submarines ssk dolphin-i class propulsion system …...air independent propulsion (aip) system...

SUBMARINES SSK Dolphin-I ClassPROPULSION SYSTEM

TIME TO IMPROVE _____________________________________

Bakst A.

http://www.timesofisrael.com/fourth‐advanced‐german‐submarine‐en‐route‐to‐israel/m1www.bakstengineering.com08.2016

SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM TIME TO IMPROVE

CHAPTERS Slide number

Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION 3

2. SNORKEL IS A KEY DEVICE TO TRANSFORM DIVING BOATS INTO REAL SUBMARINES 7

3. DETECTABILITY OF SUBMARINES UNDER SNORKEL 20

4. AIP TECHNOLOGY 32

5. WHY SUBMARINES DOLPHIN-I CLASS HAS TO BE FITTED WITH AIP SYSYEMS 44

6. SSK DOLPHIN-I AND SSP DOLPHIN-II ECONOMICS 57

7. THE DEVIL IS IN THE DETAILS 61

8. REFERENCES 63

9. APPENDIX 67

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1.INTRODUCTION


SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM TIME TO IMPROVE INTRODUCTION

Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) system currently is the well known key component ofAir Independent Propulsion (AIP) system currently is the well known key component of a convention diesel‐electric submarine.

In fact, AIP system is a small power plant intended to provide operating of conventional submarine underwater (without supplying of atmospheric air) relatively for a long time. Any AIP system contains a fuel and liquid oxygen (as rule) storage and supplying systems, electro‐chemical or electro mechanical converter for transform of chemical energy of fuel into electricity and systems for dumping converter’s reaction products out of submarine board (in the sea water).submarine board (in the sea water).

By tactic possibilities, the conventional submarines fitted with AIP system, take, as rule, the mean place between going out of day non‐AIP diesel‐electric and nuclear

d b ipowered submarines.In littoral waters AIP‐diesel electric submarines (AIP‐DE) have minimal vulnerability. In

littoral waters the boats are the most effective as compared with both nuclear powered (NP) and non‐AIP‐DE subs.


( )


In particular:Non‐AIP submarines have submerged endurance about 3 – 4 days at speed 4 knots (inNon AIP submarines have submerged endurance about 3 4 days at speed 4 knots (in

real conditions it is about 2 – 3 days) that is limited by battery capacity. After that the submarine has to surface on snorkel depth to recharge battery and has to be on this depth during 7 hours as rule.

AIP b i id b d d f 14 18 d (i d dAIP submarines can provide submerged endurance of 14 – 18 days (in dependence on AIP type and submerged speed), and total endurance of 45 to 90 days, limited by oxygen storage.

Nuclear powered submarines typically have submerged endurance about 90 – 100 p yp y gdays that is limited by the food storage for the crew.

We can show advantages and disadvantages of AIP diesel‐electric (AIP‐DE) submarines as compared with non AIP and nuclear powered (NP) submarinessubmarines as compared with non‐AIP and nuclear powered (NP) submarines.



Table. Nuclear Powered vs AIP diesel‐electricsubmarines. Comparison table.

Table. AIP diesel‐electric vs Non‐AIP Diesel‐electric submarines. Comparison table.

Submarine’s key characteristics

Submarine having advantages

Submerged speed NP sub

Submarine’s key characteristics

Submarine having advantages

Submerged speed No advantages

Submerged endurance NP sub

Submerged range NP sub

Depth NP sub

Submerged endurance AIP‐DE sub

Submerged range AIP‐DE sub

Depth No advantagesDepth NP sub

Noisiness AIP‐DE sub

Maneuverability AIP‐DE sub

Vulnerability in littoral AIP DE sub

Depth No advantages

Noisiness Non‐AIP‐DE sub

Maneuverability Non‐AIP‐DE sub

V l bilit i litt l AIP DE bVulnerability in littoral waters

AIP‐DE sub

Vulnerability in blue waters

NP sub

Vulnerability in littoral waters

AIP‐DE sub

Vulnerability in blue waters

AIP‐DE sub


Cost AIP‐DE sub Cost Non‐AIP‐DE sub


2.SNORKEL IS A KEY DEVICE TO TRANSFORMDIVING BOATS INTO REAL SUBMARINES



A Little of History For the first time, AIP systems for submarines were proposed at the beginning of the last

BIRTH OF NEW CLASS SUBMARINES

y p p g gcentury. However, real development of these systems had been begun, at the same time nearly, in the Soviet Union and Germany in 1930’s, before the World War II.

The first real AIP submarines was designed by Hellmuth Walter. In 1930’s Walter worked out the design of new boat but only in 1942 the small coastal U‐boats g y

type XVIIA and XVIIB began to be built by his project. It was planned to build 17 boats. However, only 7 boat (U792‐U795; U1405‐U1407) had been finished and launched before 1945. The propulsion system of these boats based on power vapor‐gas turbine. As an oxygen source had been used concentrated hydrogen peroxide (so called High Test Peroxide – HTP) that before supplying in combustion chamber is decomposed in special chamber (see Appendix).

Another German submarines that could operate submerged for a long time were midget U‐boats “Seehund” type 227. These boats contained closed cycle diesel system that can operate underwater without supplying of air. In addition to fuel the boats carried 1250 liters (0.72 tons) of oxygen at pressure 4 atm (see Appendix).

Successful operations in the Atlantic of allied naval aircrafts and battle ships fitted with radars had forced Kriegsmarine’s “diving” U‐boats to be hidden underwater. However, the “diving” U‐boats were not adapted to be underwater for a long time. Besides, guns that were installed on U‐boats


turned out ineffective. In fact, U‐boats were found unprotected. Losses of U‐boat went up drastically. “Wolf Pack” tactic had been destroyed.


Kriegsmarine’s leaders looked for solution to reverse the situation in the Atlantic with feverish haste.

Th l ti h d b f d It di l l t i b i t XXI ( ll d

BIRTH OF NEW CLASS SUBMARINES

The solution had been found. It was diesel‐electric submarines type XXI (so called “Elektroboote”). This boats was designed by professor Olfken (“Gluckauf” Company). Design based on application of electric power to provide for the boats long time submerged endurance. Source of electric power for submerged operation were batteries that recharging underwater by means of

i l d i k l It l ti d i th t i f t d t d i f dspecial device ‐ snorkel. It was revolutionary design that, in fact, corresponds to design of modern non‐AIP subs. First German diesel‐electric submarines were appeared in 1943. Summary, 118 submarines type XXI had been built from 1943 to 1945. (It was planned to build 1170 such boats).

Besides the U‐boats type XXI, the small option of diesel‐electric submarines type XXIII were b ilt t G hi d (L h d A il 1944) Th b t t XXIII h d b dbuilt at German shipyards (Launched – April 1944). The boats type XXIII had submerged displacement 258t, length 34.7m and beam 3m at the same time, the boats type XXI had submerged displacement 1819t, length 76.7m and beam 8m. It was ordered 280 U‐boats type XXIII but 61 subs were built only.

Th U b t T XXI d t XXIII th bl t i b d l t ll f thThe U‐boats Type XXI and type XXIII ‐ they were able to remain submerged almost all of the time and were faster than other types of U‐boats, due to the improved streamlining of their shape, batteries with larger capacity and the snorkel, which was a key component allowing the diesel engines to run while boat is underwater.

Th T XXI d XXIII U b t l ti i d t b i d i

908.2016 www.bakstengineering.comhttp://www.war44.com/forum.php

The Type XXI and XXIII U‐boats revolutionized post‐war submarine design.

SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM TIME TO IMPROVE SNORKEL SYSTEM IS A KEY COMPONENT OF A NEW CLASS SUBMARINES

Now about snorkel. Snorkel is a device feeding fresh air from h b d b i Ai d d d f il i fatmosphere to submerged submarine. Air was demanded for ventilation of

pressure hull to ensure crew vital activity and operating of diesel engines. The snorkel was taken into service as an afterthought and fitted on

the VIIC and IXC types besides U‐boats XXI and XXIII types. At th b i i f k l li ti th U b t bt i dAt the beginning of snorkel application, the U‐boats obtained some

advantages. Nevertheless, application of snorkel involves some drawbacks as well. They are: metal head of snorkel against the background of sea surface, bow wave, wakes and noise of diesel engine and turbulent water th t fl d k l tthat flowed a snorkel masts.


SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM TIME TO IMPROVE EARLY SNORKEL HEADS

1108.2016 www.bakstengineering.comhttp://amp.rokket.biz/docs/an_illustrated_guide_to_uboat_research.pdf


Nevertheless, the means for counteraction to U‐boats fitted with snorkel had been found very rapidly. Application a radar technology created serious problems for the viability of U‐boats fitted

SNORKEL SYSTEM IS A KEY COMPONENT OF A NEW CLASS SUBMARINES

rapidly. Application a radar technology created serious problems for the viability of U boats fittedwith snorkels. In particular, the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) allows to detect the wake of a submerged U‐boats.

Submarine fitted with snorkel became easy mark for ships and aircrafts armed with radar system. In answer to it, German engineers had worked out the snorkel heads with special antiradar y , g pcoating. High efficiency of snorkel technology showed well known U‐boat 977 Snorkel allowed U‐boat 977 at the end of war to escape from Germany to Argentina.

Snorkel had been invented many yearsSnorkel had been invented many years before the WW‐II. However, after WW‐II only snorkel had found application in many Navies.

Currently, snorkel has different appearance but the same functional designappearance, but ‐ the same functional design. It should be confessed that detectability of submarine under snorkel is high enough today.


SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM TIME TO IMPROVE IMPROVED POSTWAR SNORKEL SYSTEM

S k lSnorkel (submarine Type 206A)

1308.2016 www.bakstengineering.comhttp://www.primeportal.net/naval/ulrich_wrede/type_206a/index.php?Page=1 http://rnsubs.co.uk/dits‐bits/articles/development/us‐snorkel/usn‐snortb.html

SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM TIME TO IMPROVE MODERN GALZONI’S SNORKEL SYSTEMS

1408.2016 www.bakstengineering.comhttp://www.calzoni.com/products‐services/submarine‐masts_2/snorkel‐system‐gev_13

SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM TIME TO IMPROVE MODERN GABLER’S SNORKEL SYSTEMS

1508.2016 www.bakstengineering.comhttp://gabler‐luebeck.de/en/naval‐technology/solutions

SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM TIME TO IMPROVE IMPROVED POSTWAR SUBMARINES EXHAUST PIPING

1608.2016 www.bakstengineering.comhttp://rnsubs.co.uk/dits‐bits/articles/development/us‐snorkel/usn‐snortc.html

SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM TIME TO IMPROVE DIESEL ENGINE EXHAUST PIPING FOR NUCLEAR POWERED SUBMARINES

As it follows from Phase I Final Rule and Technical Development Document of Uniform National Discharge Standards (UNDS); Submarine Emergency Diesel Engine Wet Exhaust:

“Every nuclear powered submarine is equipped with emergency diesel engine for useEvery nuclear powered submarine is equipped with emergency diesel engine for use during emergency situations, such as providing electric power or emergency ventilation. However, emergency diesel engines are routinely used during training exercises, pre‐underway checks, and quarterly performance analyses.

All submarines have air induction and diesel exhaust systems for emergency diesel engines. Air induction systems bring outside air for combustion in the emergency diesel engines, while exhaust systems discharge the combustion by‐products overboard. Prior to discharge, the exhaust gases are cooled by seawater injection into the exhaust. Water isdischarge, the exhaust gases are cooled by seawater injection into the exhaust. Water is injected to reduce radiant energy from the exhaust piping and to reduce corrosion of the exhaust piping from high temperatures”.

1708.2016 www.bakstengineering.comhttps://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015‐08/documents/2007_07_10_oceans_regulatory_unds_tdddocuments_appasubdiesel.pdf


Each submarine is equipped with one emergency diesel engine left figure and right figure for a representation of the wet exhaust system.

DIESEL ENGINE EXHAUST PIPING FOR NUCLEAR POWERED SUBMARINES

p y

1808.2016 www.bakstengineering.comhttps://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015‐08/documents/2007_07_10_oceans_regulatory_unds_tdddocuments_appasubdiesel.pdf

Typical Submarine emergency Diesel Exhaust System

Typical Submarine Diesel Seawater wet exhaust System

SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM TIME TO IMPROVE SUBMARINES GAS EXHAUST PIPING

The occurrence going accompany with snorkeling is dumping of exhaust gases. There are many different technical solutions to hide dumping of exhaust gasesare many different technical solutions to hide dumping of exhaust gases.

Exhaust gases can be dumped in atmosphere through exhaust pipes located in special mast or underwater through exhaust pipes located in the conning tower.

1908.2016 www.bakstengineering.comhttp://www.calzoni.com/products‐services/submarine‐masts_2/snorkel‐system‐gev_13 https://www.quora.com/Where‐does‐the‐exhaust‐of‐a‐submarine‐go


3.DETECTABILITY OF SUBMARINES UNDER SNORKEL


SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM TIME TO IMPROVE DETECTABILITY OF SUBMARINES UNDER SNORKEL

It is known that submerged submarines emit less noise than the ambient water noise.Such submarines can hear a surface ship long before than surface ship can detect theSuch submarines can hear a surface ship long before than surface ship can detect the

submarine, and therefore it can take evasive action before it will be detected. An SSK running on battery power, and an SSP running under silent AIP and battery,

basically cannot be discovered by passive sonar. Such boats are more silent than the surrounding water. (It should be noted that, in fact, AIP system is not silent absolutely. The most silent AIP is Fuel Cell system. The most noisy is Closed Cycle Diesel AIP system).

Existing battery design allows the submarine to increase its submerged endurance up to 3 – 4 days (In real conditions submerged endurance is about 2 – 3 days at the most)to 3 – 4 days. (In real conditions, submerged endurance is about 2 – 3 days at the most).

Advanced submarine battery designs, currently, are under development and could increase endurance up to 10 – 12 days of submerged operations.

Now, about features of conventional non‐AIP submarines.Conventional non‐AIP submarines use a battery to be moved underwater. To recharge a battery submarine has to use diesel‐generators. Therefore, non‐AIP

conventional submarines are compelled to surface periodically and to lift snorkel for supplying of fresh air to diesels and for blowing out of pressure hull.

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supplying of fresh air to diesels and for blowing out of pressure hull.

Bakst A. Property


Non‐AIP conventional submarines are compelled to surface periodically and to lift snorkel for supplying of fresh air to diesels and for blowing out of the pressure hull.snorkel for supplying of fresh air to diesels and for blowing out of the pressure hull.

How frequently it is occurred and how long the boat has to be under snorkeling??

Existing battery design allows the submarine to increase its submerged endurance up to 3 d ( l di i b d d i b 2 3 d h )

2208.2015 Bakst A. Property

– 4 days. (In real conditions, submerged endurance is about 2 – 3 days at the most). Average time required to charging battery from 40% to 95% is about 7 hours as rule.


The submarines recharging battery are compelled to be under snorkel and operate closed to sea surface whole time until runs battery recharging process.

DETECTABILITY OF SUBMARINES UNDER SNORKEL

closed to sea surface whole time until runs battery recharging process. In this position submarines are easy enough detectable. The phenomenon allowing to

discover the location of a submarine recharging battery under snorkel as follow.‐ Diesel‐generator and exhaust cooling system pumps emit noise at small depth;S k l h d i k f f‐ Snorkel head sticks out of sea surface;

‐ “Boiling‐up” wake flows behind snorkel mast and noise created by turbulent flow;‐Warm trace is appear on sea surface as result of dumping of hot exhaust gases in water.

Vulnerability of submarine during recharging of its battery under snorkel is increased drastically. Nevertheless, snorkeling is a single key method to recharge battery remaining underwater for non AIP submarinesunderwater for non‐AIP submarines.

For note:Lifted snorkel allows to submarine to move with low speed. Usually normal snorkel speed is

about 3 – 6 knots (max 10 – 11 knots). R h i ti f b tt i b t 7 h


Recharging time of battery is about 7 hour.


2408.2016 www.bakstengineering.comhttp://gabler‐luebeck.de/gabler‐gruppe/ueber‐uns/gabler‐marinetechnikhttp://defenceportal.com.au/collins‐class‐submarine‐replacement‐sea‐1000‐program/australian‐defence‐force‐acquisition‐programs/collins‐class‐submarine‐replacement‐sea‐1000‐program


2508.2016 www.bakstengineering.comhttps://navynews.co.uk/archive/news/item/5151https://defencyclopedia.com/2014/04/27/anti‐submarine‐warfare‐part‐2‐diesel‐electric‐submarines/

SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM TIME TO IMPROVE SUBMARINES GAS EXHAUST GASES DUMPING

Exhaust gases can be dumped into ti t f llsuction stream of propeller.Warm trace on sea surface as result

of dumping of exhaust gases. Exhaust gases have high temperature and form g g pvapor bubbles in water that surface therefore easy to detect.

2608.2016 www.bakstengineering.comhttps://www.yahoo.com/news/japan‐us‐develop‐fuel‐cell‐submarine‐report‐072719460.html?ref=gs(Source: Norway Ministry of Defence; issued Dec 03, 2014)

SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM TIME TO IMPROVE A TYPICAL RECHARGING HISTORY FOR SUBMARINE’S BATTERY

(days)

Typically submarine’s battery is discharged from 90% to 40% or 50%. As it follows from

2708.2016 www.bakstengineering.comhttp://homepages.mcs.vuw.ac.nz/~markm/preprints/SubBatteriesReport.pdf

Typically submarine s battery is discharged from 90% to 40% or 50%. As it follows from stated above graph a battery’s typical recharging time is about 7 hour.

SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM TIME TO IMPROVE SSK DOLPHIN‐I SUBMERGED RANGE

Using graph Sub Speed as function of g g p pSubmerged duration (Buckingham J., et all [13]) we can estimate one of the most important submarine parameters.

What submerged endurance provide g pthe battery of SSK Dolphin‐I at given speed?

If SSK Dolphin‐I battery will be discharged for 3 – 4 days (72 – 96 hours) and is fitted with the same battery that SSP Type y yp214 then boat submerged speed will be about 3.5 – 2.0 knot respectively. In this case, SSK Dolphin‐I’s submerged range will be 252 –192 nautical miles respectively.

To cover distance 1000 nm at speed 3.5 knot, submarine has to lift snorkel 3 – 4 times.

Buckingham J., Graph

Source: Buckingham J., et all Submarine Power and Propulsion – Trends and Opportunities. Paper on Submarine Power and PropulsionPresented at Pacific 2008 in Sydney, Australia


SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM TIME TO IMPROVE INDISCRETION RATIO

The ratio between time of greater vulnerability and total operating time is known as th “i di ti ti t ” (IR)the “indiscretion ratio or rate” (IR).

IR = Ts/(Tso + Ts) Where: Ts – is the time that a submarine spends under snorkel to recharge the battery; Tso – is the submerged operating time that the submarine spends using the battery or the AIP system;(Tso + Ts) is the total operating time(Tso + Ts) – is the total operating time.

Ts = IR*Tso/(1 ‐ IR)

Note: For all conventional modern submarines the typical indiscretion ratio range is changed from 7% to 10% for patrol at 4 knots, and from 20%‐30% for transit at about 8 knots.

It should be noted that the higher IR the longer battery recharging processIt should be noted that the higher IR the longer battery recharging process.

2908.2016 www.bakstengineering.comSource: www.naval‐technology.com/projects/scorpene/

SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM TIME TO IMPROVE INFLUENCE OF INDISCRETION RATIO ON VULNERABILITY

It is very easy to calculate how many times submarine will surface and lift snorkel if y y ythe patrol duration is Tp = 14 days.

Submerged operating time is 4 days. Tso = 4*24 = 96 hours

Indiscretion ratio for patrol modeIndiscretion ratio for patrol mode We shall accept IR = 8% (0.09)

Charging battery time (time of greater vulnerability). Ts = IR*Tso/(1 – IR) = 0.08*96/(1 – 0.08) = 7.066 hour

The total operating time (cycle charging/discharging time)Tc = Tso + Ts = 96 + 7.066 = 103.066 hours

Number lifting of snorkelN = Tp/Tc = 14*24/79 12 = 3 26 (3 times)N = Tp/Tc = 14 24/79.12 = 3.26 (3 times)

Vulnerability of submarine is increased drastically during recharging of the battery at transit mode.


SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM TIME TO IMPROVE SUBMARINE DETECTABILITY AND INDISCRETION RATIO

Submarine’s vulnerability is connected with IR directlyIR directly.If higher boat’s speed the higher IR and a submarine’s vulnerability.

From this figure, it is clear that the IR increases quickly, even at slow speeds. If the DE boat is operating at 4 knots, its rate is around 6 5% while the AIP submarine hasis around 6.5%, while the AIP submarine has an IR of 0.

For speeds above the balance speed, the


Indiscretion Rate as a Function of SpeedFor speeds above the balance speed, the endurance decreases rapidly (see slide 32)


4.AIP TECHNOLOGY


SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM TIME TO IMPROVE AIP TECHNOLOGY

Wikipedia determines an AIP technology as:Air‐independent Propulsion (AIP) is a marine propulsion technology that allows a non‐

nuclear submarine to operate (for a long time) without access to atmospheric oxygen (by surfacing or using a snorkel).

Obviously, AIP submarine is compelled to carry fuel and oxidant (LOX as rule). AIP system per se is electro chemical converter transforming chemical energy of fuel inAIP system per se is electro‐chemical converter transforming chemical energy of fuel in electricity.

It should be remembered that highest vulnerability a submarine has under snorkeling during recharging battery.

The main advantages of AIP technology as compared with snorkeling shown in next slide. The tables in the slide #38 shows compare of non‐AIP, AIP‐submarine and Nuclear‐powered submarinepowered submarine.

It should be noted that, modern designed AIP conventional submarines (Type 216, Germany; SMX®, France; “Kalina”, Russia) are approximated to Nuclear‐powered submarines.

3308.2016 www.bakstengineering.comhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air‐independent_propulsion

SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM TIME TO IMPROVE AIP SUBMARINE NOTIONAL MISSION

To evaluate advantages of AIP technology let us consider simple notional mission of submarines. The submarines receive order to implement the following steps of notional mission:mission:

1) Transit from home port to zone of patrol #1 (2 days, 9.1%);2) Patrol of zone #1 (10 days 45.5%);3) Secret Transit from zone of patrol #1 to zone of patrol #2 (2 days, 9.0%);4) P t l f #2 (6 d 27 3%)4) Patrol of zone #2 (6 days, 27.3%);5) Transit from zone of patrol #2 to home port (2 days, 9.1%). Summary days of mission is 22 days (100%)Note: Percentage in brackets is distribution of total time of mission. To simplify, we g p y

shall be assumed that a submarine operates at constant speeds for each step.

3408.2016 www.bakstengineering.comhttp://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a538633.pdf


The differences between non‐AIP and AIP diesel‐electric submarines are shown in the table below.

AIP SUBMARINE NOTIONAL MISSION

NOTIONAL MISSION Non‐AIP SUBMARINE AIP SUBMARINE

STEPS DATA PROPULSION NUMBER OFSURFACING FOR

PROPULSION NUMBER OF SURFACING FOR

BATTERY RECHARGING

BATTERY RECHARGING

TRANSIT #1 2 days; 8 knot Battery/DE 1 Battery/DE 1

d kPATROL #1 10 days; 4 knot Battery 3 AIP ‐

TRANSIT #2 2 days; 4 knot Battery ‐ AIP ‐

PATROL #2 6 days; 4 knot Battery 3 AIP ‐

TRANSIT #3 2 days; 8 knot Battery/DE 1 Battery/DE 1

Total 22 days 8 2

3508.2016 www.bakstengineering.comhttp://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a538633.pdf


The figure shows how is changed submerged profile of non‐AIP and AIP submarines



First of all, the AIP is a marine propulsion technology. In another words it is technology based on electric power production plant providing submerged motion and “hotel service” of submarine without supply air from atmosphere.

There are many different power production system that can be used as base of submarine’s AIP. However, currently only four different types of electric power production system as submarine’s equipment are used They are:system as submarine s equipment are used. They are:

‐ Closed Cycle Steam Turbine (CCST);‐ Closed Cycle Stirling Engine (CCSE or Stirling Engine);‐ Closed Cycle Diesel Engine (CCDE);‐ Fuel Cell (FC).

Every type of AIP system contains the following main components:‐ Converter of fuel chemical energy into electricity;Converter of fuel chemical energy into electricity;‐ Fuel storage/production and feeding system;‐ Oxygen storage/production and feeding system;‐ Inert gas recirculation system;

h d i


‐ Exhaust gas dumping system


There are two main concepts of AIP configuration. They are:‐ AIP plug‐section (AIP CCST“MESMA” France, [Sub Scorpene]; AIP Stirling Engine,

Sweden, Japan, [sub Gotland, A26]; AIP SINAVY BZM‐34/120 PEMFC , Germany, [sub Type 214]);

‐ AIP integrated with submarine equipment (AIP SINAVY BZM‐34 PEMFC , Germany, [sub Type 212/212A]; AIP CCDE [sub Moray 1400H] )[sub Type 212/212A]; AIP CCDE [sub Moray 1400H] ).


SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM TIME TO IMPROVE STEAM TURBINE CLOSED CYCLE. MESMA AIP (FRANCE)


SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM TIME TO IMPROVE STIRLING CLOSED CYCLE AIP KOCKUMS SYSTEM (SWEDEN)


SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM TIME TO IMPROVE CLOSED CYCLE DIESEL AIP SYSTEM

Closed Cycle Diesel (CCD) engine AIP systemClosed Cycle Diesel (CCD) engine AIP system uses regular engine that operates underwater on stored oxygen (instead of air), inert gases, diesel fuel and recycled exhaust products. CCD AIP can also be run both on oxygen and on air at snorkel depth. It is a proven technology and uses “off the shelf” components.shelf components. The common fuel source makes it cost efficient. The only concerns are noise and exhaust management. Figure shows an operational closed cycle diesel schema used in AIP submarine.

08.2015 41Bakst A. Property

SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM TIME TO IMPROVE AIP TECHNOLOGY FEATURES. COMPARISON TABLE

Submarine’s features Non‐AIP submarine

AIP submarine Nuclear‐powered submarine

Propulsion system Diesel‐electric Diesel‐electric + AIP system

Nuclear reactor‐steam turbine‐electric

Energy source for submerged operating

Battery Battery and AIP Nuclear reactor

Total rated power 3 – 4 MW 3 – 4 MW More than 20MW

Submerged rated power 100 – 300 kW 150 – 600 kW More than 20MW

Field of highly effective application

Littoral waters Littoral /blue‐waters (Ocean)

Blue‐water (Ocean)

Typical submerged endurance

2 – 3 (3 – 4) days 14 – 21(30) days 90 – 100 days and more

Acoustic signature Very silent From very silent to Moderate silent


g y ymoderate silent

Maneuverability Maneuverable From maneuverableto less maneuverable

Less maneuverable

SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM TIME TO IMPROVE AIP TECHNOLOGY FEATURES. COMPARISON TABLE

The graphs show comparison of non‐AIP, AIP‐submarine and Advanced AIP submarine.

Range vs Speed

Endurance vs Speed

Balance Speed defines the transfer point between operating processes on “Battery & AIP” and “Battery” only.


processes on Battery & AIP and Battery only.Balance Speed for “Battery & AIP” is 4 knot. Target balance speed is 5.5 knot


5.WHY SUBMARINES DOLPHIN‐I CLASS HAS TO BE FITTED WITH AIP SYSYEMS


SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM TIME TO IMPROVE CONVENTIONAL DIESEL‐ELECTRIC SUBMARINE DOLPHIN‐I

Submarine

Submarine

SSK Dolphin‐I

4508.2016 www.bakstengineering.comhttp://www.naval‐technology.com/projects/dolphin/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin‐class_submarine

SSP Type 212

SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM IMPROVEMENT SSK Dolphin‐I vs Type 209‐1200/1400 General Characteristics

Submarine’s Characteristics SSK Dolphin-I class SSK Type 209/1200 SSK Type 209/1400

Displacement SurfacedSubmerged

1640 tonne (1450)1900 tonne (1840)

1248 tonne1440 tonne

1454 tonne1586 tonne

Submarine Length 57.3 m (56.4 m) 55.9 m 62

Beam (pressure hull diameter) 6.8 m 6.3 m; (6.8 m) 6.25 m (6.8 m)

Draft 6.2 m 5.5 m 5.5 m

Height 12.7 m 12.5

Hull Single Hull Single hull Single hullg g g

Propulsion System Diesels: 3xMTU16V-396 SE 84 3x1415=4245hp; Alternator: Piller 3x970kW;Electric Motor: Siemens

Diesels: 4xMTU12V-493TY-60 4X600=2400hp;Alternator: 4x405kW;Electric Motor: Siemens

Diesels:4xMTU12V-396SB 83 4X1250=5000hp;Alternator: 4x900kW;Electric Motor:

1x3875hp1 shaft; 6 blades propellerBattery: 2x216 cells

1x4000hp1 shaftBattery: 4x120 cells

1x4000hp1 shaftBattery: 4x120 cells

Submerged maximal speed 20knots 21.5 knots 22 knots

Snorkel speed 11knots 11 knots 11 knots


SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM IMPROVEMENT SSK Dolphin‐I & Dolphin‐II General Characteristics

Submarine’s SSK Dolphin-I class SSK Type 209/1200 SSK Type 209/1400Characteristics

p yp yp

Total Endurance 30 days 50 days 50 days

Submerge endurance 2-3 days at speed 6 knot

Surfaced Range 8 000nm (2700nm) at speed 8 11 000 nm (20 000 km) at 10 11 000 nm (20 000 km) at 10Surfaced Range 8,000nm (2700nm) at speed 8 knots

11,000 nm (20,000 km) at 10 knots (20 km/h)

11,000 nm (20,000 km) at 10 knots (20 km/h)

Submerged Range 420 nm at speed 8knot 400 nm (700 km) at 4 knots (7 km/h)

400 nm (700 km) at 4 knots (7 km/h)

Cruising range 4500 nmCruising range 4500 nm

Range (snorkeling) ? 8,000 nm (15,000 km) at 10 knots (20 km/h)

8,000 nm (15,000 km) at 10 knots (20 km/h)

Operating Depth (max) 200 m (350 m) 250 m (test 500 m) 280 m (test 500 m)

Crew 35 men+10 passengers 33 30Crew 35 men+10 passengers 33 30

Armament Torpedo armament:6x533 mm Torpedo tubes4x650 mm Torpedo tubes

Torpedo armament:8x533 mm Torpedo tubes



SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM TIME TO IMPROVE CONVENTIONAL DIESEL‐ELECTRIC SUBMARINE DOLPHIN‐I

Currently (2016) the Israeli Navy contains five submarines Dolphin‐class.The Dolphin class is actually two different classes They are: non AIP SSK Dolphin I and AIP SSPThe Dolphin class is actually two different classes. They are: non‐AIP, SSK Dolphin‐I and AIP SSP

Dolphin‐II sub‐classes of conventional diesel‐electric submarines.Three Dolphin‐I class submarines were designed by Ingenieurkontor Lubeck Prof Gabler Nachf

GmbH (IKL), a subsidiary of Howaldtswerke‐Deutche Werft AG (HDW) based in Lubeck, Germany. A schedule had originally been planned for the construction of the three submarines by an industrialschedule had originally been planned for the construction of the three submarines by an industrial team consisting of HDW and Thyssen Nordseewerke Gmbh (TNSW), lead by Litton Ingalls Shipbuilding. However, the project was cancelled in 1990 as result of Germany budget reallocation.

Following the Gulf crisis in 1990‐1991, contracts were placed for the construction of the first two boats to proceed with funding support from the German government Such decision wastwo boats, to proceed with funding support from the German government. Such decision was accepted in order to compensate for Israel the Gulf War (1990‐1991) damage and economic losses and, in the same time, to keep German shipyards occupied with a high profile projects. Deciding the both tasks and taking into account the post Cold War defense spending downturn the Chancellor of Germany Helmut Kohl approves an assistance package to German industrythe Chancellor of Germany Helmut Kohl approves an assistance package to German industry including the construction of two Dolphin‐I class submarines for Israel. Approval for construction of the third submarine was granted (50%) in 1994 only.

4808.2016 www.bakstengineering.comhttp://www.naval‐technology.com/projects/dolphin/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin‐class_submarine

SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM TIME TO IMPROVE CONVENTIONAL SUBMARINE DOLPHIN‐I

In other words, the first two Dolphin‐I class boats (Dolphin and Leviathan) were donated by Germany to Israel. The third boat (Tekumah) received a 50% of subsidy. y y ( ) y

At the same time, early 1990s it was the very time when HDW, in fact, was ready to produce new up‐dated AIP submarines. In 1996 a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) gave the start to the cooperation for building 4 vessels for German Navy and 4 vessels for Italian Navy. These boats in further will be designated as submarines SSP Type 212. These multi purpose well known AIP attack g yp p psubmarines (U31 – U34) were launched for German Navy in period from 2002 to 2006. The same as Dolphin, the boats Type 212 were constructed by Howaldswerke‐Deutsche Werft Gmbh (HDW) of Kiel and Thyssen Nordseewerke GmbH (TNSW) of Enden (see Appendix).

There are many causes why Israel did not obtain up‐dated AIP submarines.However, “don't look a gift horse in the mouth”. At the same time to be just, it should be

confessed that Dolphin‐I class submarines were outmoded already at the moment of their launching. In fact, submarines SSK Dolphin‐I class (Dolphin, Leviathan and Tekumah) are short‐endurance (<50 days) littoral water diesel‐electric submarines for coastal defense and limited regional influence. These submarines must periodically surface or lift snorkel to use diesel‐generators for recharging submarine’s battery.

4908.2016 www.bakstengineering.comhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin‐class_submarine


Submarine’s Characteristics SSK Dolphin-I class SSP Type 212/212A

SSK DOLPHIN‐I & SSP TYPE 212/212A. General Characteristics

Displacement SurfacedSubmerged

1640 ton1900 ton

1450 ton 1830 ton

Submarine Length 57.3 m (56.4 m) 57.2 mSubmarine Length 57.3 m (56.4 m) 57.2 m

Beam 6.8 m 7 m

Draft 6.2 m 6 m

Height 12.7 m ?

Hull Single Hull Single Hull

Propulsion System Diesels: 3x16V-396 SE 84 3x1040=3120kW; Alternator: Piller 3x960kW;El t i M t Si 2 85MW

1xDiesel 16V-396 SE 84 ?kW; Alternator ?kW;Electric Motor: Siemens 1.7MW

Electric Motor: Siemens 2.85MW1 shaft; 6 blades propellerBattery: 2x216 cells

1 shaft; 7 blades skewback propellerPEM Fuel cell AIP; 9xSINAVY BZM-34

Submerged maximal speed 20knots 20knots

Snorkel speed 11knots ?


SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM TIME TO IMPROVE SSK DOLPHIN‐I & SSP TYPE 212/212A. General Characteristics

Submarine’s Characteristics SSK Dolphin-I class SSP Type 212/212A

Total Endurance 30 days 84 days

Submerge endurance 2-3 days at speed 6 knot 14 days (18 days is record 2013) without snorkeling

Surfaced Range 8 000nm (2700nm) at speed 8knot 8 000nm (2700nm) at speed 8knotSurfaced Range 8,000nm (2700nm) at speed 8knot 8,000nm (2700nm) at speed 8knot

Submerged Range 420 nm at speed 8knot 420 at 8 knots, submerged

Cruising range 4500 nm at speed ?knot

Operating Depth (max) 200m (350 m) 300m (over 700m)

Crew 35 men+10 passengers 23 - 27 men inc 5 officers

Masts Main Communication MastSecondary Communication mast with ESMRadar MastSearch PeriscopeSearch PeriscopeAttack PeriscopeSnorkel Mast

Armament Torpedo armament:6x533 mm Torpedo tubes


4x650 mm Torpedo tubes 13 torpedoes



Currently, boats Dolphin‐I are in service 16 – 17 years already. Taking into account that mean i lif f i l b i i b 30 i hi k h f i f h

CONVENTIONAL SUBMARINE DOLPHIN‐I

service life of conventional submarines is about 30 years, came time to think what fate waits for the boats in the future (in particular in 13 – 15 years).

There are some following outcomes:1. Utilization (scrap). It should be remembered that boats contain expensive equipment and

t i l th t h dl b d f th d ti It i it it i d i H it imaterials that hardly can be used for the second time. It is very pity, it is squandering. However, it is possible, real end of the boat’s service.

2. Sale. It will be very difficult to realize as it will be outmoded therewith old submarines.3. Use these boats as training ships to train new submarine crews. One boat is enough to id thi iprovide this aim.4. Use these boats for solving civil tasks. The proposal is unreasonable economically. The boats

have to be fully reconstructed whereas they do not suitable to implement such functions. 5. Equip boats with AIP systems and after reconstruction to proceed using them in service in l i bl h i h i i i i i ibl d lIsrael Navy. It is troublesome way therewith requiring investments. However, it is possible and real

way that can extend the submarines life.

We consider that last way has priority. Why we think so you can read in the next slides.

5208.2016 www.bakstengineering.comhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin‐class_submarine


Some important reasons why we should do it today.


1) National Security. The State of Israel has a long maritime border and territorial extended along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The coastal cities are concentrated most of the population and industry of the country, as well as important administrative and political institutions. In the sea are Israeli offshore gas platforms. However, very from the sea, the State of Israel is the most g p yvulnerable, both from the terrorist attacks, and in the case of large‐scale military conflict.

The main tasks of the Navy of Israel can be summarized as follows:• the conduct of military operations against groups of ship and aircraft the enemy in order to

gain dominance in the Mediterranean Sea adjacent to the sea border of Israel;• implementation of protection of territorial waters and the sea coast of Israel, including the

important administrative and political centers of the country, economic regions, gas fields, naval bases, ports;

• ensure protection of coastal marine communications and violation of maritime communications of the enemy;

• control of the Aden and Aqaba bays, the Suez Canal and the Gibraltar and Dardanelles straits;



• provide a direct support to ground forces and air forces during operations in the maritime areas conducting amphibious operations the fight against marine landing forces conducting


areas, conducting amphibious operations, the fight against marine landing forces, conducting continuous reconnaissance on the sea.

Obviously, to decide these problems a fairly large fleet is required. Since Israel is not able to support such fleet the fleet objectives shifted to the Air Force clearly However the developmentsupport such fleet, the fleet objectives shifted to the Air Force clearly. However, the development and dissemination of advanced air defense systems, including the ship's air defense system poses problems for the application of the Air Force, in particular, to address the strategic objectives. Under these conditions, AIP‐subs are simply irreplaceable.

Of course overall strength of the Israeli Navy and composition of surface ships is inferior toOf course, overall strength of the Israeli Navy and composition of surface ships is inferior to Iran, Turkey, Saudi Arabia and even Egypt.

As for Israeli submarines, they are effective sufficiently and have reliable weapon as a deterrent to different enemies, especially taking into account the fact that these boats have the ability to carry nuclear weaponsability to carry nuclear weapons.

Five modern submarines now (in the future it will be 9) ‐ it would be a serious force. However, if the three of them (it is 30%) are out‐of‐date ‐ it significantly reduces the power and possibility of the submarine flotilla,



2) It is known that the service life of the submarine, is typically about 30 years. However, if the


vessel's technical condition is good enough, it can be served in the future, especially if it is possible (specifications) will meet modern requirements.

Submarines Dolphin‐I class now are out‐dated. On other hand, design, construction, installation and different examinations takes not short time. Therefore, to improve these boats the works should begin today, whereas period 10 ‐ 14 years is not so long for such works.It will be pointless to start the reconstruction of the boats after their decommissioning,Hopefully, that for the next 15 years, Israel will obtain from Germany the remaining four submarines Dolphin‐II. Nevertheless, the case with French helicopter carriers for Russia Navy creates precedent.

The decommissioning of three submarines from nine in the future (2030s) is a serious decline in combat capability of the Israeli Navy. It can be supposed that the Government of Israel and the leadership of the Israel Navy did not choose this path.



3) Successful implementation of the Dolphin‐I submarines reconstruction creates possibility to b i f 30 f h i i if b ill d i R d


use submarine after 30 years of their service if boats will meet modern requirements. Reconstructed boats can be sold later and the proceeds may be used for the purchasing new modern submarines.

4) Implementation of these works in Israel creates the basis for the development of high‐tech l f iliti d t i th f t d l d d d f I li N f i fi Itnaval facilities and systems in the future, and exclude dependence of Israeli Navy on foreign firms. It

is very important requirement so far as it creates both work places and base for expending of maritime industry.



6.SSK DOLPHIN‐I AND SSP DOLPHIN‐II ECONOMICS


SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM TIME TO IMPROVE SSK DOLPHIN‐I AND SSP DOLPHIN‐II SUBMARINE’S TENTATIVE COST

Item Cost, million USD Source of publication

Table.

Dolphin‐I

1 350 http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/germany‐may‐sell‐2‐more‐dolphin‐subs‐to‐israel‐for‐117b‐01528/

2 390 http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L‐3171565,00.html

3 320 http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/israel/dolphin.htmhttp://militaryedge.org/armaments/dolphin/

4 330 http://www.supervideo.com/dolphin.htm

Dolphin‐II

1 600 http://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/israel‐submarine‐capabilities/1,800 for 3 boats http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Israels‐5th‐Dolphin‐submarine‐

unveiled‐in‐Germany‐311454

2 500 – 700 (6th boat) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin‐class_submarine

3 635 https://newwars.wordpress.com/warship‐costs/



We suppose that the obsolescence of SSK Dolphin‐I submarine was begin together

TENTATIVE PRICES OF AIP SUBMARINES

pp p g gwith design of this submarine’s type. Both the Howaldtswerke‐Deutche Werft AG (HDW) and the Thyssen Nordseewerke Gmbh (TNSW) predicted convention submarine’s development and owned with modern AIP technology. It is confirmed with laid down of six SSP submarines Type 212 (AIP attack submarines U31 U34 and Salvatore Todaro Scire) forSSP submarines Type 212 (AIP attack submarines U31 – U34 and Salvatore Todaro, Scire) for German and Italian Navy in period from 1998 to 2001.

Today, all Navies in the world (except the United State) are going to become owner of AIP submarines only.

In these conditions it will be very difficult to sale obsolete submarines, after 30 years of service especially. To save the three boats Dolphin‐I, the reasonable solution is to transform the boats Dolphin‐I into AIP submarines.

SSK Dolphin‐I submarine successfully fitted with AIP system is transformed into SSPSSK Dolphin‐I submarine successfully fitted with AIP system is transformed into SSP class. In this case the boat’s cost can be increased in spite of reducing of the boat cost as result of depreciation.



There are two main ways how to transform the boats Dolphin‐I into AIP submarines:

TENTATIVE PRICES OF AIP SUBMARINES

A) The existing industrial way is to weld an AIP plug‐section into existing submarine’s hull. It is expensive enough way. Today, the cost of such solution is from 50 MUSD up to 100 MUSD per unit (in dependence on AIP plug‐section type and composition). It is not the b d bl i ll h d d i AIP l i i 30best and reasonable way to install the modern and expensive AIP plug‐section in 30‐years serviced submarine.

B) The second way to transform the boats Dolphin‐I into AIP submarines is to create AIP system using existing boat’s equipment with minimal possible changes. Obviously, the y g g q p p g y,full cost of the project can be define after finish of project only. However, preliminary, as a draft estimation, we suppose that tentative price of the boats modernization will be ten times as small.

Addition benefits in the case of domestic build areAddition benefits in the case of domestic build are:‐ Naval equipment for further scientific researches and equipment testing; ‐ Naval auxiliary equipment for current repair, maintenance;‐ Experience, education and training in naval technology;


‐ Jobsites


7.THE DEVIL IS IN THE DETAILTHE DEVIL IS IN THE DETAIL



Simplicity and obviousness of solution are seeming. Detailed consideration of reconstruction technology of non‐AIP boat into AIP

THE DEVIL IS IN THE DETAILS

Detailed consideration of reconstruction technology of non AIP boat into AIP submarine show many different intermediate tasks that have to be solved previously. Totality of these tasks forms a group of indispensable conditions to attain the main goal. Strict sequence in solving of these tasks (problem) has no small importance. T di h li f h k h k l d i diff b h f iTo discover the list of these tasks, the knowledge in different branch of sciences are required. The first of all, it is required the knowledge in design and technology of AIP systems.

We had implemented the analysis of reconstruction technology of non‐AIP boat into p y gyAIP submarine.

We collected list of tasks coming into group of indispensable conditions. The wider list of tasks the lower confidence that all required tasks are in the list.

Some tasks during reconstruction process are occured Therefore it is very difficult toSome tasks during reconstruction process are occured. Therefore, it is very difficult to define feasibility of general task previously.

Obviously, only final result can shows whether solved tasks were sufficient to attain successful final result.

08.2015 62Bakst A. Property


8.REFERENCES


SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM TIME TO IMPROVE REFERENCES

1. German U‐Boath // b / k l h lhttp://www.uboataces.com/snorkel.shtml

2. SSK Dolphin Class Submarine, Israelhttp://www.naval‐technology.com/projects/dolphin/

3. Morris S. An illustrated guide to u‐boat researchhttp://amp.rokket.biz/docs/an_illustrated_guide_to_uboat_research.pdf

4 S k l S t d G E h t V l4. Snorkel System and Gas Exhaust Valveshttp://www.calzoni.com/products‐services/submarine‐masts_2/snorkel‐system‐gev_13

5. GABLER Naval Technology Solutionshtt // bl l b k d / / l t h l / l tihttp://gabler‐luebeck.de/en/naval‐technology/solutions

6. GABLER Marinetechnik Unser PotenzialTechnologie für die Zukunfthttp://gabler‐luebeck.de/gabler‐gruppe/ueber‐uns/gabler‐marinetechnik



7. McGuinness M., Benjamin B. SUBMARINE LEAD‐ACID BATTERY PERFORMANCE h //h / k / i /S bB i R dfhttp://homepages.mcs.vuw.ac.nz/~markm/preprints/SubBatteriesReport.pdf

8. NAVY NEWShttps://navynews.co.uk/archive/news/item/5151

9. Appendix C. Snorkel Exhaust System RN Subs. Website of the Barrow Submariners Associationhttp://rnsubs.co.uk/dits‐bits/articles/development/us‐snorkel/usn‐snortc.html#prettyPhoto

10 A di E Fl t S b i S k l O ti P d RN S b W b it f th B10. Appendix E. Fleet Submarine Snorkel Operating Procedure. RN Subs. Website of the Barrow Submariners Associationhttp://rnsubs.co.uk/dits‐bits/articles/development/us‐snorkel/usn‐snorte.html

11 A di B Ai I d ti & S k l I d ti S t RN S b W b it f th B11. Appendix B. Air Induction & Snorkel Induction Systems RN Subs. Website of the Barrow Submariners Associationhttp://rnsubs.co.uk/dits‐bits/articles/development/us‐snorkel/usn‐snortb.html



12. MODERN MARITIME SECURITY KOCKUMS A26h // b / l b l / i l/ l/ b i dhttp://saab.com/globalassets/commercial/naval/submarines‐and‐warships/submarines/a26/saab_kockums‐a26_brochure_a4_final_aw_screen.pdf

13. Buckingham J, Hodge C, Hardy T Submarine Power and PropulsionA li ti f T h l t D li C t B fit P b i d l i‐ Application of Technology to Deliver Customer Benefit. Paper on submarine power and propulsion

technology developments presented at UDT Europe 2008 in GlasgowJune 2008, BMT Defence Services Ltd

14 Ph I Fi l R l d T h i l D l t D t f U if N ti l Di h14. Phase I Final Rule and Technical Development Document of Uniform National Discharge Standards (UNDS) Submarine Emergency Diesel Engine Wet Exhaust: Nature of Discharge, April 1999 https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015‐08/documents/2007_07_10_oceans_regulatory_unds_tdddocuments_appasubdiesel.pdf



9.APPENDIX


SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM IMPROVEMENT

Walter Vapor‐Gas Turbine Principal Schema

VAPOR‐GAS TURBINE (WALTER TURBINE) SCHEMA

Principal Schema

1 ‐ Propeller; 2 – Reduction gear; 3 ‐Turbine; 4 – Main electric motor; 5 ‐S t б b ti h b 7Separator; б – combustion chamber; 7 ‐Igniter; 8 – Igniter’s switch on/off valve; 9 – Decomposition chamber; 10 – Fuel injector switch on/off valve; 11 ‐ three‐

iti it h ( l ) 12 Fposition switch (valve); 12 ‐ Four‐position switch (valve); 13 ‐ Hydrogen peroxide solution pump; 14 – Fuel pump; 15 – Water pump; 16 ‐Condensate cooler 17 CondensateCondensate cooler; 17 ‐ Condensate pump; 18 – Condensate accumulator; 19 – Gas receiver; 20 ‐ Carbon dioxide compressor.


http://shipandship.chat.ru/neptun/019.htm

SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM TIME TO IMPROVE VAPOR‐GAS TURBINE (WALTER TURBINE) U‐BOAT TYPE XVII

6908.2016 www.bakstengineering.comhttp://www.u‐historia.com/uhistoria/tecnico/uboots/17/17.htm

SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM TIME TO IMPROVE VAPOR‐GAS TURBINE (WALTER) U‐BOAT TYPE XVIIA (WA‐201)


SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM TIME TO IMPROVE VAPOR‐GAS TURBINE (WALTER) U‐BOAT TYPE XVIIA (WK‐202)


SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM TIME TO IMPROVE VAPOR‐GAS TURBINE (WALTER) U‐BOAT TYPE XVIIB

U-boat type XVIIByp


SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM TIME TO IMPROVE U‐BOAT TYPE XXVI W (WALTER TURBINE) SUBMARINE (PROJECT)

Propulsion system composition : 1 Walter‐Turbine; 1 Diesel /1 Electric‐Motor

7308.2016 www.bakstengineering.comhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_XXI_submarine

Propulsion system composition : 1 Walter Turbine; 1 Diesel /1 Electric Motor

SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM TIME TO IMPROVE CLOSED CYCLE DIESEL (CCD) PROPULSION SYSTEM OF SEEHUND TYPE 227 BOAT

7408.2016 www.bakstengineering.comhttp://www.one35th.com/seehund/type227‐seehund.jpghttp://www.one35th.com/seehund/close‐cycle.jpg

SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM TIME TO IMPROVE SEEHUND TYPE 227 CCD PROPULSION SYSTEM MIDGET SUBMARINE

7508.2016 www.bakstengineering.comhttp://www.one35th.com/seehund/type227‐seehund.jpghttp://www.one35th.com/seehund/close‐cycle.jpg

SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM TIME TO IMPROVE U‐BOAT TYPE XXI “ELEKTOBOOT” SUBMARINE

U‐boat type XXI “Elektroboot”

7608.2016 www.bakstengineering.comhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_XXI_submarine

SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM TIME TO IMPROVE U‐BOAT TYPE XXIII “ELEKTOBOOT” SUBMARINE

U‐boat type XXIII “Elektroboot”

First launch April 17, 1944

DisplacementSurfaced – 234 tonsSubmerged – 275 tonsDimensionsLength 34 4m

Top speedSurfaced speed – 9.7knotsSubmerged speed – 12.5knotsSpeed under Snorkel – 10.75knots Silent speed 4 5knots

EnginesDiesel – One MWM 6 cylinder, 4‐stroke RS‐34‐S; 630hpElectric – One AEG GU 4463‐8 double‐armature; 572hpCreep motor – One BBC GCR‐188 single‐cummutator electric motor; 35hpLength – 34.4m

Beam – 3mDraught – 7.7m

Silent speed – 4.5knotsMaximum rangeSurfaced at 8kt – 2600nmSubmerged at 4kt – 194nmDepth

electric motor; 35hpBattery – One 62‐cell AFA 2 x 21 MAL‐740E battery; 5,400 amp/hourWeaponsBow tubes – Two 21 inch

7708.2016 www.bakstengineering.comhttp://www.uboataces.com/uboat‐type‐xxiii.shtml

Crush depth – 180m Crew Officers and crew – 2+12

SUB DOLPHIN PROPULSION SYSTEM TIME TO IMPROVE SSK DOLPHIN‐I vs SSK TYPE 209/1500, SSP TYPE 212, and TYPE 214



THANK YOU FOR ATTANTIONTHANK YOU FOR ATTANTION

THANK YOU FOR ATTANTIONTHANK YOU FOR ATTANTION

7908.2016 www.bakstengineering.comhttp://www.defensetech.org/2011/07/24/israels‐boomers‐on‐the‐rise/

submarines ssk dolphin-i class propulsion system …...air independent propulsion (aip) system...

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