successful pulse production technologies: strategies …. p. singh.pdf · successful pulse...
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ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur 208 024
Successful pulse production technologies:
Strategies to mainstreaming pulses for food
and nutritional security in India
N. P. Singh Director
Global Status 2014-15
Countries Area
(mha)
Production
(m.ton)
Yield
(Kg/ha)
India * 23.55 17.15 728
Myanmar 3.76 4.99 1324
Brazil 3.20 3.30 1030
China 2.91 4.51 1550
Canada 2.86 5.82 2030
Australia 2.18 3.07 1407
USA 1.23 2.40 1943
Others 45.93 36.35 791
TOTAL 85.62 77.59 906
Source:- http://faostat3.fao.org/ * DAC& FW, New Delhi
Major Pulses Producing Countries
Crops Area
(mha)
Production
(m.ton)
Yield
(Kg/ha)
Beans Dry 30.13 25.09 832
Chickpea 14.80 14.23 962
Lentil 4.52 4.88 1080
Pea dry 6.86 11.33 1650
Pigeonpea 6.66 4.85 728
Total
pulses
85.62 77.59 906
Major Pulse Crops Grown
SAARC Status: Major Pulse Producing Countries
Countries Area
(000’ ha) Production (000’ ton)
Yield (Kg/ha)
India * 23552.70 17151.80 728
Pakistan 1432.20 1032.30 721
Nepal 292.47 310.49 1061
Bangladesh 266.4 260.88 979
Afghanistan 79.75 60.00 752
Sri Lanka 31.02 27.28 1298
Bhutan 4.39 4.65 1059
Maldives 0.12 0.10 869
Source:- http://faostat3.fao.org/ * DAC& FW, New Delhi
Pulse Scenario in India
Items/Years 2006-
07
2007-
08
2008-
09
2009-10 2010-11 2011-
12
2012-13 2013-
14
2014-15 2015-16
Area (mha) 23.19 23.63 22.09 23.28 26.28 24.78 23.47 25.21 23.55 23.50
Production 142.0 147.6 145.7 147.0 182.4 172.10 183.4 190.27 172.0 164.7
Export 2.64 1.82 1.45 1.29 2.06 1.75 2.01 3.45 2.22 2.55
Import 25.04 29.45 25.8 37.64 27.80 34.96 38.36 31.78 45.85 57.98
Total
availability
164.4 175.23 170.05 183.35 208.14 205.31 219.75 218.16 215.63 220.13
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15
Area (mha) Production (mton) Yield (q/ha)
Status of Different Pulse Crops
Grown in India (2014-15)
Crops
Area
(mha)
Production
(mt)
Yield
(kg/ha)
Chickpea 8.25 7.33 889
Pigeonpea 3.55 2.78 783
Mungbean 3.02 1.50 498
Urdbean 3.24 1.96 604
Lentil 1.47 1.03 705
Fieldpea 0.97 0.89 912
Lathyrus 0.49 0.45 921
Cowpea 0.15 0.12 814
Horsegram 0.50 0.26 520
Mothbean 0.88 0.34 393
Other minor pulses - 0.49 -
Total 23.55 17.15 728
Percent contribution
Important Pulse Growing States in
India (2013-14 & 2014-15)
States Area (000 ha) Production (000 tone) Yield (Kg/ha)
2013-14 2014-15 2013-14 2014-15 2013-14 2014-15
Andhra Pradesh 1108.8 1043.1 1061.8 950.0 958 911
Bihar 500.0 575.0 522.0 493.9 1044 859
Chhattisgarh 846.3 903.0 484.5 738.5 573 818
Gujarat 813.0 591.0 729.0 574.5 897 972
Jharkhand 566.8 594.7 578.6 597.1 1021 1004
Karnataka 2498.0 2313.0 1600.5 1390.0 641 601
Madhya Pradesh 5394.1 5511.2 4644.3 4828.3 861 876
Maharashtra 3953.0 3409.0 3169.0 2053.0 802 602
Odisha 780.8 826.4 419.3 439.3 537 532
Punjab 45.4 49.2 39.6 41.6 872 846
Rajasthan 4197.7 3362.3 2490.9 1951.8 593 580
Tamil Nadu 815.8 883.9 613.8 753.2 752 852
Telangana 563.2 408.1 489.2 263.0 869 644
Tripura 12.2 11.7 8.7 8.4 719 718
Uttar Pradesh 2305.0 2350.0 1697.4 1438.7 736 612
Uttarakhand 65.0 66.5 56.5 54.6 869 821
West Bengal 286.7 251.2 241.7 236.5 843 941
Others 466.0 403.4 408.7 339.4 877 841
All India 25217.8 23552.7 19255.5 17151.8 764 728
Nutrients in Pulses
Pulses (Dals) Energy
(K.Cal)
Protein
(g.)
Carbohydrate
(g.)
Fat
(g.)
All values are per 100 g of edible portions.
Chickpea 360 17.1 60.9 5.3
Pigeonpea 335 22.3 57.6 1.7
Greengram 334 24.0 56.7 1.3
Blackgram 347 24.0 59.6 1.4
Cowpea 323 24.1 54.5 1.0
Lentil 343 25.1 59.0 0.7
Horse gram 330 23.6 56.5 1.1
Peas (dry) 315 19.7 56.5 1.1
Rajmash 346 22.9 60.6 1.3
Beans 347 24.9 60.1 0.8
Rice 365 7.13 80.0 0.6
Wheat 360 13.7 71.0 2.4
Pulses Ca P Fe Mg
Chickpea 114 387 6.2 168
Pigeonpea 124 304 5.8 133
Mungbean 124 326 7.3 171
Urdbean 154 385 9.1 185
Pea 75 298 5.1 124
Lentil 69 293 4.8 94
Wheat 34 508 3.52 144
Rice 28 115 0.8 25
Mineral Content in Pulses
mg/100 g)
Vitamin Content in Pulses vs Cereals ( mg/100g)
Crop Carotene Thiamine Riboflavin Niacin
Chickpea 0.19 0.30 0.15 2.9
Mungbean 0.94 0.47 0.27 2.3
Lentil 0.27 0.45 0.20 2.6
Wheat 0.02 0.45 0.12 6.74
Rice 0.01 0.07 0.015 1.62
Amino Acids Composition (mg/100 g of protein)
Pulses Animal Cereals Pulses
Isoleucine 46.7 39.8 45.3
Leucine 79.6 86.3 78.9
Lysine 84.3 30.5 67.1
Methionine & Cystine 37.7 41.1 25.3
Tryptophan 11.4 12.1 12.3
Constraints in pulse
production
• Inadequate supply of quality seeds and low SRR
• Less input use
• Cultivated mostly under rainfed conditions
• Biotic and abiotic stresses
• Technology gap
• Lack of attractive Market Price
• Lack of proper procurement
• Poor storage facilities of the farm produce
Major focused research programs
in pulses
Pre-breeding and genetic enhancement for breaking yield barriers
Development of pod borer resistant transgenic in chickpea & pigeonpea
Development of hybrids in pigeonpea
Enhancing resource use efficiency in pulses under rice fallows
Functional genomics in chickpea
Climate resilience in major pulses
Improving heat tolerance in chickpea and lentil
Transgenics- Pod borer resistance in pigeonpea and Chickpea
CGMS- hybrids in pigeonpea
Pre-breeding: Chickpea, lentil, Mungbean
Pulses in Rice Fallows- Varieties for Rice-fallow condition
Crops At IIPR, Kanpur At NBPGR, New Delhi
Chickpea 4,000 14,585
Pigeonpea 1,000 11,130
Mungbean 570 4,126
Pea 870 4,165
Urdbean 340 -
Lentil 3000 -
Rajamsh 65 3,519
Lathyrus 450 -
Cowpea - 3,765
Clusterbean - 4,309
Horsegram - 3,022
Ricebean - 2,072
Others - 13, 727
Total 10,295 64,420
Status of Pulse Genetic Resources
in India
Major Research Achievements
Reduction in crop duration: Mungbean duration reduced from 75 to 55 days, lentil from 140 to 120 days and chickpea from 135 to 100 days
Seed size of Kabuli chickpea increased from 35 to 55 g and lentil from 3.2 to 4.0 g per 100 seed weight
MYMV resistant, non shattering and synchronous maturing varieties developed in mungbean and urdbean
High input responsive, wilt resistant varieties developed in chickpea
Early maturing varieties developed in pigeonpea which fit in multiple cropping
Green seeded variety of field pea for diversified food uses
Chickpea Varieties
Most popular variety of the decade: JG 11, Vijay, JG 16, GNG 1581, JG 130
Varieties Special feature
JG 14, JAKI 9218, RVG 202, RVG 203, Rajas, Pusa 547, JG 11,
JG 16, Subhra
Short duration
MNK 1, PKV Kabuli 4-1, Phule G 0517 (Kripa) Extra Large seeded Kabuli
JG 14 , RVG 202, RVG 203 Heat tolerant
RSG 888, Vijay Drought tolerant
GNG 1581, JG 16, Digvijay, Gujarat Gram 2, BG 391, BGD 78,
Ujjawal, GLK 26155, HK 05-169
Wilt resistant
PBG 5, GNG 469, Himachal chana 1 Ascochyta blight tolerant
NBeG 47, GBM 2, HC 5 Machine Harvestable
Pigeonpea Varieties
UPAS 120 Early
Bahar Late
Narendra Arhar 1 Late
Asha (ICPL 87119) 1993
Maruthi (ICPL 8863) 1985
Most popular variety of the decade
Varieties Special feature
Maruthi, Asha, BDN 2, BSMR 736, MA 6 , Vipula, Wilt resistant
Bahar, BSMR 736, Asha, Sharad, Pusa 9 , IPA 203 Sterility Mosaic Disease
Asha, BSMR 736, BSMR 853, Rajeev Lochan, BDN
711
Wilt and SMD
JKM 189 Drought tolerant
GTH-1 Hybrid
BRG 4 Suitable for both timely and
delayed sowings
Mungbean Varieties
Varieties for Rice-fallow condition: CO 7,Vamban 3, ADT 3
SML 668, HUM 12, Meha, IPM 02-3 & Samrat
Most popular variety of the decade
Varieties Special features
IPM 205-7 Extra early summer mungbean (After
harvest of the wheat)
HUM-16, IPM 410-3, IPM 02-3, SML 832,
Pusa 9972, MH 421
Short duration varieties for
spring/summer
TM 96-2, WGG-2, Vamban-4 Rabi season varieties
MH 2-15, IPM 02-3, KH 2115, IPM 2-14,
Pusa 0672
Resistant for MYMV
TM 96-2, TJM -3, TM 200-2 Resistant to Powdery mildew
Urdbean Varieties
Varieties for Rice-fallow condition: CO 6, ADT 5, Vamban 6
Most popular variety of the decade
PU 31, Uttara , Shekar 2, Azad U 3, TAU 1
Varieties Special features
LBG 685, LBG 752, TU 40 Suitable for rabi cultivation
Vamban 5, TU 40 Varieties for rice-fallow
WBU 109, OBG 17, KUG 479 Short duration varieties for
summer/spring
IPU 02-43, PU 31, LU 39, KUG 479 Resistant for MYMV
VBG 04-008, TU 40, NUL 7 Resistant to Powdery mildew
Lentil Varieties
Lentil for rice fallow
Varieties: Pusa Vaibhav, KLS 218, Pant L 639, DPL 62, Pant L 5
Most popular variety of the decade
NDM 1, Pant L 8, Noori, HUL 57, KLS 218, DPL 62
Varieties Special feature
VL 126, HM-1, WVL-77, Pant lentil 6, KLS 09-3 Small seeded
VL-507, IPL 406, Pant Lentil-7, IPL 316, Shalimar
Massor-2, RVL-31, KLB 345, KLB 2008-4, IPL 526
Large seeded
VL-507, IPL 316, RVL-31, KLB 345, KLB 2008-4,
KLS 09-3, IPL 526
Rust resistant
VL-126, HM-1, IPL -406, WVL-77, Pant L-6, Pant L
7, LL931
Wilt resistant
Fieldpea Varieties
Most popular variety of the decade
HUDP 15, KPMR 400, Rachna, Adarsh
Varieties Special feature
Paras, Pant Pea 25, Prakash (IPFD 1-10), HFP
9907B, Pant Pea 42, HFP 9426, IPF 5-19, TRCP-
8, SKNP 04-09, HFP 529, IPFD 10-12, IPFD 11-5
Resistant to powdery
mildew
Pant Pea 25, Prakash and Pant Pea 42 Resistant to Rust
IPFD 10-12, HFP 9426 Green seeded
Vigna aconitifolia
Area 10-12 Lakh ha
Production 2.5-4.0 Lakh tones
Major States Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Haryana
Popular Varieties
RMO-40, RMO-435, CAZRI Moth-2, RMB-25, RMO-423, RMO-257, CAZRI Moth-3
Area 4-5 Lakh ha
Production 2-2.5 Lakh tones
Major States Karnataka, A.P., Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, M.P., Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Hilly regions
Popular Varieties CO-1, Madhu, Birsa kulthi-1, VL Gahat-15, VL Gahat-19
Draft Genome Sequence: Pigeonpea Becomes
the First Sequenced Pulse Crop
Paradigm shift from orphan legume to a resource rich crop
Provides access to
1. ~45000 predicted genes 2. large set of SSR and SNP markers 3. Candidate genes for drought
tolerance and disease resistance
Insights into the evolutionary history Opened new avenues for re-sequencing of landraces and wild relatives, WGS and GWAS
Pigeonpea Genome Sequence
First Draft Genome Sequence of Pigeonpea cv. Asha
(Singh et al 2012)
Circular map of syntenic relationship between 11 pairs of pigeonpea chromosomes with 20 pairs
of soybean chromosomes.
Chickpea Sequence Information/Resources
Genome Assembly and Annotation Report
Kabuli type: CDC Frontier (ca. 738 Mb)
Varshney et al. 2013
Desi type: ICC 4958 (ca. 520 Mb)
Jain et al. 2013
Chloroplast Genome Annotation Report
Seeds from IARI, New Delhi (ca. 125 kb)
Jansen et al. 2008
Resources (SNPs and INDEL) will
assist genomics-based breeding
approaches such as genotyping by
sequencing, genome-wide association
studies and genomic selection.
Identify regions (and candidate
genes) across the genome that might
have been greatly affected by selection
during domestication and/or breeding.
Draft genome sequence of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) provides a resource
for trait improvement
12/8/2016
TA
A1
70
GA
24
ST
MS
11
ICC
M0
24
9
F1
BC1F1
P1 x P2
x 2012 (main season)
DCP 92-3/K850
x 2012 (off season at
Dharwar)
Drought QTL linked region used for foreground selection BC2F1
Introgression of drought QTLs in elite
chickpea cultivars
Donor: ICC 4958 Recipients: DCP 92-3, Pusa 362, Pusa 372, ICCV 10
1. Mapping of targeted traits and harnessing the germplasm diversity using Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS)
Traits
Activities:
1. Multilocation phenotyping of global collection
2. Genotyping of 3000 global composite collection
using WGRS/GBS approaches
3. Establish marker/haplotype gene-trait
association
Genotype information:
Includes 1044 Kabuli type
2058 desi type
Utilization of chickpea genome
sequence for crop improvement
Transgenic Chickpea
Trait: Insect (Pod borer) resistance Gene: Bt
Genotype: DCP92-3
A
D
C
E
B
I
F
HG
Development of transgenic chickpea plants. A. Inoculated seeds in SIM, B. Germinated seedlings,
C. AMEs preparation, D. AMEs in Agrobacterium suspension, E. AMEs containing multiple shoots,
F. AMEs in Kanamycin selection, G. Elongated shoots in Kanamycin selection, H. Micrografting of
Kanamycin resistant Shoot, I. Mature fertile transgenic plant
Transgenic Pigeonpea
A
IHG
FED
CB
Transgenic development in Pigeon pea : A. Inoculated seeds, B.
Germinated seedlings, C.AMEs ready for cocultivation , D. Explants in
Agrobacterium suspension, E. Explants in Kanamycin selection, F.
Kanamycin resistant shoot, G. In vitro grafting of shoot, H. Acclimatization
of plant, I. Mature fertile transgenic plant.
Trait: Insect (Pod borer) resistance Gene: Bt
Genotype: Asha
Binary Vector harboring
cry1Ac
LB CaMV 35S Cry1Ac ocsA nosA nptII Pnos RB
EcoRI (0) BamHI (542) Sal I (2656) Hind III (2856)
Agrobacterium strain: EHA104 Binary Vector: pBinAR Courtesy: NRCPB, New Delhi
2.0 kb
3.0 kb
M 1 2
M: 1.0 kb DNA ladder;
Lane 1: EcoRI and HindIII fragment (2.8 kb)
Lane 2: BamHI and SalI fragment (2.1 kb)
Year T0 T1 T2 T3 T4
2011-12 72
2012-13 32 58
2013-14 93 32 20
2014-15 43 93 16 17
2015-16 4 41 7 9 7
Summary of transgenic events
produced
Pigeonpea
Year T0 T1 T2 T3 T4
2011-12 157
2012-13 211 157
2013-14 122 160 12
2014-15 38 18 2 2
2015-16 15 6 4 2 2
Events advanced based on protein expression (20-50 ng/mg TSP) and insect mortality >85%
Chickpea
Molecular Analysis of transgenic
lines
LB
Cry1Ac nos nos
RB
P1F P1R
P2RP2F
CaMV 35S ocsA nosA nptII Pnos
M P WT
T0 Lines
PCR analysis indicated the presence of cry1Ac in primary transformants
Agarose gel showing the PCR amplification product of cry1Ac gene
(cassette specific primers)
900 bp
Molecular Analysis of transgenic lines
Control
Test (cry1Ac)
QuickStix Strip Test Indicates expression of cry1Ac protein in chickpea leaves
Leaf tissues are homogenized in Extraction Buffer Strip was placed in homogenate
Homogenate ascent and band development
Screening of transgenic lines
Protein based assays
A. Qualitative ELISA, B. Quantitative ELISA,
C. Western blot.
A B
C
66 Kda Band
I II III IV V VI VII NC PC Range: 12.07-68.30 ng/mg TSP (Pigeonpea Lines)
Molecular analyses of transgenic chickpea lines
RT-PCR screening in T3 chickpea progenies
M1 PC T3 chickpea lines NC R NTC M2
441 bp
RT PCR in transgenic chickpea M1: 100 bp ladder, PC: Positive control, NC: Negative control (DCP 92-3) R: RNA as template, NTC: No template Control, M2: 1 Kb ladder
Transcript based assays
Standardization of Insect Bioassay
protocol
A. Detached leaf assay
o Bioassay of neonate (1-18 h
old) & 3rd instar larvae
under laboratory conditions
B. Cup assay
o Bioassay of neonate larvae
under contained green house
conditions
C. Whole-plant assay
o Bioassay of 3rd instar larvae
under contained green house
conditions
A
B C
Bioassay of transgenic lines
Control Transgenic
Transgenic Control
Detached leaf assay in transgenic chickpea (Left )
and non transgenic control (Right)
CONTROL TRANSGENICS
Efficient and remunerative cropping Systems viz. rice-wheat-mungbean, pigeonpea-wheat and maize/sorghum/pearl millet-chickpea/lentil
Inoculation with Rhizobium & phosphate solubilising bacteria (PSB) @ 15-20 g/kg seed
Resource conservation practices including mulching, residue recycling, etc.
Raised bed planting for population management and ridge & furrow system to conserve and enhance water use efficiency
Seed priming (overnight soaking with water) increases yield by 10-20%
100 kg DAP per ha along with Basal application of Sulphur @ 20 kg and Zinc @15 kg/ha improves yield by 18- 20%.
2% foliar spray of Urea/DAP at flowering and podding stages increases yield by 10-15%
Integrated weed management: use of pre-emergence weedicide pendimethalin @1.25 kg/ha followed by Post emergence weedicide, Imazethapyr @ 100 g /ha
Important Management Technologies
Efficient intercropping systems for
different ago-climatic zones
Chickpea + Mustard (6:2) Pigeonpea + Groundnut (1:2)
S/c + Mungbean (1:3) Pigeonpea + Urdbean (2:2)
Resource Conservation Technology (Cropping system, mulch, tillage for RUE)
• Yield advantage up to
33% in urdbean and 20%
in chickpea through
raised bed planting
• 25% saving in nutrients
and seed
• Additional crop of leafy
vegetables in furrows
RCT in pulse based cropping
systems Resource Conservation in Raised bed planting
Kharif pulses (mung, urdbean and pigeonpea):
Pendimethalin @ 1.00 kg/ha PE fb Imazethapyr @ 100 g/ha POE at 20-25 DAS
Rabi pulses (chickpea, lentil and peas)
Pendimethalin @ 1.00 kg/ha PE fb Quizalofop-ethyl @ 100 g/ha POE at 20-25 DAS
Spring/summer pulses (urdbean, mungbean)
Imazethapyr @ 80 g/ha POE at 20-25 DAS
Weed Management
Pendimethalin @ 1.25 kg/ha +
Imazethapyr @ 100 g/ha Pendimethalin @ 1.25
kg/ha + Imazethapyr @ 100
g/ha
Control
Control
Soaking seeds in water for 6-8 hrs and
sowing of primed seed at 8-10 days before harvest of rice
Improves germination, growth, plant
stand and yield
Seed Priming- a simple and
effective practice in relay cropping
Further refinement
•Soaking seeds in
KH2PO4 solution
•Sowing methods for primed
seed under minimum tillage
•Optimum seed rate
Storage capacity: 2,10,000 L
Pit Size : Length :15 m
Breadth :7 m
Depth :2 m
Life saving irrigation through sprinkler system
Yield improvement in pulses was recorded up to 18% due to life saving
irrigation from water harvesting pond
Water harvesting : Life saving irrigation
Scope of Mechanization
Field preparation - Ridge maker
Sowing- Tractor operated seed drill
Pre-emergence herbicide spray
Weeding through power operated weeders
Spraying – multi bloom sprayer
Harvest – combined harvester
IIPR Mini Dall Mill
• Provision of a pre-grader for
raw grain and a grader for
finished product
• Powered by 1.5 hp single phase
motor
• Self contained mini dal mill
suitable for all operations
required in pulse milling viz.
grading of raw material, milling,
husk separation and finished
product grading
Disease and pest forecasting models developed
Deep summer ploughing for control of soil borne diseases & pests
Use of resistant cultivars for HPR
Seed treatment with Thiram + carbendazim (2:1) @ 3 gm per kg of seed recommended to ensure good plant stand
Bio-control for soil borne diseases using Trichoderma + carboxin (4+1g/kg seed)
Use of Pheromone traps (4-5 traps/ha) and trap crops
Use of neem seed kernel powder @ 50kg/ha for control of nematodes
Protection Technologies
There are four virus species viruses (MYMIV, MYMV, HgYMV, DoYMV) causing yellow mosaic disease in pulse crops with similar symptoms.
To identify these viruses a PCR based detection kit has been developed and named as “LYMVs PCR Diagnostic Kit”.
Diagnostic Kits
Identification of viruses causing yellow mosaic disease
Another kit named as “LYMVs Direct PCR Kit” has also been developed to indentify the same four viruses. The major difference in this kit and the above kit is, the leaf tissue can be used directly in the PCR mix.
Farmers’ participatory seed production
Farmer to farmer extension model
Front Line Demonstrations
International and national training programmes
Farmers’ days, field days, farmers’ fair
Farmers’ friendly literature
PulsExpert system
Dissemination of Technologies
Way Forward
Development of super early types
Photo-thermo insensitive varieties
Climate resilient varieties
Super nodulating plant types
Multiple disease resistance
Insect smart plants
Hybrid - pigeonpea
Transgenic varieties for biotic and abiotic stresess
Tools
Pre-breeding
Nanotechnology and bioinformatics
Genomics & molecular marker assisted breeding
Transgenic chickpea and pigeonpea
Nutrient & water management
Input Use Efficiency