SUDAN2ND SUDANESE CIVIL WAR

BY: BETHANY BRAAKSMA

FACTS Population: 36,992,490 Capital: Khartoum Official languages: Arabic,

English President: Omar al-Bashir Religion: 60% Muslim, 38%

Christian, 2% Traditional Beliefs

Ethnic Groups: 40% Arab,

60% African

CIVIL WAR More people have died in Sudan's current civil war,

the longest civil war in history, than in Kosovo, Bosnia and Rwanda combined.

More than 2 million people have died, and more than 4 million have been displaced

Main areas of conflict:-North Vs. South-South Vs. South-Darfur Region

CAUSES OF WARHISTORICAL

British separated north and south Sudan Trade was discouraged between the two areas After decolinization, power went to the Arab

Northerners Established deep rooted hostilities between

the Northern Arabs and the Southern Africans

CAUSES OF WARSHARI’A LAW

Central government enforced Shari’a law over all of Sudan

Both Muslims and Christians were forced to follow these laws

Basic constitutional rights were taken away Deals with many parts of day-to-day life,

including politics, economics, business law, sexuality, and social issues.

CAUSES OF WAROIL

Significant oil fields were discovered in the south

Oil revenues make up about 70% of Sudan's export earnings.

Dispute over who will control the oil

CAUSES OF WARCONTROL OVER THE

NILE RIVER The South controls the

Nile River Irrigation systems and

dams can be built The south is more fertile

because it has heavier precipitation and greater access to water

OUTBREAK On 26 April 1983, President Nimeiry

declared Shari’a law over all Sudan The Sudan People's Liberation Army

(SPLA) was formed in 1983 in opposition to the Arab central government. The leader was John Garang.

In 1989 Nimeiry was overthrown and Omar al-Bashir became president

Bashir formed the Popular Defense Forces (al Difaa al Shaabi) and began to invade the south to eliminate the Christian minority

WAR The invasion of the north

continued for more than 20 years

The Government used Sukhoi sorties, Tupolev bombers and napalm on both villages and rebel groups

The north targeted schools, hospitals and roads

PEACE TALKS Peace talks between the southern rebels and the

government made substantial progress in 2003 and early 2004.

9 January 2005- both sides of the Nairobi Comprehensive Peace Agreement

This granted Southern Sudan autonomy for 6 years, to be followed by a referendum about independence.

It created a co-vice president position and allowed the north and south to split oil equally, but left both the North's and South's armies in place.

PEACE TALKS

John Garang became the south's elected co-vice president.

He died in a helicopter crash on August 1, 2005, just three weeks after being sworn into office

Some think the northern government was responsible for the crash

His death sparked some riots, but no serious set backs in the peace talks

SOUTHERN SUDAN Capital: Juba President: Salva Kiir

Mayardit Population: 11 million Flag:

SOUTH VS. SOUTH 1991- the SPLA split into factions Disagreement over whether Southern Sudan should

become an independent nation Factions were divided along tribal lines, mainly

Dinka and Nuer Different coalition started to fight each other, fueled

by ethic rivalries The government in the north encouraged and funded

divisions in the south

SOUTH VS. SOUTH About the same amount of

people have died in the south vs. south conflict as in the north vs. south conflict

Juba was hit the hardest by the north and south

In 1996, a peace charter with the Government of Sudan. It became the basis for peace talks (The SPLA never signed it)

DARFUR Started in the early

1970’s Hostility between the

nomadic Arabs and African farmers settled in the Darfur region

Both sides have committed ruthless acts of war

DARFUR Arab militia are know as

the Janjaweed and are accused of acts of genocide

Janjaweed have been launching raids, bombings, and attacks on villages, killing civilians based on ethnicity

Over 2 million civilians have been displaced and the death toll is estimated at 200,000- 400,000 killed

PEACE TALKS May 5, 2006, the Sudanese

government and Darfur's largest rebel group the SLM (Sudan Liberation Movement) signed the Darfur Peace Agreement

The agreement specified the disarmament of the Janjaweed and of the rebel forces

Its aim was to establish a temporal government in which the rebels could take part

PEACE TALKS FAIL The agreement was not

signed by all of the rebel groups

A new rebel group made up of the 4 main rebel groups who refused to sign the peace agreement called the "National Redemption Front“

There still have been reports of wide-spread violence throughout the region

UNITED NATIONS On 24 March 2005, the UN establish the United

Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) Main goal is to support the Peace Agreement signed

by the Government of Sudan and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement on 9 January 2005

Also, to perform humanitarian assistance and protect human rights

UNITED NATIONS

The UNMIS consists of up to 10,000 military personnel, including 750 military observers, and up to 715 police

On 31 August 2006 the UNMIS was expanded to include the Darfur region and to carry out the Darfur Peace Agreement