CM 57493 96 (table) cocaine 422 cortical activation 155-156

cholinergic system 184-186 low-voltage fast activity 155, 156

cortical releasing hormone 388 corti co adrenal secretion 54 corticosteroids 543 corticotropic axis 287,288 (fig.),

290-291 (fig.) corticotropin-like intermediate-lobe

peptide 9,10 (table), 245, 246, 258

corticotropin-related hormone 259 corticotropin-releasing hormone 256,

521 cortisol 246,281 (fig.), 521

SW sleep stimulation 287 m-CPP 96 (table), 104 (table) crossed spinoreticular neurons 170 cyclic guanosine monophosphate 177 6-cyano-7 -nitroquinozaline-2,3-dione

251 cytochrome P-450 oxygenase system

53

Subject Index

4-DAMP 155, 161 dawn phenomenon 291 (fig.), 297 daytime anxiety 542 daytime performance effects 335-336 daytime sleepiness, excessive, substances

inducing 545-547 anticonvulsants 547 antidepressants 547 antihistamines 546-547 anxiolytics 545-546 hypnotics 546 neuroleptics 546

delta sleeping-induced peptide 7, 10 (table), 243, 244-245, 246

biosynthesis 245 circadian organizer 246 distribution 245

deoxycoformin 309, 311 depression 131-133,164-165

integrative model 468-470 sleep and 470-471

derecerebrate rigidity 166-169, 187 desimipramine 467,468 (table), 473 dextroamphetamine 427, 428 diabetes mellitus, dawn phenomenon

291 (fig.), 297 diazepam 53,232,316,347,394-395,

548 dibenzepine 467 diclofensine 473 diencephalon 263 dihydroxyergotoxine 68 dihydroxyphenylalanine 13,78 (table) di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate 155, 158 dimaprit 132 dimethindene 451 diphenhydramine 125, 130, 131-132,

134 (table), 451 disulfiram 13,66,67 (table), 68 DOl 96 (table), 104 (table) DOM 96 (table), 104 (table), 107

ritanserin and 104 (table) domperidone 80 L-dopa 454

carbidopa combined 455 dopamine 19 (table), 65-66, 388, 524 dopamine agonists 77-83 dopamine antagonists 77-83 dopaminergic autoreceptors 84 dopamine-fj-hydroxylase 70

inhibitors 67 (table), 68-69 dorsal pontine tegmentum 159, 187 doxepin 546 DR2 424 drowsiness, drug-induced 57-58,545,

546,547

early physiological concepts 2-6 ebastine 452-453 electroencephalogram 2

desynchronization 13, 160, 186 slow waves 29-33

neurophysiological basis 33-34 eltroprazine 104 enalapril 554 (table) encephale isole preparations 3 encephalitis lethargica 3,127-128 endogenous sleep substances 264 endorphine 10 (table), 524

a- 9 fj- 9

enkephalins 10 (table), 144 ephedrine 427 erythromycin 557

573

eserine (physostigmine) 155, 157, 158, 162,165,474

estazolam 347 (table), 363-364 efficacy 363 - 364 side effects 364 withdrawal effects 364

ethanol chronokinetics 53 circadian rhythms 53 withdrawal 524

ethchlorvynol 553 ethosuximide 499 etomidate 220 excititatory amino acids 18 extensor motoneurons difacilitation

170

factor S 7, 243 famotidine 126 femoxetine 435,473 fenfluramine 555 Fla-63 66,67 (table), 68-69 flunarizine 544 flunitrazepam 347,347 (table),

358-359 efficacy 358 side effects 359 withdrawal effects 358-359

p-fluoro-hexahydro-sila-difenidol 161 fluoxetine 98 (table), 99, 435

REM behavior associated 553 a-flupentixol 546 fluphanazine 443, 546 flurazepam 347; 349-353,376

efficacy 349-351 drowsiness induced by 545 side effects 353, 545 withdrawal effects 351-353

fluvoxaminc 468,473,477,481

574

fosazepam 392 forebrain, basal

lesions 154 stimulation 154

a-furomethylhistidine 130, 134 (table)

GABA (y-aminobutyric acid) 19 (table), 211

ergic reticular thalamic nuclei 5 interneurons 150

GABA-A 174 agonist 174 antagonist 174 receptor complex 218-233,338

chain of events: receptor occupation to pharmacological responses 221-223

function 235 picrotoxin site 235 structure 220

GABA-B 174,212 GABAergic

inhibitory neurones 169 neurotransmissions 211 synapses 211,213 (fig.)

galanin 120, 144 galantamine 155 GHB 434-436 generalized disorder 383 glucocorticoids 287 glucose tolerance 296-297 glutamate 163-164 L-glutamate decarboxylase 120 glutamic acid decarboxylase 217 glutathione 247-252

oxidised 248-249 bioassay 248 effects on: brain temperature 249

sleep 248-249 possible mechanisms 251- 252 reduced, sleep-modulatory activity

249-250 gonadotropic axis 296 G protein 123 growth hormone 8, 10 (table), 279,

280,283,289-292,300 deficiency 258

growth hormone-releasing hormone (factor) 10 (table), 246, 289, 300

guanfacine 408-409

haloperidol 78 (table), 81, 447, 450 hemicholinium 155, 158 Henandez-Pe6n theory 13-14 hexobarbital sodium 49 (table), 53, 54

(fig. )

Subject Index

histamine 19 (table), 117-134 axonal projections (rat) 121 (table) effects at cellular level 124 intracerebroventricular administration

128-130 metabolism 117 -119, 125 (table) nuclei 119-122 pathways 119-122 receptors 122-124

drugs acting at 125-126 HI agonists/antagonists 130-132 H2 agonists/antagonists 132-133 H3 agonists/antagonists 133-134

synthesis 117-119, 125 (table) inhibition 130

waking state control 126-134 circadian rhythms 127 electrophysiological studies 127 lesion studies 127-128

histaminergic immunoreactive neurons 120

histidine 117 L-histidine carboxylase 117, 118 historical overview 1-2 homeostatic hypothesis 52 hormones 279-302

experimental protocols design 283-284

hormonal data analysis 284-285 release 280- 283 release modulation by sleep-awake

287-299 corticotropic axis 287-288,

290-291 (fig.) glucose tolerance 296-297 gonadotropic axis 296 insulin secretion 296- 297 lactotropic axis 293-296 somatotropic axis 289-292 thyrotropic axis 292-298 water balance-regulating hormone

297-299 release-sleep interaction analysis

285-287 sleep-promoting effects 300-301

humoral (wet) nature of sleep 6 y-hydroxybutyrate 434 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid 68, 93 hydroxy sine 451 hydroxy tryptophan 93,98 (table), 99,

102, 186 5-HTIA 389

receptor blockade 105 receptor stimulation 103-105

5-HTlB receptors 105 5-HTlc receptors 105

Subject Index

5-HT 2 receptors 105 -107 agonist-antagonist combined

treatment 106 antagonists 106 circadian modulation of 5-HT2

influences 107 stimulation 106

5-HT3 receptors 107-108 agonists 107 antagonists 108 combined treatment with ligands

108 reuptake 99

hypnogogic hallucinations 435 hyperexcitability states 338, 362-364,

367,368,370-374,399,507-511, 518-524, 542-544

hyperkinetic children 437 hypertension 438 hypnopompic hallucinations 539

(table), 552 hypnotic drugs 35-40, 345-376

computer-aided methods of analysis 41

evaluation 348-349 non-benzodiazepines 554 pharmacokinetics 347 (table) sleep apnea influenced by 548-549 sleep homeostasis disruption by

37-38 underlying mechanisms for adverse

effects 372-374 chemical structure related

properties 373-374 pharmacodynamic factors 373 pharmacokinetic factors 372-373

hypnotoxins 6, 252 hypoglossal motoneurons 182 hyposomatotropism 292 hypothalamic lesions 3

continuous sleep-like state produced 128

hypothalamo-hypophyseal hormones 257-260

hypothalamo-pituitary axes 279 hypothesis of par (tolerance) 335

le1169.369 104 (table) IeI170.809 104 (table) IeS 205.930 96 (table), 104 (table) idiopathic hypersomnia 424-425

treatment 36-437 imipramine 435,466,467,468 (table),

473,474 daytime drowsiness induced 546

immunomodulatory process 257

575

insomnia 346-7, 538 (table), 540-545 antidepressant-induced 541 antihypertensive-induced 544 bronchodilator-induced 542-543 buspirone-induced 543 corticosteroid-induced 543 drug withdrawal 541-542 early morning 542 f1unarizine-induced 544 mefloquine-induced 545 ofloxacin-induced 545 pentazocine-induced 544-545 psychotic patients 450 rebound 542-543 remoxipride-induced 544 stimulant-induced 542 treatment 346

insulin 9, 10 (table), 256 secretion 296-297

rates 290-291 (fig.) interferon 253, 257 interferon-a2 7, 10 (table) interleukin-l 7, 10 (table), 253,

254-256 interactions 256 receptors 255-256 somnopyrogenic activities 254-255 transport 255

internal de synchronization 279 intralaminar thalamic nuclei 4 iprindol 467, 473 iproniazide 466 ipsapirone 96 (table), 104 (table) isoproterenol 73 (table), 167, 172, 180 I-isoproterenol 73 (table), 76

jet lag 59

ketamine 251 ketazolam 390 ketotifen 451 khat 421 Kleine-Levin syndrome 425

lactotropicaxis 293 - 296 lamtidine 126 lateral preoptic area 4 lateral vestibular nucleus 169,

173-174,188 laterodorsal tegmental nucleus 17, 18,

147,148,151-152 lipophilicity 539 lithium carbonate 53, 483-484, 552,

555 liver

cell (mouse, rat) 51

576

liver (Contd.) circadian rhythms in 53 enzymes 51 metabolism 53-4

locus coeruleus complex 12, 65 noradrenergic system 520-522

lofendazam 232 loprazolam 359, 360 loratidine 126, 131, 452-453 lorazepam 347,374,396-398

efficacy 396 hyperexcitability 509,515 side effects 397-398 tolerance 507 withdrawal effects 397

lormetazepam 347 (table), 360-361, 375

efficacy 360 side effects 361 withdrawal effects 360-361, 515

low voltage fast activity 515 loxapine 443 d-LSD 126 luteinizing hormone (LH) 296 luteinizing hormone releasing hormone

245

magnocellularis nucleus 17 rna huang 421 mamillary bodies 4 mania 523 maprotiline 473 mazindole 431-432,433 (table),

437-438 McN 343-A 155, 166 MDL 72222 96,104 (table) measurement methods 324-326

clinical trials 334-335 daytime performance effects

335-336 design/analysis considerations

327-339 crossover design 331-333 phase I studies 327-328 phase II studies 328-336 phase III studies 336 phase IV studies 336-339 placebo-drug-placebo 329-331

objective measures 325-326 non-polygraphic devices 326 sleep laboratory studies 25

pharmacokinetic 324 post-marketing surveillance 337 prescription-event monitoring 339 record-linkage evaluation 339 safety 327

clinical laboratory tests 327

Subject Index

daytime performance effects 327 patient reports 327

mebhydroline 452 mecamylamine 158, 162 medial bulbar reticular formation 163 medial mesencephalic lesion 3 medullary inhibitory RS neurons 170 medullary reticular formation 170, 171 meftoquine 545,555 a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone 9,

10 (table) a-melanophore-stimulating hormone

246 melatonin 59, 246

synthesis blockage 76 menstrual cycle 296 me prom ate withdrawal 553 mepyramine 125, 130, 131, 133, 134

(table), 452 mequitazine 57,451 mesencephalic reticular formation 8 mesoridazine 446-447 metenkephalin-arg-phe 120 methodological issue in pharmacological

studies of sleep 323-340 objective 323-324 spontaneous reporting system 338

methamphetamine 427 -429 methapyrilene 131 methaqualone 220 methoxamine 71 (table), 74, 76, 77 methyl-~-carboline-3-carboxylate 223 methyldopa withdrawal 523 a-methyl-DOPA 13 R-a-methylhistamine 126, 134 (table) 2-methyI5-HT 96 (table) a-methylparatyrosine 66,67 (table), 69 methylphenidate 436,437-438

side effects 436 a-methyltyrosine 15 methylxanthines 314-315 methyprylon 553 methysergide 544 metoprolol 73 (table), 403-404 mianserin 473 midazolam 347 (table), 361-362

efficacy 361-362 side effects 362 withdrawal effects 362

migraine 553 moclobemid 477,482 modafinil 432, 434, 436-437 monoamine oxidase inhibitors 434,

477-478 side effects 434

monoaminergic systems 5 monoaminergic theory 12, 15

Subject Index

a-motoneurons 168 y-motoneurons 168 motor activation 16 multiple sleep latency test 132 multitransmitters cholinergic

neurons 144 muramyl dipeptide 7, 10 (table), 253 muramyl peptides 7,243,252-257

cerebral site of action 254 infectious diseases and 253-254

muscarinic receptors 149, 153 muscimol 6, 154

nadolol 406, 544, 554 NADPH-diaphorase technique 145 narcolepsy 165-166,423-424

auxillary symptoms 551-552 treatment 433-436

narcolepsy-cataplexy, intractable 435 narcotics 549 neostigmine 155, 159 neostigmine methyl sulfate 165 neurochemical-neurophysiological

concept of sleep regulation 12-19

neurohumoral concepts of sleep regulation 6-12

neuroleptics 443-450 clinical implications 450 nonclassical 448-450

neurotransmitters 12-19 single units 16-19

nialamide 477-478 niaprazine 452-453 nicotine 157, 158, 162

receptors 148, 157 nightmares 539 (table), 554-555

drugs inducing 554-555 night terrors 552-553 nitrazepam 347 (table), 354-355, 375

efficacy 354 side effects 355 withdrawal effects 355

nizatidine 126 nocturnal myoclonus 551 nocturnal penile tumescence 403, 404,

405,406 nomifensine 467, 473 nonapeptide vasopressin 262 non-polygraphic devices 326 noradrenergic-cholinergic interactions

162, 163 noradrenergic neurons 12, 166 norepinephrine 5, 19 (table), 185, 186,

388, 543-544 effect on:

locus coeruleus neurons 18

paradoxical sleep 65 wakefulness 65

release 70 synthesis blockers 15

577

synthesis uptake blockers 67 (table), 69

norepinephrine-sensitive neurons 166 nortryptyline 467,468 (table), 472,

473, 475, 481 daytime drowsiness induced by 546

nucleus accumbens (rat) 129 nucleus basalis 151 nucleus magnocellularis 163, 166 nucleus paramedianus 153, 163, 166 nucleus raphe dorsalis 95,96,97

obesity 437 obstructive sleep apnea 549-551 oftoxacin 545 8-0H-DPAT 96 (table), 103, 104

(table) ondansetron 96 (table), 104 (table) opium 47 optokinetic nystagmus 179 organic solvents 551 orthodox sleep 4 oxazepam 395-396 oxidized glutathione 243 oxmetidine 126 oxotremorine 155, 159, 166 oxytremorine-M 155, 161

pancuronium bromide 49 (table) panic disorder 387 parabrachialis lateralis nucleus 17 parachlorophenylanine 9, 15, 101, 102 paradoxical sleep 65,66-68, 70-76,

80,81 differential regulation by

catcholamines 83-84 suppression 99

paragyline 473, 477 -478 Parkinson's disease 169, 247, 545

levodopa treatment 555 paroxetine 98 (table), 99, 473, 476 P cells 176,177,178 pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus

17,18,147,148,151-152 lesions 154-155

pemoline 430-431,434,436 side effects 436

pentazocine 545, 555 withdrawal 553

pentobarbital 235 pentobarbital sodium 48 (fig.), 49 (fig.) peptides, sleep regulation linked 10

(table)

578

pergolide 78 (table), 80 peribrachial area, cholinergic cells in

186 pharmacological sleep intensification

35 phenelzine 434,477-478

side effects 434 phenindamine 451-452,547 phenobarbital 235, 493-494, 547 phenothiazines 444-447, 554 phenoxybenzamine 70-74, 71 (table),

76,77 phentolamine 15,69,71 (table), 74, 75 2-phenylhistamine 125 L-phenylisopropyladenosine (L-PIA)

307,311,312 (fig.) phenytoin 494-496, 547 physiological dependence on drugs 503 physostigmine (eserine) 66,157,158,

162, 165,455 picrotoxin 220, 235 pilocarpine 155, 157, 158 pimozide 79 (table), 80, 82, 447, 450 pindolol 104 (table), 404-405, 544 pirenzepine 155, 161 pituitary secretion 280 (fig.) platelet activating factor (P AF) 522 pontine reticular formation 150, 171,

182, 186, 187, 188 pontine tegmentum. 159 pontogeniculo-occipital activity 12

waves 75,154-155,160,164 post-marketing surveillance 337 post-traumatic stress disorder 387 postural atonia 163-164, 172,

183-184, 187 with arousal 160

postural mechanisms 187-189 prazocin 15,69,70-74,73 (table), 76,

172,180,436 cataplexy 551

prenalterol 73 (table), 76 preoptic area 4 prescription-event monitoring 339 primidone 549 prindamine 67 (table), 69 PRL 281(fig.),282 prolactin 246,259,280-283,293

anamnestic elevation 293 nocturnal rise 293

promazine 443 promethazine 132, 446, 451 proopiomelanocortin 9 propranolol 15,72 (table), 75-76, 104

(table), 167, 172, 180,402-403 nightmares associated 554

Subject Index

obstructive sleep apnea induced by 550

somnambulism induced by 553 propyl f3-carboline-3-carboxylate 225 prostaglandins 9, 10 (table) protriptyline 435, 467, 482, 546

quazepam 225, 226, 347 (table), 353-356, 376

daytime drowsiness 546 efficacy 353-354 side effects 354 withdrawal effects 354

quinpirole 78 (table), 80 quipazine 76 quisqualate 155

raniditine 132, 133 raphe system 12 rapid eye movement (REM) sleep 5,

8-9,11,160-161 abortive (short) periods 11 acetylcholine release 153 atonia related see postural atonia atonia-related respiratory muscle

depression 183 auditory stimulation during 11 behavior disorder 553 brain protein synthesis regulation 8 cholinergic system association

186-187 deprivation 16 induction by cholinergic stimulation

161 intact cats 167 lumbar motoneurons inactivation

182 neocortical activity 14 neuronal restoration 8 noradrenergic receptor sensitivity

regulation 16 OFF cells 15, 16, 17 ON cells 16, 17, 160 permanent suppression 13 pontine cholinergic mechanism 162 raphe system neuron activity 15 rebound 481 respiratory muscle activity 18] -184 sleep center 16, 17 sleep pressure 34-35 without atonia 163

rapid eye movement sleep-like atonia 166, 182

rapid eye movement sleep-like state 158-159,160,182

rebound anxiety 542-543

Subject Index

rebound insomnia 542-543 rebound phenomena 338 az-agonists 407-409

drugs 13 receptor rhythms 55 reciprocal interaction hypothesis 17 reciprocal interaction model 162 reciprocal-linkage evaluation 339 recurrent hypersomnia 425

treatment 437 remoxipride 449 renin 10 (table) Renshaw cells 148, 167, 168 reserpine 66-68,98 (table), 100,436,

554 respiratory mechanisms 181-184 restless legs syndrome 551 reticular formation

effective neurons 17, 18 stimulation 3 (see ascending reticular activating

system) rhythmic slow activity 156, 157 y-rigidity 168 riruzole 251 risperidone 79 (table), 81, 82 ritanserin 96 (table), 104 (table), 389,

410-413, 449 efficacy 411- 412 plus DOM 104 (table) side effects 413 withdrawal effects 412

rostral ventrolateral medulla 184 rostrodorsal medial medulla 184 RP 62.203 104 (table) RS86 155 RS neurons 169,170,171 RU 24969 96 (table), 104 (table)

salbutamol 73 (table), 76 satiety-related substances 260-263 SCH 23390 79 (table), 81, 82, 83, 84 scopolamine hydrobromide 155, 158,

159, 165 selegine 434, 435 serotinergic system 91-96

metabolism 93-94 neurotransmission 93-94 nuclei 91-93 pathways 12-13, 91-93 spontaneous activity during sleep/

wakefulness 96-97 serotonin 5,13,15-16,18,19 (table),

111,388 brain decreased levels 100-102

p-chlorophenylalanine treatment 101

reserpine treatment 100 brain enhanced levels 97 -100 catabolism impairment 93 implication in benzodiazepine

withdrawal syndrome 526 inactivation 93 interaction between receptor types

108

579

level restoration after p-chlorophenylalanine treatment 102

receptors 94-95 agonists 409-410,436 antagonists 410-412

release 15, 93 impairment 93-94

sleep association 96-109 sleep-wakefulness regulation 109,

110 (table) specificity 99 synthesis 93,97-98

impairment 93-94 sexual maturation effect on

gonadotropin release 296 shift workers 58-59 SKF 38393 79 (table), 81, 82, 83 sleep 263

antidepressant effect on 471-472 baseline changes, global changes

during 31 daytime 291 (table), 292 deep non-rapid eye movement 263 depression and 470-471 disturbances see sleep disturbances effect on glucose regulation 290-291

(fig. ) excess 29,420-421 hypnotics effect 35-40 nocturnal disturbance 436 pubertal children 296 reduction 29 reference level 29 regulation principles 29-42 REM 280,281 (fig.), 285, 298-299, 468

antidepressants effect 471-480 acute administration 473-478 chronic administration 478-479 discontinuiltion effect 479-480

rebound 479-480 shortened latency 471

slow wave 280, 281 (fig.) sleep apnea syndrome 548-551

induced by: anesthesia 550

580

sleep apnea syndrome (Contd.) antihypertensives 550 hypnotics 548, 549 organic solvents 551

obstructive 551,552,553 sleep center, waking, inhibitory action

on 3 sleep-dependent membrane excitability

18 sleep-dependent (homeostatic) process

11 sleep deprivation 31-33

baseline sleep after 33 recovery sleep after 33

sleep-deprived rats 8 sleep disturbances 537-557

benzodiazepine-dependent subjects 517

cataplexy 165, 166, 422, 541 (table) hypersomnia 538-541 (table) hypnopompic hallucination 539, 552 insomnia see insomnia nightmares see nightmares night terrors 552-553 nocturnal myoclonus 539 (table) rapid eye movment (REM) behavior

539 (table) sleep apnea see sleep apnea syndrome somnambulism 539 (table), 552-553

sleep factor 10, 11-12 sleep-generating brain 263 sleep homeostasis 29 sleep-independent (circadian) process

11,12 sleeping brain 263 sleep laboratory studies 333-334 sleep paralysis 435 sleep peptides 243 sleep pressure 35

EEG slow waves as indicators 29-33 sleep-promoting factors 6, 7, 8 sleep-promoting substances 8, 243 sleep scoring 41 sleep spindles 33

neurophysiological basis 33-34 sleep stage alterations, drug-induced

374-375 sleep syndrome 3 sleep system 13-14 sleep-wake cycle 4,17,50

cholinergic theory 13 sleep-wakefulness regulation 96-109 slow-wave activity 30 slow-wave sleep 5, 12,280

raphe system neuron activity in 15 regulatory mechanisms 6

Subject Index

snorers 551 solitary tract nucleus 4 somatostatin 9,10 (table), 258 somatotropic axis 289-292 somnambulism 54, 552-553 sotalol 407 spindle activity 33a spindle rhythms 5 Spontaneous Reporting System 338 startle reflex 16 status catalepticus (dog) 166 stimulant drugs 421-438

central 426-432 indications for medical use 422,

423 problems 437-438 side effects 438

structural analogs, sleep-promoting activity 246

substance P 10 (table), 120 substantia nigra 169 sulpiride 448 suprachiasmatic nucleus 3, 19,50,258,

168 supramesencephalic descending pathway

interruption 168 supramesencephalic structures 168-169 suriclone 388, 400-401 sweating 440 synthesis-inhibiting substances 66- 70

target system 60 tea leaves 421 temazepam 347 (table), 355-357, 375

daytime drowsiness 545 efficacy 355-356 side effects 357 tolerance 507 withdrawal effects 356-357

temelastine 126, 132, 452-453 temporal distribution of therapies

51-52 temporal isolation 279 terfenadine 57, 125, 131, 132,452-453,

547 testosterone 550-551 thalamocortical cells 5 thalamus 5

cells 5 theophylline 543-544

dosing time 51-52 thermoregulation 247 2-(2-thiazolyl)ethalamine 125, 130,

134 (table) thioperamide 133, 134 (table) thioridazine 446-447, 546

Subject Index

thiothixene 443, 546 thyrotropic axis 292-293 thyrotropin-related hormones 259 thyrotropin-releasing hormone 281

(fig.),282 nightime levels 296

tiotidine 126 tolerance ·(hypopthesis of par) 335 tonic reticular activation 4-5 tranylcypromine 467 trazodone 467,468 (table), 476

daytime drowsiness induced by 546 triazolam 316-317,347 (table),

364-368, 375 chronopharmacological action 40 drowsiness induced by 545 efficacy 364-366 hyperexcitability 515 hypnotic agent 548 neuronal activity suppression (rat)

226 rebound activity 366-367, 511 side effects 367-368 tolerance 365 withdrawal effects 366-367

triazolobenzodiazepines 347-348,374, 388

effect on: HPA axis 524 LC-NE system 524

withdrawal 523 tricyclic antidepressants 165,435,436

side effects 435, 553, 555 trifluoperazine 447 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine 252 trimipramine 467,468 (table), 476,

480,481 triprolidine 132 true abstinence syndrome 504 tryptophan 97-99 TSH 292

tuberomammillary nucleus 120 tumor necrosis factor 253,256-257

a- 7, 256-257 f3- 256-257

I-tyrosine 434 tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor 67

(table), 69, 98 (table)

uri dine 8, 10 (table), 252

valproate 498, 547

581

vasoactive intestinal polypeptide 9, 10 (table), 144, 262

vasoactive-like substance 9 vasopressin 262 ventral respiratory group neurons 183 ventral tegmental area 81 vestibular reflexes, cerebellar regulation

175-180 vestibulospinal reflexes 170-173 vigilance states 387 viloxazine hydrochloride 435,473 vincristine 8

wakefulness 65 differentiation regulation by

catecholamines 83-84 water balance, hormones regulating

297-299

YM-091512 81 yohimbine 69,72 (table), 74-75,166,

180 anxiogenic effect 523

zeitgebers, environmental 50 zimelidine 99,98 (table) zolantidine 133, 134 (table) zolpidem 37,225,226,236 zopiclone 37, 229 (table), 230, 236

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