succeeding with technology information, decision support… decision making and problem solving...
TRANSCRIPT
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Succeeding with Technology
Information, Decision Support…
Decision Making and Problem Solving Management Information Systems Decision Support Systems Group Decision Support Systems Artificial Intelligence and Special-Purpose
Systems
Please discontinue use of cell phone and turn off ringer
Chapter 9
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Succeeding with Technology
9.1
Decision Making and Problem Solving
• Decision making• Problem solving• Programmed decisions• Nonprogrammed decisions• Optimization model• Heuristics
Key Terms
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Succeeding with Technology
Decision Making & Problem Solving Process
Intelligence Stage
Design Stage
Choice Stage
Decision Making
Implementation
Monitoring
Problem Solving
Potential Problems and opportunities are identified and defined
Alternative solutions to the problem are developed
Select a course of action
Solution put into effect
Evaluate the implementation
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Succeeding with Technology
MIS
Decision Types
Programmed decisionsStructured situations with well defined
relationshipsQuantifiable
Non-programmed decisionsIll-structured situations with vague or changing
relationships between variablesNot easily quantifiable in advance
DSS
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Succeeding with Technology
MIS vs. DSS
A MIS sheds light on a wide-range of common, day-to-day business decisions.
A DSS supports decision making for specific unique and difficult decisions.
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Succeeding with Technology
Optimization and Heuristic Approaches
An optimization model finds the best solution, usually the one that will best help individuals or organizations meet their goals.
Heuristics, often referred to as “rules of thumb”—commonly accepted guidelines or procedures that usually find a good solution, but not necessarily the optimal solution—are often used in the decision-making process.
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Succeeding with Technology
9.2
Management Information Systems
• Management Information System (MIS)• Scheduled report• Demand report• Exception report
Key Terms
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Succeeding with Technology
Management Information Systems (MIS)
MIS: an information system designed to provide routine information to managers and decision makers
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Succeeding with Technology
MIS Input and Output
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Succeeding with Technology
Reports, Reports, Reports
www.cognos.com/products/business_intelligence/reporting_sapbw/
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Succeeding with Technology
Scheduled Reports are produced periodically on a schedule; daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, annualy, ect.
Demand Reports are developed to get certain information at a person’s request.
Exception Reports are automatically produced when a situation is unusual or requires action.
Reports
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Succeeding with Technology
9.3
Decision Support Systems
• Decision Support System• What-if analysis• Goal-seeking analysis
Key Terms
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Succeeding with Technology
Decision Support Systems
A decision support system (DSS) is an information system used to support problem-specific decision making.
www.epocrates.com
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Succeeding with Technology
What-if?
What-if analysis is the process of making hypothetical changes to problem data and observing the impact on the results.
What-if is used in projecting paths of hurricanes
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Succeeding with Technology
Goal-seeking
Goal-seeking analysis is the process of determining what problem data is required for a given result.
What must be done in order to safely withdraw troops within a year?
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Succeeding with Technology
9.4
Group Decision Support Systems
• Group decision support system (GDSS)• Groupware
Key Terms
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Succeeding with Technology
Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS)
A GDSS or computerized collaborative work system is designed to provide effective support in group decision-making settings.
A GDSS is flexible, supports anonymous input, and reduces negative group dynamics
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Succeeding with Technology
Groupware
GDSS software, called groupware, helps with joint work group scheduling, communication, and management.
www.lotus.com
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Succeeding with Technology
9.5
AI and Special-Purpose Systems
• Robotics• Vision systems• Natural language processing• Learning systems• Neural network• Fuzzy logic
Key Terms
• Genetic algorithm• Intelligent agent• Expert system (ES)• Virtual reality• Geographic information system (GIS)• Game theory
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Succeeding with Technology
An Overview of AI
AI systems simulate human thought and behavior.
www.cyc.com
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Succeeding with Technology
Interesting Statistics
It has been estimated that computers that can exhibit humanlike intelligence – including musical and artistic aptitude, creativity, the ability to move physically through the world, and emotional responsiveness – require processing power of 20 million billion calculations per second (petaflops).
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Succeeding with Technology
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Succeeding with Technology
Robotics
Robotics involves developing mechanical or computer devices to perform tasks that require a high degree of precision or are tedious or hazardous for humans.
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Succeeding with Technology
Other Forms of AI
Vision systems permit computers to capture store and interpret visual imaged and pictures.
Natural language processing, or speech recognition, allows a computer to understand and react to statements and commands made in a natural language.
Learning systems allow the computer to change how it functions or reacts to situations based on feedback it receives.
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Succeeding with Technology
Other Forms of AI
A neural network is a computer system that can act like or simulate the functioning of the human brain.
Fuzzy logic allows computers to deal with ambiguous criteria or probabilities and events that are not mutually exclusive.
A genetic algorithm is an approach to solving large, complex problems where a number of algorithms or models change and evolve until the best one emerges.
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Succeeding with Technology
Other Forms of AI
An intelligent agent consists of programs and a knowledge base used to perform a specific task for a person, a process, or another program.
As expert system (ES) acts or behaves like a human expert in a field or area.
Physicians rely on expert systems to analyze complex medical data.
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Succeeding with Technology
Specialized Systems
Virtual reality is a computer-simulated environment or event.
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Succeeding with Technology
Specialized Systems
A geographic information system (GIS) is capable of storing, manipulating, and displaying geographic or spatial information including maps of locations or regions around the world.
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Succeeding with Technology
Specialized Systems
Game theory involves developing strategies for people, organizations, or even countries that are competing against each other.
Informatics combines traditional disciplines, like science and medicine, with computer systems and technology.
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Succeeding with Technology
Chapter 9 Questions?
Don’t forget to turn your phone on!!