<January 2008>

Submission

IEEE 802.15 – 15-09-071-00-0scwng

Steve Childress, SAICSlide 1

Project: IEEE P802.15 Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Project: IEEE P802.15 Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs)Networks (WPANs)

Submission Title: Intermodal Shipping Containers, Communications For Intrusion Reports and Cargo Status

Date Submitted: January 2009Source: Steve Childress, SAIC Contact: Steve Childress, SAICVoice: +1.858.826.3344, E-Mail: steve.childress@saic.comRe: Wireless Next Generation Subcommittee PresentationAbstract: Wireless for ContainersPurpose: Information on Wireless need in Container applications Notice: This document has been prepared to assist the IEEE P802.15. It is offered

as a basis for discussion and is not binding on the contributing individual(s) or organization(s). The material in this document is subject to change in form and content after further study. The contributor(s) reserve(s) the right to add, amend or withdraw material contained herein.

Release: The contributor acknowledges and accepts that this contribution becomes the property of IEEE and may be made publicly available by P802.15.

<January 2008>

<Steve Childress>, <SAIC>Submission

IEEE 802.15 – 15-09-071-00-0scwng

Intermodal Shipping Containers,Communications For Intrusion Reports and

Cargo Status

TopicsEmpirical RF Measurements

Mesh Network GoalsDesire to Collaborate

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<Steve Childress>, <SAIC>Submission

IEEE 802.15 – 15-09-071-00-0scwng

PROJECTProject Sponsor

US Dept. Homeland Security (DHS)Science and Technology Directorate

Communications Team LeadUS Navy SPAWAR System Center (SSC) Pacific

San Diego, CA

SpeakersChris Yerkes (SSC), Steve Childress (contractor)

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<Steve Childress>, <SAIC>Submission

IEEE 802.15 – 15-09-071-00-0scwng

CHARTER~40 Million Containers In Use (Excluding Air Cargo)

Thousands of OwnersHundreds of Shipping CompaniesVery cost sensitiveGlobal

Defining and Validating Standardization For…Secure Worldwide Interoperable Communications For

Advanced Intrusion DetectorsWireless and Secure Application Layer

MessagingEnable Dual-Use: Security + New Commercial Services

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<Steve Childress>, <SAIC>Submission

IEEE 802.15 – 15-09-071-00-0scwng

Unique WirelessInternational, Interoperable, Low Cost, Battery Powered

Sleeping-Router vs. Battery Life

WIRELESS CONNECTIVITY, AT-PORTAL and IN-MESH

Multipath (delay spread) Scale, Topology

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<Steve Childress>, <SAIC>Submission

IEEE 802.15 – 15-09-071-00-0scwng

FUNCTIONAL Dual-use Communications

Bi-directional, Infrequent Small Messages Use For Years (zero maintenance) Long Battery Life Highly Interoperable, (Mixed Manufacturers)

Any Locale, Any Access Device, Any Mesh Neighbor (Brand X) High Node Density Message Latency: Seconds is OK Location: Implicit from location of Access Device (no RTLS)

End-to-end Encryption via Application data, not networks Mutual Authentication, anti-rogue device and rogue data center No reliance on transport networks’ security (global comms)

End-to-end via “dumb” Layer 2 bridges, e.g., ‘15.4 to UDP Reliable datagrams, when needed, via application messaging

Global Routing via cellular-like Registries (Later: 6LoWPAN?) Good Enough: Last known access node’s IP

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<Steve Childress>, <SAIC>Submission

IEEE 802.15 – 15-09-071-00-0scwng

PREVIOUS DECISIONSRF: 2.4 GHz: InternationalRF Regulatory: Least Common International Denominator…

10mW EIRP, Clients and Access Devices !

Short Term: Star Topology, Connectivity Only At PortalsSlow Alarm delivery time

Need: Mesh, Persistent Connectivity = Near Real-time SurveillanceLow Alarm Delivery Delay; Better cargo health monitoring

MAC/PHY: 802.15.4Network Layer TBD (Interim: Custom) Battery Life Determinate: Network Discovery (nomadic nodes)

? ’15.4e w/Time-Sychronized MAC For Battery Powered Routers + RF Impairments-driven Mesh Routing

Our Interest: Aid In Standards, Verification, Field Proofs, etc.

<January 2008>

<Steve Childress>, <SAIC>Submission

IEEE 802.15 – 15-09-071-00-0scwng

ASSESSMENTS WORK

1 Multipath and non-line-of-sight diffraction in dense container situations:

“Is Meshing Needed”

2 Container to distant data center connectivity with containers on moving trucks

“10mW EIRP limit, Highly Non-LOS”

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<Steve Childress>, <SAIC>Submission

IEEE 802.15 – 15-09-071-00-0scwng

ASSESSMENTSFor Near-Persistent Connectivity (low event-alarm delay)…

Is O-QPSK Sufficient? Can A Star Topology Work? Is A Mesh Truly Needed? Impact Of 10mW EIRP Limits?

.

In 2006/7, We Performed: Dense Container communications Environment Propagation Study (DCEPS)…– Measured Multipath Delay Spread vs. Situation– Measured Attenuation In Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS)– Assessed 802.15 PHY and COTS Product Vs. Impairments

<January 2008>

<Steve Childress>, <SAIC>Submission

IEEE 802.15 – 15-09-071-00-0scwng

ASSESSMENTS

DCEPS

Test Site 2

Long Beach, CA

Thanks To:

Consolidated Freightways, Inc.

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<Steve Childress>, <SAIC>Submission

IEEE 802.15 – 15-09-071-00-0scwng

DCEPS MULTIPATH MEASUREMENTS

Use Long DSSS PN Sequence, High Correlation GainVarieties Of NLOS Propagation Conditions

MATLAB Software, Plot Power vs. Time

Review Power Delay Spread w.r.t. Direct PathCompare to 802.15.4’s Chip/Symbol Characteristics

Tektronix Waveform Generator w/Long PN Sequence, 2.4GHz

Agilent Lab Power Amp.

Tektronix Real-Time Sampling Spectrum Analyzer

Tektronix Lab Low Noise Amp.

Varying Conditions

MATLAB Analysis Programs

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<Steve Childress>, <SAIC>Submission

IEEE 802.15 – 15-09-071-00-0scwng

Multipath Delay Profiles

Received Power vs. Time

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<Steve Childress>, <SAIC>Submission

IEEE 802.15 – 15-09-071-00-0scwng

DCEPS CONCLUSIONSWorst Observed Multipath:

Wide Vehicle-Alleys In Yard due to Radar Cross-section.

But OK vs. 15.4’s Longer Symbol Period

NLOS Range Much Better Than ExpectedDiffraction Effects?

Tabulated Results In DCEPS Report (unpublished)

<January 2008>

<Steve Childress>, <SAIC>Submission

IEEE 802.15 – 15-09-071-00-0scwng

Moving Containers, Non-line-of-sight

Simulated 3-lane Yard Gate

Oval Truck Route, ~30mph

Sandia National Labs, NM

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<Steve Childress>, <SAIC>Submission

IEEE 802.15 – 15-09-071-00-0scwng

Test Device On Container (TDOC)

10 TDOCs, Installed Above Doors

PCB Chip Antenna EIRP: ~7mW

ARM7 µP for Protocol and Application

Application Protocol: ACK, Seq. #, checksum

<January 2008>

<Steve Childress>, <SAIC>Submission

IEEE 802.15 – 15-09-071-00-0scwng

Non-LOS, 30Mph Link Reliability

Simulated Three-lane Terminal GateMoving Container 30mph At Gate, Oval RouteRF-obstructed by adjacent-lane containers

Access Device & Ant. Linked To San Diego Server

TDOCs On Door End Of Containers, Non-LOS

Site: Sandia Labs, AZ

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<Steve Childress>, <SAIC>Submission

IEEE 802.15 – 15-09-071-00-0scwng

SOFTWARE TOOL FOR ASSESSMENT Custom 2-way

Message Protocol

1/Sec/TDOC

Log RSSI, Message Latency, Timeouts, Errors, etc.

Forward To San Diego Database

(SOAP/AJAX)

<January 2008>

<Steve Childress>, <SAIC>Submission

IEEE 802.15 – 15-09-071-00-0scwng

Inside-Container AntennaMeasured Signal Strength At Varying Radii, 360 deg. 10mW

Better RSSI Than Expected

Probably can mesh to adjacent containers

Varies by Container Type

More tests planned

<January 2008>

<Steve Childress>, <SAIC>Submission

IEEE 802.15 – 15-09-071-00-0scwng

CONCLUSIONDesire to Collaborate

Standards: RF-Influenced Simple Mesh RoutingMesh Paradox: “Start-up”. Initially Meshes Are Sparse

Consider Logistics Vertical’s Use Cases (Logistics Vertical)• Nomadic Mesh Nodes (Containers, Detached Trailers, …)• High Node Density • International EIRP Limit

• Tests, Trials– Proof Of Concept In The Field– Compliance Tests for Application/Session + MAC Config.

THANKS! QUESTIONS?