submarine recognition guide
TRANSCRIPT
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HOW TO REPORT
Military-In accordance with appropriate instructions of
the respective services,
Civilian-In accordance with current procedures of the
CIRVIS/MERENT program or to the nearest naval or
military command.
WHAT TO REPORT
1. Submarines or objects thought to be submarines.
Include:
2. Position and time of sighting.
3. Amplifying information.
PHOTOGRAPHS
Every effort should be made to take as many photographs
of the submarine or object as possible. Undeveloped film
or prints and negatives should be forwarded with a letter
report or other identifying informatio.tr to the Director of
Naval Intelligence, Pentagon, Washin,t n,..26, D.C,
N AV AL C OM M AN D S
Appropriate Naval commands are located in:
BOSTON-Commandant, 1st Naval District.
NEW YORK-Commandant, 3d Naval District.
PHILADELPHIA-Commandant, 4th Naval District.
NORFOLK-Commandant, 5th Naval Distriet.
CHARLESTON, S.C.-Cemmandant, 6th Naval District.
NEW ORLEANS-Commandant. 8th Naval District.
SAN JUAN-Commandant, 10th Naval District.
SAN DIEGO-Commandant, 11th Naval District.
SAN FRANCISCO-Commandant, 12th Naval District.
SEATTLE-Cemmandant, 13th Naval District
PEARL HARBOR, Hawaii-Commandant, 14th
Naval District.
BALBOA, C.Z.-Commandant, 15th Naval District.
K.ODIAK, ALASK:A-Commandant. 17th Naval District.
TOKYO, JAPAN-Commander Naval Forces, Japan.
LONDON ommander Naval Forces, Eastern Atlanticand MeditErranean.
G R AP H S OF T H E SUBMARINE!. .~This Manual Revises and Supersedes uSttbmarinew'Recognition Manual'
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P u r p o s e o f t h e M a n u a lThe submarine, because of its ability to avoid detection and operate
at close striking range, remains a constant and formidable threat to
our national security. This manual-describing recognition both
from the air and from the surface-is designed to minimize the sub-
marine's threat to our national security program by helping military
and civilian observers to recognize accurately and report all sub-
marines sighted to the proper government authorities.
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P a r t I
From the Air .
Wake Characteristics
Submarine Vs. Surface Craft
The Effect of Speed on Wakes
The Effect of Altitude on Visibility
The Snorkel .
Snorkel Wake Characteristics
Snorkel Wake Vs. Periscope Wake
Submarine Diving .
Whales Are Easily Confused with Submarines
Other Elements Easily Confused .
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
,2
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",,,,The submarine has a narrow
deck over a long dark hull-
most of which is under water
even when the vessel is sur-faced. The stern is narrow-
often. coming to a point.
,,,,,,,,,,,,,
The conning tower is approxi-
mately amidships. Extending
above it when in use are the
periscope snorkel and other
operational gear.
\\\,\The exact positioning of the
deck guns varies with the spe-
cific type of submarine but are
usualJy fore and aft of the con-ning tower. These guns may
include anti-aircraft as well as
calibres ranging as high as S"to 6".
3
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STERN WAKE
A churning water disturb-
ance that streams out at a
wide angle to the submarine.
HULL TURBULENCE
Disturbed water which out-
lines the vessel's hull in foam.
4
BOW WAVE
A sharp, acute angle wave
which opens from the bow.
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S u b m a r i n e V s . S u r f a c e C r a f t . . .
In general, the wider-angled bow
of a surface craft displaces more
water, and its bow wave is blunter
than the sharp-pointed "V" of the
submarine.
H U LL T U R B U LE NCE - - - - - -In general, white foam clings
closely to the submarine's hull,
while from a surface craft it fades
over a wider area. The surface
craft's broader hull turbulence
also shows a definite break from
the propeller wash, while the sub-
marine's blends more smoothly
into its wake.T E R N W AK E _
A submarine's wake forms a defi-
nite right angle to its course only
at high speeds, while a surface
vessel because of its wide tran-
som generally shows a prominent
stern wake even at low speeds.
s
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T h e E f f e c t o f S p e e d o n W a k e s . . .
6 K n o t s
I
I
I,,Practically no stern wake,
but hull is outlined in foam.
6
1 0 K n o t s
••
••••••••Skin turbulence blends into
wake track lengthens, bow
wave becomes visible.
I S K n o t s 20 K n o t s
I,I,,Hull turbulence and pro-
peller wash are separate .
•••
•••••••••Bow wave becomes a better
defined acute angle.
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T h e E f f e c t o f A l t i t u d e o n V i s i b i l i t y . . .
• Under favorable weather conditions increases inaltitude tend to sharpen the definition of wake pat-
terns. The only other change effected by increasing
altitude is a proportionate reduction in scale.
5 , 0 0 0F t .
5 0 0 F t.
1 5 , 0 0 0 F t .
7
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· . S n o r k e l
World War II illustrated the effectiveness
of the snorkel type submarine. Its ability to
remain submerged for indefinite periods of
time makes detection increasingly difficult and
strengthens its position as an offensive weapon,
so look particularly for submarines operatingunder this device. When reporting, if at all
possible, state whether submarine is.a snorkel
or conventional type.
Snorkel in Operation:
8
is housed like a periscope
and is invisible when in se-
cured position.
,, .,, 'l . . . . 1
[:~;
r L i, .
.,Older type externally fitted
snorkel is secured on the
deck in a horizontal position.
The periscope is generally
located a few feet forward of
- - - - the snorkel and is extended in
most cases when the snorkel
is in operation.
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S n o r k e l W a k e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . . .
1. At close range, smoke or
vapor can often be seen com-
ing from the snorkel.
2. In heavy seas, bubbling and
increased turbulence are visible
when water breaks over the
stack.
3. Under good visibility condi-
tions, two distinct objects can
be detected within the turbu-
lence - one the periscope; the
other the snorkel.9
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S n o r k e W a k e V s . P e r i s c o p e W a k e . . .
- - - - A small wake caused by the
periscope precedes the main
body of the wake. The snorkel's
larger stack causes increased
turbulence giving a wider and
more irregular angle to the
wake.
- - - -
The periscope creates only a
small wake with sharp, feather-
like waves. Very little turbu-
lence appears in the center of
the wake.
10
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S u b m a r i n e D i v i n g
. .
To avoid being spotted, a submarine
can clive within a period of seconds.However, in so doing it leaves a water
disturbance that remains visible for
several minutes afterwards .
60 seconds 11
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· W h a l e s : a r e E a s i l y C o n f u s e d w i t h S u b m a r i n e s . . .L-_ •• ~ ' :.:..
Sub
12
Whales and blackfish, in general appearance, are surpris-
ingly like submarines and when surfaced also create
similar water disturbances. However, in one respect
they are different - they leave no trailing wake.
Whale
Sub
Sub
Whale
Whale
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O t h e r E l e m e n t s E a s i l y C o n f u s e d . . .Oil slicks, wind slicks, etc., are often mistaken
as indicating the presence of a submarine.Examine all suchwater disturbances, but make
your evaluation carefully.
Wind Slick
Wreck
Land Spot
Oil Slick
13
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· C o n t e n t s P a r t I I
From the Surface . 15
Surface Craft Are Often Mistaken for Subs . 16 & 17
Whales Are Easily Confused With Submarines 18
Other Elements Easily Confused , 19
14
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##,II,
The streamlined submarine
shows a long, low, clean deck line.
,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,The conning tower is generally
the most prominent feature of a
submarine. Extending above it
when in use are the periscope,
snorkel and other operational gear.
,,,,•eck guns are generally placed
on raised platforms or on the
main deck forward and/or aft
of the conning tower.
15
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S u r f a c e C r a f t a r e O f t e n M i s t a k e n f o r S u b s . . .
At a distance a surface vessel,
with superstructure amid-
ships and hull partially
obscured by swells, closely
resembles a submarine.
Surface Craft
Submarine
Make your evaluation care-
fully, but don't overlook the
possibility of a refueling sub-
marine hidden in the shadow
of a merchant vessel.
16
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------' - - - - -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - -- ------ -- - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -' - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .
r"o _ . ~ _
. . - - - ~ -'"' - ~- -
,... l:..~ .
J7
-, ....._...
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W h a l e s a r e E a s i l y C o n f u s e d w i t h S u b m a r i n e s . . .
Sub
18
When surfacing or submerging the whale might easily be
mistaken for a submarine, and its spouting may resemble
snorkel exhaust vapor. However, close observation dis-
tinguishes the whale by its intermittent spouting and,
where visible, its broad flukes (tail).
Whale
Sub
Sub
Whale
Whale
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O t h e r E l e m e n t s E a s i l y C o n f u s e d . . .Bell Buoyater disturbances may indicate the presence of a submarine,
and should be investigated. Wrecks, shoals and tide-rips cause
turbulence that may resemble submarine or periscope wakes.Flotsam - particularly swab handles - may resemble peri-
scopes, but can be identified by their vertical motion.
. .
Swab Handle
O il S lick W r ec k
19
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C o n t e n t s P a r t I I I
Recognition ofType and Nationality Is Important.
U.S.A.
Russia
Britain
France
Communist China.
Egypt and Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . , .Portugal Greece, and Sweden.
Turkey
Netherlands and Norway
Spain and Poland .
Brazil, Japan, and Denmark
West Germany, Peru, and Argentina
Rumania, Chile, Thailand, and Yugoslavia
Identify These Wakes
20
21
22-24
25-26
27
28-29
29
30
31-32
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
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us SS SNORKEL - TYPE A
BRITAIN SS SNORKEL - TYPE E
us SS SNaRK EL • TYPE C
EX.GERMAN S5 TYPE XXI
SNORK EL • TYP E F
us 5S SNORKEL - TYPE a BRITAIN SS SNORKEL - TYPE 0 EX-GERMAN SS TYPE IX·C SNORKEL 21
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•SSN SKIPJACK. PROVISIONAL DRAW ING 252'
• J .• , __ • , ".r ! '
€iS:: : : : : :: : ::::::<¢?t» :::
S SN SE AW OL F
_ . . . . . . . . . . ., - - - -c= .
SSN NAUTILUS (Silhouette shows NAUTILUS w ith
snorkel and periscopes raised.)
3201
22
-·9 = " 1.0, .:= c ; " ,
SSN SKATE CLASS 26 1 1
TANG CLASS 26 8 1
M .4..; 0 ; ; . :
~::::::o : : : : = : = = = t = G = = = ~ = = ' =f===:==~?>26 8
1TANG CLASS· (Silhouette shows snorkel
a nd peri 5 copes raj 5 ed.)
"GU P PY It • (S i Ihouette shows snorkel
and peri scope 5 t o I s ed .)
3061
"GUPPY"
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- 7.: .. ·tJ
= 5 ® = . J ~
312
1
•
"FLEET.TYPE SNORKEL"
A 1 .. 7. •. . _ , . n q :: . . ~
"FLEET.TYPE SNORKEL"
(Some may mount deck gun aft of conning tower.)
j •
ei g . " ' . . . . ,. ~ .8 , ':
"FLEET.TYPE" BALAO CLASS· with all guns removed 3121
H...:!··
SSG (Guided Missile). lst variation 3121
SSG (Guided Missile) • 2nd variation 3121
:;
SSG GRAY BACK CLASS (Silhouette shows snorkel
and periscopes roised.)
"'" a
SSR (R odor Pi eke') • lst vari ati on 3121
c :
SSR (Radar Picket) • 3rd variation
<0 c= .. :.
(J
55 R (Ra dar Picket) • 4th variati on 3501
23
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c o n t ' d
AO(SS) • Tanker Submarine 3121
. . . . -3
SSK TYPE 11 CONVERSION (Anti.Sub.) 312'
24
SSK 1 CLASS (Anti.S ub.) 196'
SST 1 CLASS (Inset shows periscopesand snorkel raised.)
130'
jIIIp
AGSS ALBACORE (Inset shows pe rj sc cpe s raised.) 2031
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"SH CH 'IV '" C LA SS 2 0 0 1
"Q" CLASS (ln$.eh show conning tower
VQricl.tlon.s.)
" . \ o f f i "
l
"M.V" CLASS (Some rn.a.y have deck gun re.moved.)"W" C lA .SS • 1 $t variation fln$.ts 5 'h ow conn In 9
"ower variation $; deck gun 5, once mounted just
aft of conning lower, have been removed •.}
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c o n t ' d
c__~ : = = - = = = = = = = = = = = = ~ ~ ~ I - = I = m J 8 = ' ~ ~ = = ~ = =_:>"K.l" CLASS (Inse t shows bow voriation)
"Z" CLASS
26
"L·III" CLASS
~~. . ~. . J
"L • II" CLASS
-= z .- " _ . ." -- '
"S·l" CLASS
~ ~ ~ ~ · · · · § · - ~ - § · · · ~ · · · ~ · · · · · ~ · · · ~ · · - - ~ - · - ~ · · ~ ~ r § · · · ~ " ' - § ' § ~ § §- - : : : c : : : = : : : : ~ . , : ' . . . . . . ' . . _ . n_ .•..•..• ~!.?! _. _._._.' : : : : : : ; : . . .
"w" CLASS. 2nd variation 2401
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[J @¥§i4i.a' ·~Dc:#n 0
PORPOISE CLASS (Inset shows bow variation.)
TRITON CLASS (Inut shows conning tower variation, 2741
silhouette 5hows s nork.el and pe ri scopes ra i sed.)
.~. ,-:-,":,~7
2:: >
"A" CLASS - lst variation (Silhouette ot left showsAMPH 1ON wi thperi scopes roi sed, 5 1 . 1 houette ot right
shows snorkel raised.)
2821
"T .CONVERSION" 285'
sv:4 o 7 l ' u••"!':"" ,. IJI,,.J '.Ii;IIJQ....nJ
o
"A" CLASS - (STREAMLINED)
"1940 S" CLASS (Inset shows conning tower variotlon, 217'
5 iIhou ette 5how I snorkel an d perls copes rai sed.)
•c c- )
"1940 S" CLASS. AI modified for target ond training 217'
dutie. (Silhouettes show minor appearance variations.)
~
~
.
&-.f.y""f 2E =! j .
tn
[ ] < l t U @ l n - -
EXPLORER eLA"SS (Inset shows bow-planes
lowered, Ii Ihouette shows peri 5copes rai sed.)
2251
2
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« a
NARVAL CLASS 256'
=
R OL AN D M O RIL LO T (German
"TYPE XXI" CLASS modified.)
c::: •.":'" J
BOUAN (German "TYPE IX.e" modified.) 252'
fFi- : . . . - - - ~ - - -
o--.:..
•
BLA IS ON (German" TYP E IX .B " m a dif' ed.) 252'
28
L'AURORE CLASS. 1st variation 241 '
J
L'AURORE CLASS· 2nd variation 241'
L'AURORE CLASS· 3rd variation 241'
ca::5 g :L'AURORE CLASS. 4th variation (Silhouette shows 241'
minor bow variat ion.)
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•
c o n t ' dB ritish "1940 SO l CLA SS. As m odif ied for target
and trainIng duties.
2171
rJ:'-' .
:1
DAPHNE CLASS. PROVISIONAL DRAW ING 19 0 1
_ : J
ARETHUSE CLASS
SIRENE (B ritish "'940 S" CLASS)
~~~~~='~~~-~~~~.~==~~
2551Soviet "S.l" CLASS
~ .... ~
Soviet "W " CLASSSoviet IIM.YII CLASS 1751
29
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U. S. GATO (SS 212) CLASS - Modernized
30
Soviet "W" CLASS
Soviet "M-V" CLASS
VORTICE (TRITONE CLASS modified) 201'
+ ,
= J: :0
GIADA (ACCIAIO CLASS modified) 1911
Note: holy also has the BARIO,
a TRITONE CLASS submarine. Appearance is unknown.
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British "1940 S" CLASS 2171
< ;:. i .. ",
@ J~
U. S. GATO CLASS - POSEIDON, inset shows bow 3121
of AMFITRITI. (Silhouette shows snorkel and
peri,eopes raised.)
HAJEH CLASS
" . . . . . . ")
HACKEH CLASS
31
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c o n t ' d
U. S. "FLEET.TYPE SNORKEL"
32
SJiJLEJONET CLASS (Silhouette shows
perl scopes raied.)
"U" CLASS
@ l~U. S. GATO (S5 212) CLASS. Moderniud
(Some units carry deck guns; arrangement
vories, see silhouette. Inset shows conning
tower voriotion.)
3121
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U. S. BALAO (SS 285) CLASS· Modernized 30 al
British TRITON CLASS (Inset shows bow variation, 2741
silhouette shows snorkel ond periscopes raised.)
DOLFIJN CLASS. PROVISIONAL DRAW ING
<: -German "TYPE VII.C" CLASS 221'
- = 1 1
c:: = : : : : : : ; ; o : : = - '2:>
British U NIT Y CL ASS. Modified 197'
33
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"D-1" CLASS
Soviet 10M-V" CLASS (May hove dec:k gun removed.) 175'
34
c
Italian ARCHIMEDE CLASS
c= =:..----
<:. I:J::>
G.7 (German "TYPE VII·C" CLASS)
/
WILK CLASS
I 6 $;..? )
SEP {Inset shows AA mount in elevated position.} 2751
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"t "
U. S. GATO CLASS
" y," " W " " " ~ ® " "
c·
Italian PERLA CLASS (M ay have bow
net cutten removed.)
198'
C...
< "" "
KUROSHIO (U. S. GATO CLASS)
a
)
DELFINEN CLASS· PROVISIONAL DRAWING 167'
35
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36
"TYPE XXIII" CLASS. Modified
= , I r
TIBURON CLASS
"Modified R Boot" CLASS
n~.-!~:; lB~~===~~~==,.~~~~=~~==o~._~
SAL TA CLASS
1
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MARSU.lIo4UL 190
DELFIHUL
~II l»
British "a" CLASS
M ATCHAHU CLASS
SAVA (51Ihoueu. ShOW5 p.risc:op.s r.tro c:t.d.)
3i
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I d e n t i f y t h e s e W a k e s . . .
9
38
1
5
10
2
6
1. Wreck
2. OiJ Slick
3. Submarine
4. Whale
5. Submarine
3 4
7 8
6. Whale.s
7. Submarine
8. Surface Craft
g. Wreck
10. Submarine