SUBSTANCE ABUSESUBSTANCE ABUSE AND HIV AND HIV IN RUSSIAIN RUSSIA

RUSSIAN FEDERATIONRUSSIAN FEDERATION

Country DescriptionCountry Description Official name Russian FederationOfficial name Russian Federation Ranks eighth in the world in population Ranks eighth in the world in population The world's largest country, The world's largest country, almost twice almost twice

the territory of the next-largest country, the territory of the next-largest country, Canada. Canada. Country size: 6.5 million sq. milesCountry size: 6.5 million sq. miles..

Spreads over all climate zones except Spreads over all climate zones except tropical tropical

The Russian language is the only official The Russian language is the only official state languagestate language

Individual republics have often made their Individual republics have often made their native language co-official next to Russian.native language co-official next to Russian.

Cyrillic alphabet is the only official script: Cyrillic alphabet is the only official script: these languages must be written in Cyrillic these languages must be written in Cyrillic in official texts.in official texts.

Demographics Of RussiaDemographics Of Russia

Population 145,934,000Population 145,934,000 Life expectancy men: Life expectancy men: 5858 years old years old Life expectancy women: Life expectancy women: 6666 years old years old Life expectancy in Russia is 12 years less Life expectancy in Russia is 12 years less

than in the United States than in the United States .(.(http://www.noticias.info/asphttp://www.noticias.info/asp).).

Projected population growth: -11.57%Projected population growth: -11.57% Since 1992 population has fallen by 6 Since 1992 population has fallen by 6

million people, and if current low birth and million people, and if current low birth and high death trends continue, the country will high death trends continue, the country will lose approximately 18 million people by lose approximately 18 million people by 2025. (2025. (http://www.cdi.orghttp://www.cdi.org))

Legal AODsLegal AODs(Alcohol and Other (Alcohol and Other Drugs)Drugs) In Russia In Russia

NumbersNumbers

Legal AODs in Russia are Alcohol and Legal AODs in Russia are Alcohol and TobaccoTobacco

Legal age to use light alcohol is 18, for Legal age to use light alcohol is 18, for strong alcohol 21strong alcohol 21

Legal age to buy tobacco products is 18Legal age to buy tobacco products is 18 Average consumption of alcohol is 14.6 Average consumption of alcohol is 14.6

liters per capita annually, or 2 the WHO liters per capita annually, or 2 the WHO «health risk» level«health risk» level

Legal AODs In Russia: AlcoholLegal AODs In Russia: Alcohol Alcohol production in

Russia rose by more than 10% year-on-year in 2002 with the production of vodka and other liquor rising by 6%

The volume of alcohol production amounted to 131.3m decalitres in Russia in 2001, which is 7.2% more compared to 2000

The trend of production increase continues

Number of Alcoholics In RussiaNumber of Alcoholics In Russia

Experts conclude that there are:Experts conclude that there are: 8 million male alcoholics8 million male alcoholics 2 million female alcoholics2 million female alcoholics 500,000 children alcoholics (under 500,000 children alcoholics (under

15)15)

Alcoholism Among YoungstersAlcoholism Among Youngsters

Alcoholism among the young is Alcoholism among the young is becoming a national disaster in Russiabecoming a national disaster in Russia

Children begin drinking at age 7Children begin drinking at age 7

Tobacco FactsTobacco Facts

70% Russian males and 30% females use 70% Russian males and 30% females use tobacco regularlytobacco regularly

According to WHO, 14% of all deaths in According to WHO, 14% of all deaths in former Soviet Union is traceable to tobacco former Soviet Union is traceable to tobacco smokingsmoking

Multi-national tobacco companies are Multi-national tobacco companies are seeking to increase production in Russiaseeking to increase production in Russia

Tobacco FactsTobacco Facts The tobacco challenge is The tobacco challenge is

illustrated by the fact that illustrated by the fact that tobacco market in Russia is tobacco market in Russia is estimated at 6 billion US dollars, estimated at 6 billion US dollars, the market of pharmaceuticals – the market of pharmaceuticals – at 2.5 billion, and federal budget at 2.5 billion, and federal budget income - at 18 billion.income - at 18 billion.

Smoking is allowed in most Smoking is allowed in most public placespublic places

Age of tobacco initiation is 7 Age of tobacco initiation is 7 years old, sometimes even erlier.years old, sometimes even erlier.

Illegal DrugsIllegal Drugs The same substances considered illegal The same substances considered illegal

in the US are also illegal in Russiain the US are also illegal in Russia Most popular drugs are different in Most popular drugs are different in

different parts of country: European different parts of country: European Russia (West of the Urals) is more likely Russia (West of the Urals) is more likely to use heroin, cocaine and synthetic to use heroin, cocaine and synthetic drugsdrugs

Siberia is a borderline: all kind of drugs Siberia is a borderline: all kind of drugs are rampant in it (Siberia has the highest are rampant in it (Siberia has the highest addiction rate in the country)addiction rate in the country)

Far East of Russia is more likely to use Far East of Russia is more likely to use homemade opioidshomemade opioids

Cannabis is popular among people in the Cannabis is popular among people in the entire countryentire country

Use Of Illegal DrugsUse Of Illegal Drugs Non—medical usage of drugs has increased Non—medical usage of drugs has increased

20 times during the last 10 years and 20 times during the last 10 years and continues to increase.continues to increase.

17% aged from 18 to 35 tried drugs at least 17% aged from 18 to 35 tried drugs at least once (8% among all groups of population). once (8% among all groups of population).

Researches conducted in provincial regions Researches conducted in provincial regions of Russia showed that the real level of drug of Russia showed that the real level of drug abuse among the youth is much higher. abuse among the youth is much higher.

Drug AbuseDrug Abuse «Threat to the Russian society»«Threat to the Russian society»

13 to 25 years old: one third of the next 13 to 25 years old: one third of the next generation is under threatgeneration is under threat

Average life expectancy among drug addicts Average life expectancy among drug addicts in Russia is 4-4.5 yearsin Russia is 4-4.5 years after initiation. after initiation.

About 500,000 registered drug addictsAbout 500,000 registered drug addicts

Multiply by 10 per police reportsMultiply by 10 per police reports

Addiction NumbersAddiction Numbers

From 2000 to 2005 number of drug users in Russia grew by 400%

3-5 million drug addicts according to different sources.

Age span for drug addicts is 13 to 25 years old

Increase in Drug Abuse Over the Increase in Drug Abuse Over the Last DecadeLast Decade

Among adults 18 and up: 8 timesAmong adults 18 and up: 8 times

15-17 years old: 18 times15-17 years old: 18 times

0-14 years old: 24 times0-14 years old: 24 times

HAVE YOU EVER TRIED HAVE YOU EVER TRIED ILLEGAL DRUGS?ILLEGAL DRUGS?

Effects of Drug AbuseEffects of Drug Abuse

HIV and Other Health RisksHIV and Other Health Risks

Congenital Health Problems in NewbornCongenital Health Problems in Newborn

Great Social CostsGreat Social Costs

Decline in Life ExpectancyDecline in Life Expectancy

Child Neglect and CrimeChild Neglect and Crime

HIV and Drug AbuseHIV and Drug Abuse

Russia has the highest growth of HIV Russia has the highest growth of HIV infection in the world, outside of Sub-infection in the world, outside of Sub-Saharan countriesSaharan countries

HIV is mainly transmitted by intravenous HIV is mainly transmitted by intravenous drug users sharing needlesdrug users sharing needles

Registered HIV cases are doubling every 12 Registered HIV cases are doubling every 12 months (Russian Federal AIDS Center)months (Russian Federal AIDS Center)

HIV: Comparison Russia to the HIV: Comparison Russia to the USUS

Total population:Total population:

United States: 288.4 million United States: 288.4 million

Russia: 144 million Russia: 144 million

Total infected (among IDU):Total infected (among IDU):

US: 74,017 (through December 2001)US: 74,017 (through December 2001)

Russia:228,245 (through December 2002)Russia:228,245 (through December 2002)

AgesAges No. of HIV infected / No. of HIV infected / (Percentage of infected (Percentage of infected population)population)

United States (0-12) United States (0-12)

Russia (0-14)Russia (0-14)3,923 (2.3%) 3,923 (2.3%)

5,712 (2.5%)5,712 (2.5%)

United States (13-29) United States (13-29)

Russia (15-29)Russia (15-29)59,178 (34%)59,178 (34%)

186,379 (81.7%)186,379 (81.7%)

United States (30-49) United States (30-49)

Russia (30-49)Russia (30-49)99,079 (56.9%) 99,079 (56.9%)

34,188 (15.0%)34,188 (15.0%)  United States (50-64) United States (50-64)

Russia (50-69)Russia (50-69)10,429 (6%)10,429 (6%)

1,798 (0.8%)1,798 (0.8%)

United States (65 and older) United States (65 and older)

Russia (70 and older)Russia (70 and older)1,408 (0.8%)1,408 (0.8%)

168 (0%) (less than one-tenth of 168 (0%) (less than one-tenth of 1 percent)1 percent)

Includes only data from parts of United States that have confidential HIV reporting.Also excludes nine cases where the sex of the person infected is not known. Copyright © 2003 Newsday, Inc.

Children born to HIV-infected Children born to HIV-infected mothers in Russiamothers in Russia

1999:   211 of 2.1 million births1999:   211 of 2.1 million births2000:   390 of 2.2 million births2000:   390 of 2.2 million births2001:   1,139 of 2.3 million births2001:   1,139 of 2.3 million births2002:   2,777 of 2.3 million births2002:   2,777 of 2.3 million births

SOURCES: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, SOURCES: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Census Bureau; Russian Federal AIDS Center, Russian U.S. Census Bureau; Russian Federal AIDS Center, Russian

State Statistical CommitteeState Statistical Committee

Drug Addiction TreatmentDrug Addiction Treatment

Two structures: Two structures:

Govermental: free, effect is very low, mainly Govermental: free, effect is very low, mainly detoxification.detoxification.

Private: more expensive, different kinds of Private: more expensive, different kinds of treatment programs, but, as usually, treatment programs, but, as usually, shortime, so effect is low as well.shortime, so effect is low as well.

No cooperation exists between public and No cooperation exists between public and private sectors.private sectors.

Connection to TerrorismConnection to Terrorism

Drug trafficking originates in Afghanistan, Drug trafficking originates in Afghanistan, Iran and PakistanIran and Pakistan

Drugs are brought in by way of Tajik-Afghan Drugs are brought in by way of Tajik-Afghan borderborder

Russia became a transit point for the world Russia became a transit point for the world of drug trafficking from East to West and of drug trafficking from East to West and backback

DDrugrug Trafficking RoutesTrafficking Routes

The “green triangle”: Afghanistan, Pakistan The “green triangle”: Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran supply the majority of drugs to the and Iran supply the majority of drugs to the Russian black market.Russian black market.

China is the close second, especially in China is the close second, especially in ephedrine, amphepramon, phenfluramine ephedrine, amphepramon, phenfluramine imports.imports.

From Report Of Interior From Report Of Interior Minister Rashid NurgaliyevMinister Rashid Nurgaliyev

248,000 crimes connected to illegal drug 248,000 crimes connected to illegal drug trafficking were registered in January-trafficking were registered in January-September 2004.September 2004.

In the same period of 2003, 220,000 drug In the same period of 2003, 220,000 drug crimes were registered.crimes were registered.

62 Interior Ministry's officers involved in 62 Interior Ministry's officers involved in drug dealing were revealed in 2004, with 37 drug dealing were revealed in 2004, with 37 of them being found by the Interior of them being found by the Interior Ministry. Ministry.

In January-November 2004 2.9 tons of In January-November 2004 2.9 tons of heroin were seized on Russian territory, heroin were seized on Russian territory, while in 2003 only 1.4 tons of this drug while in 2003 only 1.4 tons of this drug were seized.were seized.

Russian Far EastRussian Far East

Far Eastern Region is the largest in Far Eastern Region is the largest in Russian Federation with the fewest Russian Federation with the fewest population (7 million)population (7 million)

10% (!) of young people are regular 10% (!) of young people are regular drug usersdrug users

Khabarovsk KraiKhabarovsk Krai

Far East of Russia is on the Far East of Russia is on the first first place place in the country in drug problem.in the country in drug problem.

DescriptionDescription Political status: KraiPolitical status: Krai Federal district: Far EasternFederal district: Far Eastern Population: ranked 35thPopulation: ranked 35th Total: est. 1,427,050 (Total: est. 1,427,050 (20042004))

Density: est. 1.7/km²Density: est. 1.7/km² Area: total 788,600 Area: total 788,600 km²km²

water- 1.2% water- 1.2% Borders: Borders: Magadan OblastMagadan Oblast (Russia) on the north, (Russia) on the north,

Sakha RepublicSakha Republic (Russia) and (Russia) and Amur OblastAmur Oblast (Russia) on (Russia) on the west, the west, People's Republic of ChinaPeople's Republic of China and Primorsky and Primorsky Krai (Russia) on the south, the Sea of Okhotsk on the Krai (Russia) on the south, the Sea of Okhotsk on the east.east.

Taiga and tundra in the north, swampy forest Taiga and tundra in the north, swampy forest in the central depression, and deciduous forest in the central depression, and deciduous forest in the south are the natural vegetation in the in the south are the natural vegetation in the area. area.

Demographics- MinoritiesDemographics- Minorities

There are some aboriginal peoples of the There are some aboriginal peoples of the

Manchu-Tungus language family: Evenks Manchu-Tungus language family: Evenks

and Evens to the north and some Manchu and Evens to the north and some Manchu

peoples to the south of the Amur river. peoples to the south of the Amur river.

Some Nivkhs (Gilyak), an indigenous fishing Some Nivkhs (Gilyak), an indigenous fishing

people with an isolated language, still live people with an isolated language, still live

around the Amur river delta.around the Amur river delta.

Regional ProblemsRegional Problems The population is aging as fertility rates The population is aging as fertility rates

decline. decline. Growing HIV/AIDS epidemic plus Growing HIV/AIDS epidemic plus

tuberculosis and diphtheria divert resources tuberculosis and diphtheria divert resources from productive investment.from productive investment.

Social problems such as substance abuse, Social problems such as substance abuse, suicide, domestic violence, and homicide suicide, domestic violence, and homicide are on the rise. are on the rise.

Migration from China to the Russian Far Migration from China to the Russian Far East is particularly problematic. East is particularly problematic.

The Russian Far East is important The Russian Far East is important international transshipment node for international transshipment node for transnational trafficking in drugs, women, transnational trafficking in drugs, women, migrants, timber, and fish due to the migrants, timber, and fish due to the proximity of international borders.proximity of international borders.

Lack of enforcement capacity; corruption; Lack of enforcement capacity; corruption; and presence of criminal networks. and presence of criminal networks.

Drugs And HIVDrugs And HIV

Near one million people in Russia are now living Near one million people in Russia are now living with HIV.with HIV.

Majority of new HIV infections in Russia (up to 80 Majority of new HIV infections in Russia (up to 80 % or more) are transmitted by injecting drug use % or more) are transmitted by injecting drug use (IDU).(IDU).

Every third student in Khabarovsk and 13% of all Every third student in Khabarovsk and 13% of all teenagers in the Khabarovsk Region admitted to teenagers in the Khabarovsk Region admitted to having have tested drugs; 2.5% among them are having have tested drugs; 2.5% among them are drug users. drug users.

Drugs And HIVDrugs And HIV In Khabarovsk, almost 90 percent of the IDUs are In Khabarovsk, almost 90 percent of the IDUs are

estimated to be between 16 and 30 years old. The estimated to be between 16 and 30 years old. The users’ average age is said to be 22.users’ average age is said to be 22.

The crime rate in connection with illegal drug The crime rate in connection with illegal drug

trafficking increased drastically during the last 5 trafficking increased drastically during the last 5 years and is now 4.5 times as high as it was in 2000.years and is now 4.5 times as high as it was in 2000.

The HIV-rate in the region is (yet) not extremely high The HIV-rate in the region is (yet) not extremely high as compared to the rest of the country. However, as compared to the rest of the country. However, 73% of the people infected with HIV in the region are 73% of the people infected with HIV in the region are drug users.drug users.

Special Local DrugsSpecial Local Drugs Marijuana (plan, anasha, shmal, white, folly, Marijuana (plan, anasha, shmal, white, folly,

green, marijuana, mahra, shala, grass). It’s green, marijuana, mahra, shala, grass). It’s not only smoked, also it can be boiled in not only smoked, also it can be boiled in milk ("milk"), "kasha" was made out of it by milk ("milk"), "kasha" was made out of it by frying on a frying pan on any fat. frying on a frying pan on any fat. (Neighboring Chuyskaya valley occupying (Neighboring Chuyskaya valley occupying Kazahstan and Kirgizstan territory - one of Kazahstan and Kirgizstan territory - one of the largest natural hemp and poppy the largest natural hemp and poppy plantations)plantations)

Jeff (mulka, marcefal) is a home-made Jeff (mulka, marcefal) is a home-made stimulator. It is produced by the method of stimulator. It is produced by the method of chemical treatment of ephidrine containing chemical treatment of ephidrine containing drugs ("solutan") with acetone and drugs ("solutan") with acetone and manganese adding. It is one of the first manganese adding. It is one of the first home-made drugs in the country.home-made drugs in the country.

Vint - is a home-made drug, containing Vint - is a home-made drug, containing pervitin. Also can be produced out of pervitin. Also can be produced out of ephedrine containing medical drugs. Its ephedrine containing medical drugs. Its effect was longer and stronger then jeff's.effect was longer and stronger then jeff's.

Special Local DrugsSpecial Local Drugs Heroine is not common, it is expensive (the Heroine is not common, it is expensive (the

value of 3-5g of heroine can be compared value of 3-5g of heroine can be compared with average salary of an experienced with average salary of an experienced specialist and more often exceeds it a lot) specialist and more often exceeds it a lot) and there is a tough competition between and there is a tough competition between poppy straw and heroine sellers. If large poppy straw and heroine sellers. If large rich cities' market - Moscow, Saint rich cities' market - Moscow, Saint Petersburg - is fully occupied by heroine Petersburg - is fully occupied by heroine sellers, in regions it is still being held by sellers, in regions it is still being held by straw sellers. straw sellers.

"Cherniashka" ("black", "hanka“, "shirka"). "Cherniashka" ("black", "hanka“, "shirka"). Home made opioid from poppy straw.Home made opioid from poppy straw.

Barbiturates (barbiture) -is a medications Barbiturates (barbiture) -is a medications containing phenobarbital, soporific and containing phenobarbital, soporific and antispasmodic stuffs. Usually they used in antispasmodic stuffs. Usually they used in combination with other drugs and alcohol.combination with other drugs and alcohol.

Special Local DrugsSpecial Local Drugs Medications (tablets, wheels, tabls). Medications (tablets, wheels, tabls).

Relanium, cyclodolum (parkopane-5: a cheap Relanium, cyclodolum (parkopane-5: a cheap medication, prescribed as parkinsonism medication, prescribed as parkinsonism effects corrector, led to hallucinations ), effects corrector, led to hallucinations ), dimedrol (antihistamine medication). Tablets dimedrol (antihistamine medication). Tablets very wide-spread, they were cheap and quite very wide-spread, they were cheap and quite easily to achieve by forgery or theft of a easily to achieve by forgery or theft of a prescription.prescription.

Toluol containing medications, glue, petrol - Toluol containing medications, glue, petrol - were used to achieve hallucinogenic effects were used to achieve hallucinogenic effects though vapour inhalation. Used mostly by the though vapour inhalation. Used mostly by the drug users from lower socioeconomic groups drug users from lower socioeconomic groups and children and adolescents, as those and children and adolescents, as those medications were very cheap and available .medications were very cheap and available .