submission deadline 15march2021...science and technology innovation.î pursuing science during a...
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Apply for our exciting research Prize!
Te Science-PINS Prize is a highly competitive international prize that honors sci-entists for their excellent contributions to neuromodulation research. For purposesof the Prize, neuromodulation is any form of alteration of nerve activity through thedelivery of physical (electrical, magnetic, or optical) stimulation to targeted sites ofthe nervous system with impications for translational medicine.
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For full details, judging criteria and eligibility requirements, visit:
$25, 000 Grand Prize!
Get published in Science!
SubmissionDeadline: 15 March 2021
From the outlook on scientific research in a pandemic world to career advice for
upcoming scientists, a group of promising young researchers from Westlake University,
Stanford University, New York University, and the California Institute of Technology
talked about science research today and tomorrow.
On October 27, 2020, five accomplished young scientists gathered
virtually for the Young Elite Scientist (YES) Summit. Science/
AAAS teamed up with the Pujiang Innovation Forum to host this
summit, which ìfocuses on the power of young people to be agents
of change,î according to moderator Sean Sanders, director and senior editor for
Custom Publishing for Science magazine.
In 2008, the Ministry of Science and Technology of China and the Shanghai
Municipal Peopleís Government jointly founded the Pujiang Innovation Forum,
which establishes a platform for scientists and entrepreneurs to explore
international innovation trends and development. The forum emphasizes
innovation networking, youth power, and future trends at all levels. The 2020
Pujiang Innovation Forum was successfully held in Shanghai, China on October
22ñ30. The theme of the 2020 forum was ìGlobal Cooperation and Governance of
Science and Technology Innovation.î
Pursuing science during a pandemicIn the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, the summit participants talked about
ways to move forward. One method is by outsourcing some processes, such as
sequencing, according to Zibo Chen, a postdoctoral fellow working on synthetic
biology at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena.
Shruti Naik, an assistant professor studying immunology at NYU Langone
Medical Center in New York City, envisioned remotely controlling equipment in a
lab. Although she doesnít envision labs built completely in silicon, she noted: ìWe
have to rethink the way our labs are structured, the physical structure itself, right?î
Scientists could also refocus some of their work toward health care. For example,
Shuo Chen, a postdoctoral fellow studying neuroscience at NYU Grossman School
of Medicine in New York City, encouraged scientists to consider how they could
develop translational opportunities from their work.
No matter what is happening, people around the world will continue to benefit
from determined efforts to reduce climate change, according to Matthew Savoca,
a postdoctoral marine-ecosystems researcher at Stanford Universityís Hopkins
Marine Station in California. He pointed out that either humans can make changes
for the better or the environment will impose unwanted changes. The need to make
such choices will live long after the pandemic subsides, he added.
Creating a careerWith the Pujiang Innovation Forum emphasizing networking and the importance
of young scientists, Sanders asked the panelists for advice they would give to even
younger scientists starting out. Bai advised the next generation to find research that
they love and to ìnever give up.î
Naik added that young women pursuing careers in science should get
ìcomfortable with being uncomfortable,î because itís a common feeling. For
example, she pointed out that uncomfortable situations can arise when finding
yourself in conflict with a mentor, speaking in front of an audience, and disagreeing
with colleagues about a hypothesis. But she noted that most scientists must deal
with these challenges, and itís okay to feel uncomfortable when facing them.
Uncomfortable or not, itís important that young scientists find ways to
networkówhich is more than making a list of acquaintances. In a talk about careers
after COVID-19, Jackie Oberst, assistant editor for Custom Publishing at Science/
AAAS, said, ìNetworking is creating a group of acquaintances and associates and
maintaining it through regular communication for mutual benefit.î
Building global networks will create the most innovation. As Bai said: ìPeople
from different cultures and backgrounds will have different cognitive and critical
thinking modes, and it will bring brainstorming and promote many exciting ideas.î
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Pujiang Innovation Forum and YES Summit: Seeing scientific research through the eyes of young scholars
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For more than 70 years, Sanyo Chemical has been contributing to a sustainable future
through research and development on performance chemicals. Its more than 3,000
products can be found just about anywhere, from the roads you drive on to the diapers
worn by your most precious family member.
Sanyo Chemicalís success has centered on a development strategy that
combines the ability to match the needs of its customers with the seeds of
its research. It is through this approach that the company has established
itself as a solutions leader in multiple sectors and continues to break into
many more.
The companyís continued success is thanks to its committed staff. Its employees
are motivated by their passion to solve societyís most pressing scientific problems
and to improve peopleís lives. This culture of constantly inspiring and challenging
its employees is embodied in the company slogan, ìkaeru.î
Embodying kaeruThe word kaeru in Japanese means ìchange.î To Sanyo Chemical, kaeru means
not only reacting to change, but also anticipating it and proactively responding.
This philosophy is one reason why Sanyo Chemical invests heavily in research and
development and why 30% of its staff work in that areaóthree times more than the
industry standard. Being motivated by kaeru also gives the company an innovative
and collaborative spirit that expands the impact of its technologies.
ìWe have a culture that encourages our staff to pursue their interests, not short-
term goals. A key trait of our people is curiosity,î says Sanyo Chemicalís president
and CEO, Takao Ando. ìTake the initiative with passion,î is how he summarizes the
companyís attitude.
Sanyo Chemical believes both initiative and passion come from job satisfaction.
Headquartered in Kyoto, Japan, it has instituted policies unusual for most Japanese
businesses, including more diverse hiring practices, flexible working hours, and
programs to nurture young talent. These reforms led the Kyoto Labor Bureau to
label it a ìbest practice company.î
By cultivating this environment, Sanyo Chemical has discovered that its
technologies can provide new solutions to pressing medical and electronic needs.
Protein polymers for better healthMany countries are experiencing the challenges of aging populations. With more
than 25% of its population aged 65 or older (1), Japan is the leader in this category.
Not coincidentally, its health care costs have been setting record highs annually for
the past several decades (2).
Aware of this unsustainable situation, scientists at Sanyo Chemical began
working with university hospitals to explore the application of its technologies in
the clinic. Its silk-elastin product is a synthetic protein polymer inspired by silkworm
fibroin and human elastin, uniting high mechanical strength and biocompatibility,
and its high crystallinity allows it to form many shapes, such as sponges and gels.
The combination of these features results in a novel material that can effectively
treat wounds in diabetic patients.
It is estimated that half a billion people are affected by diabetes worldwide (3),
and the disease is one of the leading causes of amputations (4). In severe cases,
open wounds can cause extraordinary pain and are prone to infection. Adhering
the silk-elastin polymer to even the most stubborn wounds, however, activates
a regeneration process that results in accelerated healing. Clinical trials of the
material began in 2018.
Following this discovery, Sanyo Chemical established another industryñacademic
partnership to explore the regenerative potential of its silk-elastin for other
common injuries prevalent in aging populations.
The meniscus is cartilage found in the knee joint that cushions the point where
the tibia and femur bones meet. Over a lifetime of use, the meniscus gradually
decays, making it more prone to tearing. Additionally, trauma to the knee that
occurs in sports, along with natural wear from aging, can cause meniscal injuries.
The meniscus does not heal well, meaning that the effects of an injury will remain
unless treated. Despite medical advances for treating knee injuries, many meniscal
tears cannot be repaired, negatively impacting quality of life.
Stitching Sanyo Chemicalís silk-elastin into the injured site has been found to
promote regenerative repair of the meniscus. Now, scientists are experimenting
with a less invasive treatment involving the injection of silk-elastin as a solution
into the damaged knee. Although further development is needed, the company
envisions a product that will provide quicker recovery and longer-lasting therapeutic
effects, improving the patientís quality of life and significantly reducing future
health costs associated with mobility impairments.
Safer, cheaper batteriesCollaborations with academia are not the only way that Sanyo Chemical seeks
innovative solutions. They also partner with startups such as APB Corporation,
which is developing the first large-scale, bipolar lithium-ion battery, the ìAll
Polymer Battery.î It has greater capacity and scalability, and improved reliabilityó
all at lower cost. The batteryís bipolar structure and polymer-based constituent
material mean fewer parts and extraordinary flexibility in the size and shape of cells
and electrodes.
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Performance chemistry for a better world
Takao Ando
All Polymer Battery inner structure
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Using its proprietary polymer technology, Sanyo Chemical has replaced the
standard metal cathode and anode current collectors in lithium batteries with
collectors made of resin. Metal current collectors can cause an explosion if the unit
is compromised by impact or heat. The new, simpler design eliminates this concern,
allowing battery cells to be built with the option of closer packing, dramatically
improving performance. Furthermore, the simplified manufacturing process
eliminates the longest and costliest steps seen with conventional batteries, such as
the drying process required during the standard electrode manufacturing process.
The implications for this technology are significant. The company is currently
testing its batteries in autonomous underwater vehicles used for maintenance and
inspection of subsea pipelines. Their longer lifespan and increased capacity make it
possible to work underwater for a long time in harsh environments such as the deep
sea. The All Polymer Battery has potential applications in cars, drones, and even
power plants, and could play a foundational role in supporting a networked energy
infrastructure for artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things. Sanyo Chemical
hopes that electricity ultimately will be stored everywhere, enabling people all over
the world to lead richer, more connected lives.
Benefiting societyThe projects described above are perfect examples of how kaeru has driven
Sanyo Chemical to create a scientific network where researchers can collaborate
in creative ways outside of the typical industry space, whether itís finding new
partners or exploring new opportunities with existing partners.
Employees at Sanyo Chemical share a common vision for improving society
through the application of their expertise in performance chemicals. At the same
time, through kaeru, they are encouraged to follow their passion when seeking
solutions to urgent problems. Kaeru has allowed the company to evolve and become
a leader in corporate social responsibility.
As Ando explains, ìSanyo Chemicalís commitment to benefiting society depends
on its people. Our strength comes from our diversity of people and ideas. We recruit
different people who approach science in different ways. By hiring employees who
are proud of their work, we will contribute to building a better society.î
References
1. Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, ìStatistical Handbook of Japan/Populationî (2020), https://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/handbook/pdf/2020all.pdf#page=23.
2. ìJapan Spends Record •42.2 Trillion on Healthcare in 2017,î Nippon.com (2018), https://www.nippon.com/en/features/h00319.
3. World Health Organization, ìFact Sheet: Diabetesî (2020), https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes.
4. American Podiatric Medical Association (APMA), ìDiabetic Wound Care,î https://www.apma.org/diabeticwoundcare.
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All Polymer Battery module
Silk-elastin sponge Silk-elastin gel in a syringe
All Polymer Battery cell (60 cm ×100 cm)
Silk-elastin film
TRILLIONSOF MICROBES
ONE ESSAY
Apply by 1/24/21 at www.sciencemag.org/noster
Sponsored by Noster Inc.
The NOSTER Science Microbiome
Prize is an international prize that
rewards innovative research by
investigators, under the age of 35,
who are working on the functional
attributes of the microbiota. The
research can include any organism
that has potential to contribute to
our understanding of human or
veterinary health and disease, or to
guide therapeutic interventions.
The winner and finalists will be
chosen by a committee of
independent scientists, chaired by
a senior editor at Science. The top
prize includes a complimentary
membership to AAAS, an online
subscription to Science, and
$25,000 (USD). Submit your
research essay today.
Oliver Harrison
2020 Grand Prize Winner
The 2021 Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize for Biology or Biochemistry
The Louisa Gross Horwitz Prizewas established under the will of the late
S. Gross Horwitz through a bequest to Columbia University and is named to
honor the donor’s mother. Louisa Gross Horwitz was the daughter of
Dr. Samuel David Gross (1805–1889), a prominent surgeon of Philadelphia and
author of the outstanding Systems of Surgery, who served as President of the
American Medical Association.
Each year since its inception in 1967, the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize has been
awarded by Columbia University for outstanding basic research in the fields
of biology or biochemistry. The purpose of this award is to honor a scientific
investigator or group of investigators whose contributions to knowledge in
either of these fields are deemed worthy of special recognition.
The Prize consists of an honorarium and a citation, which are awarded at
a special presentation event. Unless otherwise recommended by the Prize
Committee, the Prize is awarded annually. Robert Fettiplace, PhD, University
of Wisconsin-Madison; A. James Hudspeth, MD, PhD, The Rockefeller
University, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute; and Christine Petit, MD,
PhD, College de France, and Pasteur Institut, are the 2020 awardees.
QUALIFICATIONS FOR THE AWARD
The purpose of this prize is to reward scientists that have made recently
transformative discoveries not yet recognized by high-visibility international
awards. The Prize Committee recognizes no geographical limitations. The
Prize may be awarded to an individual or a group. When the Prize is awarded
to a group, the honorarium will be divided among the recipients, but each
member will receive a citation.
NOMINATIONS
All materials must be written in the English
language and submitted electronically at:
http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/research/horwitz-prize
Deadline date: 5:00 p.m. EST on February 4, 2021
Renomination(s) are by invitation only.
Self-nominations are not permitted.
NOMINATIONS SHOULD INCLUDE:
1. A summary of the research on which this nomination
is based (no more than 500 words).
2. A summary of the significance of this research in
the fields of biology or biochemistry (no more than
500 words).
3. A brief biographical sketch of the nominee,
including positions held and awards received by the
nominee.
4. A copy of the nominee’s curriculum vitae.
5. A key publication list of up to ten of the nominee’s
most significant publications relating to the
research noted under item 1.
2021AAAS MARTIN AND
ROSEWACHTELCANCER RESEARCH
AWARD
Recognize the work of an early career scientist who has
performed outstanding work in the feld of cancer research.
Award nominees must have received their Ph.D. or M.D. within
the last 10 years. The winner will deliver a public lecture on his
or her research, receive a cash award of $25,000, and publish
a Focus article in Science Translational Medicine.
For more information visit
www.aaas.org/aboutaaas/awards/wachtel
or e-mail [email protected].
Deadline for submission: February 1, 2021.
Sethuraman
Panchanathan
National Science
Foundation
Anthony S. FauciNational Institute of
Allergy and Infectious
Diseases
The 2021 Annual Meeting will convene entirely online, February 8-11with related pre-released materials available in late January. Join us!
Meeting registration and program now available online.
For more information, please visit:
aaas.org/meetings | #AAASmtg
Ruha BenjaminPrinceton University
Mary L. GrayMicrosoft Research
Claire Fraser
AAAS President
University of Maryland
School of Medicine
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In early 2020, there was no delay in producing a precise illustration
of the coronavirus particle that helped the world understand the
nature of the public health problem it faced. The electron microscopy
technology used to create the image was almost a century old in
its origins (1). Since then, scientists have made rapid advances in
developing ways to examine in exquisite detail how the human body
operates.
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according to Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz, a senior group leader at
the Howard Hughes Medical Instituteís Janelia Research Campus in
Ashburn, Virginia. As a cell biologist whoís keen to see her research
translated into clinical settings, she says the key to making the
leap between lab and hospital is to have clinicians, scientists, and
engineers working closely together.
ìThe doctors understand physical health problems at a high level,
biologists see things at the cellular level, and the engineers help us
work together by offering creative technical solutions,î she says.
Health care under the microscope
In 2014, Eric Betzig, Stefan W. Hell, and W. E. Moerner were awarded
the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the development of superresolution
� ��������������������2). In developing a microscopic technique
that allowed scientists to observe the workings of cells down to the
nanoscale level, these researchers created unprecedented possibilities
for understanding the nature of human diseases.
ìWe now have the ability to actually watch viruses invade cells. Itís
possible to watch them assemble and then leave,î says Lippincott-
Schwartz.
An example of the use of superresolution microscopy in health
care has been as part of the search for a vaccine against the human
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biologists have characterized how this virus behaves in our bodies.
ìWe now understand some of the reasons why itís hard to make a
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distributed on its surface. This makes it hard to create antibodies
that can tightly bind to the proteins so that a single vaccine can work
against the virus,î explains Lippincott-Schwartz.
Scientists used to think that the HIV viral assembly process was
primarily protein-based. Now they understand that the virus relies on
surface lipids to sort and assemble proteins into the viral cont.>
The technologies that will transform health careOver the past two decades, scientists have helped doctors treat patients
more effectively by equipping them with groundbreaking tools, such
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generation sequencing.
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ìWhen it comes to screening drugs to use to treat cancer patients,
there are lots of publications showing that organoids are very useful.
You can take tumors from people and do almost personalized
medicine. You can predict which drugs will work and which ones wonít
work,î says biologist Christine Hale of the Wellcome Trust Sanger
Institute, in Hinxton, United Kingdom.
Scientists are also working on developing organoid tissues that
mimic how an organ works. Among the major projects were, for
�������������������������������������������� �����������������������
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associate director of business development at Lonza Bioscience,
headquartered in Basel, Switzerland.
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biology and related diseases,î he says. ìFurthermore, organoid-based
technologies supported by stem cells and primary cells may lead to
in vivo-like histology of microtissues with complex histology, such as
brain, liver, kidney, or pancreas tissue.î
Such microtissues, generated by organoid-based technologies, can
be used to study normal and disease development, to discover new
drugs, and to test a drugís toxicity.
ìIn the future, such microtissues generated by organoid
technologies may be used for therapeutic organ repair. For instance, in
liver diseases or diabetes,î he adds.
Life-saving detective work
Genetic tests to detect the presence of a virus have become routine,
especially now during the coronavirus pandemic. Taking a simple
swab from a personís nose and throat, scientists perform polymerase
chain reaction (PCR) tests to determine whether that person carries the
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In recent decades, PCR technology has become increasingly
sophisticated. With the advent of droplet digital PCR (ddPCR),
scientists now have an exquisitely sensitive tool for investigating the
behavior of tumors in patients undergoing treatment in real time,
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Laboratories in the United States.
Before ddPCR, methods for nucleic acid detection did not always
have a low enough limit of detection to positively identify a target
mutation by liquid biopsy, especially if a patient was in an early stage
of cancer or had a residual tumor following treatment. Therefore,
invasive tissue biopsies were relied on. Liquid biopsies are less
invasive and can be done more frequently. Researchers have begun
exploring additional ways to monitor patients for mutational
biomarkers to better track disease progression and guide treatment.
ìWeíve seen tremendous early uptake in liquid biopsy translational
research, as it makes it easier to detect and monitor low cont.>
particle, and this is critical for its release from one cell and for access
to others.
ìThatís important because it gives you clues for how you might want
to disrupt that process,î says Lippincott-Schwartz.
Currently, she is working with a project team at Janelia called
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that is using machine-learning and computer-vision techniques to
automatically identify and quantify all intracellular substructures
within isotropic EM data obtained from focused ion beam-scanning
electron microscopy (FIB-SEM). This approach has the potential to help
scientists better understand what pathways the coronavirus is using to
replicate itself at a subcellular level.
ìThatís where Iím really excited. Using this microscopy platform
allows you to get thousands of scanned electron-micrograph images
serially collected through an entire cell,î says Lippincott-Schwartz. ìBut
it can take years to go through all the images manually and build the
image.î
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developing machine- learning algorithms to automate this process,
dramatically speeding up how fast she and her colleagues can analyze
the data.
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fashion,î she says.
Scientists in China are equally optimistic about how microscopy
technologies could help us tackle diseases.
ìRecent advances in optical imaging have changed how we
traditionally diagnose disease,î says Hui Li, a principal investigator
at the Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology of
the Chinese Academy of Sciences, in China. ìPathology laboratories
in hospitals will look completely different in the future as these
technologies improve and are adopted into daily clinical practice. We
may also see in-vivo imaging technology used in operating theaters.î
New model, new ideas
Cell biologists are also revolutionizing how we treat diseased organs
and discover and test new drugs. In 2006, Japanese scientist Shinya
Yamanaka discovered that he could take mature cells and turn back
the developmental clock, inducing them to become pluripotent stem
cells that could develop into body tissues. This breakthrough offered
enormous possibilities for regenerative medicine, as researchers
foresaw a clinical world in which they might take a personís skin cells,
for example, reprogram them, and then use these to grow to healthy
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have a practical impact on clinical practice with the development of
immunotherapies against cancer.
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Neumann. ìExtensive translational research studies and clinical trials
have been done using ddPCR for liquid biopsy testing in breast cancer,
melanoma, colorectal, bladder, and prostate cancers, demonstrating its
clinical validity.î
There have also been indirect applications of this technology that
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disease. Authorities across the world are now using
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bodies with an early-warning system to alert them to its presence.
ìddPCR is becoming the new gold standard in wastewater testing,
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symptoms in a community,î says Karlin-Neumann.
Better, faster, cheaper
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underpinned and advanced the work of biologists. Innovations in
genetic sequencing, imaging, and cytometric technologies have
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the fundamental biology of human and other organisms, enabled
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changed the course and practice of medicine, explains Brian Fritz,
associate director of strategic market development and programs
and immunology segment manager at
10x Genomics.
As an example, he points to next-generation sequencing
(NGS), which has made high-throughput genetic sequencing
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you can sequence a human genome in a day.
ìThe incredible breadth and sensitivity of next-generation
sequencing enables the translation of convalescent patient antibody
genes into novel therapeutic treatments for infectious disease, and
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undergoing treatment for some forms of cancer, such as leukemia,î
Fritz says.
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well as sensitivity and scale, enabling simultaneous cont.>
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sequencing of many individuals. The past decade has seen this
technology widely adopted and used among clinicians, from
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According to Xin Jin, a director of the Institute of Precision Heath at
BGI Genomics in Shenzhen and a professor at South China University
of Technology (SCUT) in Guangzhou, China, we have witnessed in the
past 10 years how NGS has changed health care, not only in terms
of clinical practice but in making the idea of precision medicine a
potential reality. Jin is talking about an approach to health care that
uses a genetic understanding of disease to enable doctors to select
treatments most likely to help their patients. He uses screening tests
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ìScientists developed a noninvasive prenatal test that can diagnose
this genetic condition by identifying chromosomal abnormalities. It is
now used worldwide for millions of women each year,î he says. ìIt has
changed the path of prenatal health, forever.î
Jin hopes that health care will move from a model of diagnosis and
treatment to one of prevention.
ìToday, the majority of technology developed is used for after
the disease has spread. But by employing many different, yet
complimentary advanced molecular techniques, the idea of curing a
disease before its onset may become a reality,î he says.
��'��()������(�����(����(�'�''���'��������&����������'���)��(�&�
genomics are coalescing. ìSequencing is merging with advanced
imaging, and principles of cytometry are being combined with
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technologies will ultimately enable the discovery of novel biomarkers,
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precision and personalized medicine forward even further than next-
generation sequencing has demonstrated on its own,î he adds.
Knockout health care
Eight years ago, the introduction of CRISPR, a simpler, faster,
cheaper, and more accurate alternative to older genome-editing
methods, led to an explosion of research into gene editing.
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awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, rightly recognizing the
tremendous impact that this innovation is having today in basic and
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Academics across the world recognized that gene editing had the
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disease-causing mutations or replacing nonfunctional genes. Behlke
says that in theory, this could offer a ìone-and-doneî treatment option,
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he cautions, this adds potential risk, since any errors in editing are
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tools in clinical settings, says Behlke. And yet there are no gene-editing
therapies on the market, only certain forms of gene therapeutics,
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approval of gene-editing therapeutics, however, this new therapy
modality has not yet had a practical impact on clinical practice, he says.
But research is moving in the right direction. There are currently
ongoing clinical trials to treat sickle cell disease using ex-vivo genome-
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stem cells with reinfusion back into the patient. Behlke says that the
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basic research and translational research setting. Here, cell and animal
disease models can be treated and potentially cured of diseases that
heretofore were deemed to be untreatable.
ìThis gives rise to the vision of our ability to cure ëincurableí
diseases,î he says.
The road ahead
The advancement of biomedical technologies is integral to the rapid
translation of academic research into medical therapies. In the age of
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never been more pressing.
References
1. The College of Optometrists, ìElectron Microscopy,î www.college-optometrists.org/the-college/museum/online-exhibitions/virtual-microscopy-gallery/electron-microscopy.html.
2. R. Van Noorden, Nature 514, 286ñ286 (2014), https://doi.org/10.1038/nature.2014.16097.
10x Genomics
www.10xgenomics.com
BGI Genomics
www.bgi.com/us
Bio-Rad Laboratories
www.bio-rad.com
Integrated DNA Technologies
www.idtdna.com/pages
Janelia Research Campus,
Howard Hughes Medical
Institute
www.janelia.org
Featured participants
Lonza Bioscience
www.lonza.com
South China University of
Technology
www.scut.edu.cn/en
Suzhou Institute of Biomedical
Engineering and Technology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences
english.sibet.cas.cn
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
www.sanger.ac.uk
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