submission to ontario’s draft pollinator health …...through hive inspections. as well, mortality...

OntarioBeekeepers’AssociationsubmissiontoOntario’sdraftPollinatorHealthActionPlanFebruary29,2016 1

SubmissiontoOntario’sdraftPollinatorHealthActionPlan

EBRRegistry#012-6393

SETTINGTHESTAGE

TheOntarioBeekeepers’AssociationapplaudstheGovernmentofOntario’sforesightandinitiativeinpromotingpollinatorhealth.TheOBAfullysupportthevisionforOntario’sPollinatorHealthActionPlanandwillworkcloselywithOMAFRAtoensure“Ontarioishometohealthypollinatorpopulations”.Wearereceptivetomostoftherecommendationstothedraftplan;thereare,however,someareaswheretheplancanbeimprovedandenhancedinordertoensureasustainable,positiveimpactonpollinatorhealth.TheOBAenjoysapositiveandcollaborativeworkingrelationshipwithOMAFRA,andweofferourcommentaryandrecommendationsinthisspiritofcollaboration.TheOBArepresentstheover3,000beekeeperswhomanagehoneybeesinmorethan100,000colonieslocatedthroughoutOntario.Honeybeesrepresentalargegroupofinsectpollinatorsandarethefocusofanagriculturalindustrythatproduceshoneyandhiveproducts,andprovidespollinationservicesessentialtotheproductionofOntario-grownfruitandvegetables.Ontariohoneybeesliveandworkinthesameenvironmentandaresubjecttomanyofthesamestressorsasbumblebeesandwildbees.Honeybeesaredifferentfromotherpollinators,however,inthatasa‘domesticated’pollinator,beekeepersactivelymanagethehealthoftheircoloniesandifnecessary,theycan-atacost-replaceweakorfailinghives.Becausehoneybeepopulationsandtheirhealtharecloselymonitoredbybeekeepers,theeffectsofspecificstressorscanbequicklyidentifiedandresolvedthroughhiveinspections.Aswell,mortalityistrackedandtrendedovertimethroughprovincialstatisticalreporting.Unfortunately,muchlessisknownaboutthehealthandpopulationtrendsofwildbeesandotherinsectpollinators.Sowhilethe‘canaryinthecoalmine’analogymaynotbeperfect,honeybeehealthandmortalityarecurrentlyourbestindicatorsoftheoverallconditionofOntario’sinsectpollinators.Inthepast10years,Ontariobeekeepershaveobservedadeclineinthehealthofthehoneybeestheymanage.Indicatorsofdeclineincludehistoricallyhighoverwinterandmid-seasonmortalityrates,andanexcessiveneedtoreplacefailedqueenswhoseproductiondeterminesthepopulationandproductivityofthehive.Inthetwomost


recentwinters,honeybeeshavesuffered58%and38%overwinterlossesiwhiletheimportationofqueenstoreplacefailedqueenshasreachedrecordlevels.

WHATISREALLYTHREATENINGONTARIOPOLLINATORSTheconceptofhoneybeedeclineattributedtomultiplestressorsidentifiedinOntario’sPollinatorHealthPlanhasbeenputforwardtoexplainOntario’ssharpdeclineinpollinatorpopulations.

Thismodel,referringtoacomplexinterdependentsystemofstressors,doesnotadequatelyexplainthecurrentsteepdeclineinOntario’spollinatorpopulation.Foraslongashoneybeeshavebeenmanaged,theyhavebeensubjecttodebilitatingdiseasesanddestructivepests.Beekeepershaveadoptedtreatmentsandpracticesthatallowthemtomaintaincolonyhealthandsustainablemortalitylevels.Inthemid-1990’s,VarroadestructormiteswerediscoveredinOntariohivesthreateningtodestroyOntario’sbeekeepingindustry.Whilevarroacontinuestobeaseriousthreattobeehealth,beekeepershavedevelopedmultiplemanagementtechniquestomanagevarroaandcontinuetomaintainproductivecolonies.iiCold,longwinters,snowcoverandhighlyvariableseasonaltemperatureandweatherconditionsdefinethechallengingworkingenvironmentofanOntariobeekeeper.However,honeybeeswithgoodcolonymanagementpracticesadaptwelltoOntario’sclimate.Despitesnowcover,extremecoldandspringweathervariations,Ontariobeekeepershad,upuntilrecently,successfullyoverwinteredhealthycolonies,containinglossestowithintherangeof15%–20%.Basedonbeekeepers’directexperiencesandobservations,corroboratedbyfieldtestingandtheoverwhelmingamountofpeerreviewedscience-basedresearchiii,theOBAconcludesthattherecentdeclineofOntariohoneybeescanbetracedtorecentchangesinagriculturalpracticesonOntario’sfarmlands.


Inthepast10years,asharpdeclineofhoneybeesinOntariohascoincidedwiththesignificantincreaseinhectaresofcornandsoyemployingthepracticeofno-tillfarmingusingherbicides,andplantingseedstreatedwithsystemicpesticidesandfungicides.

CornandsoydominatefieldcropsinOntario,andover60%ofCanada’scornandsoycropsaregrowninOntarioiv.Since2005,therehasbeena28%increaseinfarmlandplantedincornand24%morehectaresofsoygrowninOntariovvi.

Ontario’sExcessiveHoneyBeeMortality

Lethal:Directcontact,residuein

hives:pollenandcomb.

SystemicpesAcideexposure

Dust,nectar,pollenwater,SynergisAc,

TranslocaAons

IncreaseinTreated

CornandSoyAcreage

Lossoffoodsupply

QuanAty,Variety

SublethalWeakeningof

immunesystemandresistanceto

pests.

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

HectaresofCornandSoyinOntario2005-2015sourceStatsCan

Corn Soy


The$520-millionOntarioEthanolGrowthFund(OEGF)waslaunchedin2005followingtheannouncementoftheEthanolinGasolineRegulation,requiringanaverageofatleastfivepercentethanolinallgasolinesold.Assuch,governmentethanolpolicieshavealsocreatedanew,andsubsidized,marketdemandforfeedgrains.Today30%ofOntario’scornproductionisnowallocatedtoethanolmakingitlikelythattheincreaseof28%ofgraincornplantingswasstimulatedbycornpricesubsidiesfromtheOntarioEthanolGrowthFundduetoexpirein2017.

TheimpactoftheexpansionofcornandsoyonbeekeepinginOntarioisdemonstratedbythemapsbelowthatshowaclosecorrelationbetweenacreageofcorn(red)andsoy(green)andtraditionalbeekeepingareasinsouthcentralandsouthwesternOntarioviiviii.Ontariohasalsoexperiencedexpansionofcornandsoyplantingsfarthernorth,coincidentwiththedevelopmentofnewhybridsthatrequirelessheatunits.

Corn(green)andSoycroppinginsouthwesternOntario2013.


ConcentrationofbeeyardsinOntario2013TheboominOntariocornandsoyhasseenthecashcroppingofoncemarginallandthat,aspastureoruncultivatedland,wasasourceofresources(pollen,nectarandwater)forallinsectpollinators.Oncerotatedwithcloveroralfalfahay,farmersnowplanttheirlandswithcorn-on-cornrotationorcorn,soyandwinterwheat–allcropsthatarenotnectar-producingbutalsocarryseed-treatedsystemicpesticides.

Inthisnewsystemofcashcropping,systemicpesticidessuchastheneonicotinoidsprophylacticallyappliedtocorn,soyandwinterwheatrepresentsomeofthemosttoxicpesticidesusedinagriculturetoday.Addingtotheproblemisthefactthatthecurrentpracticeofmixinginsecticidesandfungicidesinseedtreatmentsincreasestheirneuro-toxicity,makingthemevenmorelethaltobeesix.Theimpactofsystemics,anewclassofpesticidesthatincludesneonicotinoids,onpollinatorhealthissignificant.Theeffectsofexposuretoneuro-toxicsystemicssuchasneonicotinoidswasfirstobservedbyOntariobeekeepersaspilesofdeadbeesatthehiveentrance,unusuallyhighwinterlosses,lesspopuloushives,fewerworkerbeesinthefall,spottybroodpatternsandfailingqueens.Subsequently,researchhasconfirmedthelinkageofbeehealthdeclinetoneonicotinoidseedtreatmentsx.Neonicotinoidsnowrepresenttheworld’slargestsellingpesticides.Excessiveoveruseofsystemicpesticideshasbeencitedbyscientistsaroundtheworldxiastheprimarysourceofpollinatormortality.AccordingtoPMRA,exposuretoneonicotinoidpesticideon


treatedcornandsoyseedsinOntariowasthesourceofbeekillsin2012and2013,andPMRAdeemedtheircontinueduseinagricultureas“unsustainable”xii.Thefirstglobalassessmentofpollinators-atwo-yearstudyconductedandreleasedrecentlybytheIntergovernmentalScience-PolicyPlatformonBiodiversityandEcosystemServicesxiiiconcluded:“Theassessmentfoundthatpesticides,includingneonicotinoidinsecticides,threatenpollinatorsworldwide,althoughthelong-termeffectsarestillunknown.“ThematicAssessmentofPollinators,PollinationandFoodProduction,IPBESFebruary26,2016.

Directcontactwithsystemicpesticidesviadustabradingfromseedsatplantingtimecankillbeesforaginganywherenearfieldsduringplantingtime.Whilediffusorsandseedcoatingshavereducedthespreadofdustoutsideoftargetareas,theyhavenoteliminatedthethreattobees,andhavehadtheeffectofconcentratingthepesticideintheremainingdustresultinginsimilarexposuretoneonicotinoidsatplantingandcontaminationofplants,shrubsandtreesadjacenttocropareasxivxv.Sublethaleffectsofpesticideexposureonbeeshavebeenwelldocumented.Beesthatdonotdieoutrightfromdirectexposuretosystemicscarrytoxicpesticideviapollenandnectarintothehivexvi.Theywillbeexposedtopesticidesmanytimesoveralongperiodasthehivestoresandconsumestheseresources.Chronicexposuretolowerlevelsofneonicotinoidsvianectar,pollenandcombhavebeenshowntoaffecthoneybees’abilitytoresistdiseasexviiandpestslikevarroaandtonavigatetoandfromthehive,xviiiresultinginsmallerorevenemptyhives:asymptomofneonicotinoidpoisoningthatwasoncecalledcolonycollapsedisorderxix.HABITATIMPROVEMENTSTARTSWITHSYSTEMICPESTICIDEREDUCTIONTheuniquetranslocationofwater-solublesystemicpesticidesinsoilandwaterfromcroplandstootherareasmustbeaddressedbeforeanyhabitatimprovementactionscanbetaken.Only20%ofsystemicpesticidesappliedtoseedstraveltothetargetplant.Theremaining80%ofasystemicpesticideseedapplicationdissolvesintothesoilxxandcanbepresentinpuddlesinthefieldvisitedbybeesoraremovedviagroundwaterxxitootherareas,oftenkilometresawayfromtheplantingareaxxii.Studiessuggestresiduefromthepesticideswillmigratetowildflowersthatarenotevennearthetargetcrops.InQuebec,thetestingofwaterwaysinareasofintensecornfarmingfoundtracesofneonicotinoidsineverystreamandrivertested.Otherstudiesinwesternprovincesshowtracesofneonicotinoidsinprairiewetlandsfarfromcroplandsxxiii.Anyinsectpollinatorthatforagesforwaterinpools,puddlesandwetsoiloronfloweringplantsoutsideofthetargetcropareawillbesubjecttobothlethalandsublethaldosesofneonicotinoids.


Habitatrestorationshouldbedelayedinanyareaswheretreatedneonicotinoidtreatedcorn,soyorwinterwheatareorhavebeengrownuntilthetargetareaisdeemedsafeforpollinators.Theuniquetranslocationpotentialofsystemicpesticidesmustbeconsideredinanydiscussionaboutplantingbee-attractingforageonlandsuchasroadsidestrips,railorhydroruralrightofwaysadjacenttoornearlandwithsystemicpesticideresiduesatlevelsthatwouldbelethaltopollinators.Attractingbeestotheseareascouldresultinpotentiallytoxicexposurefromcontactwithcontaminatednectar,pollen,water,orwetsoilandmayhavetheunintendedeffectofcreatingpollinator‘killzones’.Untilthereisachangetocurrentfarmpracticesofgrowingcornandsoyonmarginallands,anduntilweseeasignificantreductioninacreageplantedwithseedstreatedwithsystemicsandfungicides,therewillbefew‘safe’areasforimprovingbeeforagein,oradjacentto,Ontariocropland.Further,whileOntarioregulationsshouldsignificantlyreducetheamountoftreatedcornandsoyseedsplantedthroughouttheprovince,thereisaneedtodeterminethetoxicitylevelsofneonicotinoidresiduesremainingintheseenvironments.Ideally,aftertheregulationsreducetheoveruseofsystemicstotheir15%targetlevel,Ontariowillbeabletoidentifysafeareaswherehabitatrestorationactivitieswillcreateever-expandingareasofpollinatorfriendlyzones.Asitstandstoday,urbanandnon-cornand-soycroplandareprobablythesafestplacesforbeesinOntario.BecauseofOntario’sbanoncosmeticpesticides,Ontariocitiesarerelativelysafehavensforbeesandotherpollinators.Urbanbeekeepingshouldbeencouragedandthe30-meterrestrictionsshouldberelaxedtoallowmoreurbanbeekeeping,hopefullystimulatingthedevelopmentofbeefriendlyplantingsinurbanspaces.THEWAYFORWARDISCLEAROntario’snewsystemicpesticideregulationsrepresentanimportantfirststeptowardachievingitsgoalofbeingCanada’sleaderinpollinatorprotection.Thisisimportantbecauseourexperiencewithhoneybeestellsusthatallinsectpollinatorsareunderintensepressureduetotherapidexpansionofcashcroppingofcorn,soyandwinterwheatinOntario.Weunderstandthetemptationtotakepositivestepsincreatingpollinatorgardenspacesandenhancedpollinatorfriendlyplantings;however,thelargerproblemoftheoveruseofhighlytoxicpesticidesmustbeaddressedbeforeOntariocanmaketheclaimtobehometohealthypollinatorpopulations.


OBA’SSPECIFICRECOMMENDATIONS:Inthefollowingsection,weputforwardrecommendedactionsfortheGovernmentofOntariothatwillensureOntario’sPollinatorHealthPlanmaximizesitspositiveimpactonbothmanagedandwildpollinators:AnnualReviewofthePlan

1. Withinoneyearafterimplementation,invitestakeholdersbackforaconsultationsessiontoreviewprogressandcommentonactionstakenorneeded.

HabitatImprovement

2. Followthroughonthepromisetoreducetheuseofneonicotinoidsoncornandsoyacreageby85%by2017.Itisnotacceptableforthesegoalstobe‘aspirational’,theymustbereal.

3. Broadenclass12pesticidestoincludeallnewsystemicsonfieldcrops,asweknowthatadditionalsystemicsareenteringthedistributionpipeline

4. Reviewthecurrentuseofsystemicpesticidesonvegetablecrops,flowers

andplantssoldinOntariofortheirdirectimpactonpollinatorsandthespreadofneurotoxicityviaresiduesinplantsoils.

5. Closetheloopholesallowingthecontinuedapplicationofsystemicpesticides

asfoliarspraysonfieldswherefarmersdidnotgetpermissiontouseseedtreatments.

6. AllowOntario’sEthanolGrowthfundtolapse,andendmarketsubsidiesthatartificiallyencourageexpansionofcorngrowingareas.Reinvestthosefundsinpollinatorhealth.

7. Incentivizefarmerstorestoreorrotatemarginalfarmlandbackto

clover/alfalfahayandotherbeefriendlycrops.

8. EstablishanongoingmonitoringandreportingsystemtotracepesticidelevelsinsoilandwaterthroughoutOntarioonfarmandnon-farmland.Establishstandardsthatsetbothlethalandsublethallimitsforpesticideresiduespriortohabitatrestoration.

9. Urgelawnseedsuppliersandretailerstoaddwhiteclovertotheirlawn

grassmix.


10. DonotpartnerwiththePollinatorPartnership.TherearemanyworthyCanadian-NGOsthatwouldbemoreappropriatepartners.(Frankly,wefindthementionoftheminOMAFRA’sdraftPlanpuzzlingandquestiontherationaleforthis.)ThePollinatorPartnershipisaU.S.-basedorganizationthatacceptsfundingfromthepesticideindustryandholdsviewsatoddswithOntario’sneonicotinoidrestrictionpolicyandtheconclusionsofscientistsandthePMRAinregardtotheharmfuleffectofneonicotinoidsonbeehealth.Theyareadmittedlyinconflictwiththeprimacyofreducingpesticideusebeforehabitatscanbecreated.“itmaytakeyearstodeterminetheveracityoflethalandsub-lethalimpactsofneonicotinoids.”From:AMessagefromtheExecutiveDirectoronCCDandNeonicotinoidsxxiv

BeesandBeekeeping

11. CreateanewpositionofDirector,PollinatorHealthtobetheadvocatefor

beehealthandcoordinatedactionsonbehalfofpollinatorhealthprotection.IdeallythispositionwilldrawonresourcesfromMOECCandOMAFRAwithinputfromMNRandMAH.

12. Donotrequiremandatorytrainingforbeekeepers.Thisisaninefficientwaytoimprovebeekeepingpractices.BeekeepingpracticesinOntarioareamongthebestinanyprovince,givenOMAFRA’sworldclassinspectionprogram,OMAFRAsupportofanexpandedOBAtechtransferprograms(TTP)andOMAFRA’songoingclosecollaborationwithbeekeepersonmanagedbeehealthissues.Mandatorytrainingistantamounttolicensingandwillbedifficulttoenforce,itwouldbeabarrierfornewbeekeepersandcoulddrivesomebeekeeperstoavoidregisteringtheirhives.TheOBAsupportsIPMforbeekeepersbutdoesnotconsidertheiruseafarmsafetyissuerequiringmandatorytraining.

13. Rescindthe30-meterpropertylinerestrictionstoprovidemoreflexibilityon

theplacementofhivesinruralareasandgivemunicipalitiestheabilitytoexpandmanagedcolonyplacementinurbanareas.

14. ContinuetofullysupportOBA’sworld-classTechTransferknowledge

transferprogram.BeekeepingeducationisthesinglemostimportantcontributiontoBMPcompliance.Workshopandweb-basedlearningengendersbetterbeekeepingmanagementpracticesincludingIPMtraining,whichtranslatestoimprovementsinhoneybeehealth.

15. Consideranexpandedroleforbeeinspectorsasbeehealthfieldadvisorsfor

beekeepers.Thisisanaturalextensionoftheirinspectionduties.


16. Supportresearchprojectsthatencouragecost-effectivewaystoimprovebeekeepingpracticesandbeehealthsuchasfreezeunitsandindoorclimate-controlledoverwinteringofhoneybees.

17. RecognizethenewNiagaraCollegeCommercialBeekeepingcourseasa

knowledgecentreforcommercialbeekeepereducationandappliedresearchintobeekeepingandpollinationBMPs.Additionalon-campusanddistancelearningcoursesmaybeofferedviaOBATTPthroughthislearningcentreforupgradingcommercialbeekeepingskills.

18. Establish,inpartnershipwiththeOBAandacademia,asciencebased

stakeholdergroup-theOntarioBeeHealthAdvisoryGroup.TheGovernmentofOntarioneedsanadvisorygroupthatisknowledgeableaboutbeehealthandanadvocateofpollinatorhealth.TheOBHAGwouldbeOntario-focusedtoincludebeekeepersandindependentresearchfromallareasoftheprovince.ItwillserveasaninvaluableexpertresourceforOMAFRAforreviewingpolicyandpollinatorhealthinitiativesandtodevelopamulti-yearresearchagenda.

19. OntarioofficialsshouldresignfromtheNationalBeeHealthRoundtable

untilithasaclearmandateinclusiveofissuesendemictoOntarioandQuebecanditisreconstitutedtoincludeOBAbeekeepers.CurrentlytheRoundtablehasrepresentationfromGFO,CropLifeandpesticidemanufacturers.Yet,evenafterrepeatedrequests,Ontariobeekeepers,whohavethemosttocontributetosuchanorganization,havebeenexcludedfromthisroundtable.OntarioleadsCanadainpollinatorhealthactionandshouldnotlegitimizethismisguidedorganization.

20. Following#15,initiateanaccordforEasternCanadabeekeepinginclusive

ofQuebecandOntarioandinvitetheTrudeauGovernmenttoanannualsymposiumorforumtodiscusscommonpollinator,pollinationandbeehealthconcernsthatrequirefederal-provincialcooperation.OntarioandQuebecsharesimilarregionalbeehealthissuesthataremarkedlydifferentfromthoseofWesternCanadaortheAtlanticprovincesandarealreadycooperatingonanumberofissues.

21. Supporturbanbeekeepingandpollinatorgardensinpublicspaces,

backyardsandrooftopsaswellaseffortstobuildpollinatorstructuresforbumblebeesandwildbees.UrbanbeekeepinghelpsOntariocitizenslivingincitiestobemoreawareofthebenefitsofinsectpollinators.

22. Supportindependentresearchonbeehealthissuesincludingimpactsof

stressorsonbeehealthandbettersurveillanceofwildbeepopulations.Tomakebetterdecisionsonpollinatorhealth,weneedresearchthatisnot


fundedbythosewhoaredependentonag/chemfundingandwhomayhaveavestedinterestintheresults.

Publicawarenessandeducation

23. Createanoverarchingbrandandbrandidentitythatstandsforpollinatorappreciationandpollinatorhealthaction.ThisbrandwillserveastheconnectivetissuethatsynergizesallpartnerandOMAFRAactivitiespromotingpollinatorhealth

24. Considerpublicoutreachandstakeholderengagementtocreateawareness

andappreciationamongthegeneralpublicfortherolethatpollinatorsplayinimprovingqualityoflifeinOntariosuchas:a. DeclarationofOntarioPollinatorAppreciationweekandprogram

activitiesthroughouttheprovince.b. CreationandannouncementofOntariolicenseplatescelebrating

honeybeesandwildpollinators.c. ApollinatorinstructionalsciencemoduleforOntarioelementary

schoolteacherswithattendantmaterialsforclassinstructionincludingschooltoursofbeeyards.

d. Deploymentofyouthscientistsandasmartphoneapptocountwildbeesbutterfliesandbumblebees.

e. Createandmanagepollinatorhealthdisplaysatcountryfairs,exhibitions,homeandgardenshows.

f. Partnerwithassociationstocreatepointofpurchasedisplayandinformationmaterialsforseedandplantretailerstoidentifyandencouragebeefriendlyplantingsaroundhomesandbuildings.

g. PartnerswithfoodretailerstodisplaysignageandinformationmaterialsinfreshfoodsectionsthathighlightOntariofoodsthatbenefitfrominsectpollinators.InstructFoodlandtoincludethisintheirpromotionofOntario-grownfoods.

h. Ratherthanaspecificprovinciallyorchestratedcontest,consideracallforproposalstoallowcommunitygroupsandNGOStoconceptualizeinnovativeinitiativestocreatepollinatorfriendlyspacesortoinformandeducatecitizensontheimportanceofpollinatorhealth.

SubmittedbytheOntarioBeekeepers’Association,February29,2016

ihttp://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/food/inspection/bees/2015winterloss.htm


ii“Thelevelofvarroamiteinfestationobservedatcommercialbeekeepingoperations(50coloniesorgreater)wasbelowestablishedtreatmentthresholdsthroughouttheseason(Fig.1)andindicatesthatbeekeepershavehadsuccessinmanagingthispest.Fieldinspectionsin2013alsoindicatedlevelsofvarroainfestationbelowthetreatmentthreshold.Thissuggeststhatmanycommercialbeekeeperswereabletomaintainvarroalevelsbelowdamaginglevelsduetoeffectivemanagementstrategies.Thelevelofvarroainfestationatnon-commercialoperations(fewerthan50colonies),wasbelowestablishedtreatmentthresholdsinthespringof2014andatorabovetreatmentthresholdsinthefall”.2014ProvincialApiaristsreporthttp://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/food/inspection/bees/14rep.htm#impiiiScientificresearchandotherresourcesonneonicotinoids.http://www.ontariobee.com/scienceivhttp://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/96-325-x/2014001/article/11913-eng.htm#a3vhttp://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/stats/crops/index.htmlvihttp://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/a26?lang=eng&retrLang=eng&id=0010010&&pattern=&stByVal=1&p1=1&p2=31&tabMode=dataTable&csid=viihttp://ontag.farms.com/profiles/blogs/are-those-christmas-lights-in-ontario-nope-it-s-a-map-of-corn-redviiihttp://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/about/beehealthpresentations/omafapiary.htmixhttp://stpp.ucla.edu/sites/default/files/Exposure_and_Interaction_2016_Web_0.pdfxhttp://www.tfsp.info/worldwide-integrated-assessment/xihttp://www.tfsp.info/worldwide-integrated-assessment/xiihttp://www.ontariobee.com/sites/ontariobee.com/files/PMRAreportOct2013U.pdfxiiihttp://www.ipbes.net/article/press-release-pollinators-vital-our-food-supply-under-threatxivhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412015301161xvhttp://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.5b03459?journalCode=esthagxvihttp://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0125790xviihttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3264871/xviiihttp://jeb.biologists.org/content/216/10/1799xixhttp://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/10/18/1314923110xxhttps://palebluedot1.files.wordpress.com/2015/10/limay-rios-et-al_neonicotinoid-residues-in-soil-dust-and-associated-soil.pdfxxihttp://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0108443xxiihttp://www.ontariobee.com/sites/ontariobee.com/files/1-s2.0-S0269749114002802-main.pdfxxiiihttp://stpp.ucla.edu/sites/default/files/Exposure_and_Interaction_2016_Summary_Web_0.pdfhttp://www.ontariobee.com/sites/ontariobee.com/files/Morrissey%20et%20al%202015_Review%20neonicotinoids%20surface%20water%20risk%20to%20aquatic%20invertebrates.pdfxxivhttp://www.pollinator.org/beeissues.htm.

submission to ontario’s draft pollinator health …...through hive inspections. as well, mortality...

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