Sudan and the End of Empire;Legacies of Empire

HIST 4339

Final Exam

• Sat, 7:30-10:00pm, CLUB 4• Exam will reward familiarity with readings• 4 IDs (out of 8 choices)• One essay (2/3 choices)

Outline

• Sudanese nationalism and independence• Suez crisis• Legacies of empire

Southern Policy

• Separation of south from north

• Encouragement of development of southern culture

Northern and Southern Sudan(Salih 419)

Nuba Policy

• Extension of Southern Policy

• British politicization and alteration of existing divisions and communities

Northern and Southern Sudan(Salih 419)

Sudanese Nationalism

• 1938: establishment of “Graduates’ General Congress” (educated Sudanese)

• 1942: Sudanese leaders demand “right of self-determination” at WWII end

• 1946: draft treaty renegotiating Sudan’s status leaves all parties unhappy

Draft Treaty (1946)

“. . . will have for its essential objective to secure the well-being of the Sudan . . . the development of self-government, and consequently the right to choose the future status of the Sudan. Until . . . full common agreement . . . the Agreement of 1899 will continue and Article 11 of the Treaty of 1936 . . . will remain in force.”

Sudanese Nationalism

• 1952: military revolution in Egypt, Egyptian call for Sudanese independence

• 1953: British agree to Egyptian proposal

Sudanese Independence

• 1955: Sudanese demand that Britain withdraw troops

• Dec 1955: Sudanese declaration of independence

• 1 Jan 1956: official transfer of power in Khartoum

Egypt: Suez Crisis

• Egyptian leader Col. Gamal Abdul Nasser accepts Soviet military aid

• July 1956: Nasser’s nationalization of Suez canal

Egypt: Suez Crisis

• Nov 1956: Britain’s disastrous military operation to regain canal

• Britain no longer a world power

Legacies of Empire:Bengal Borderlands

• Little immediate impact• Complicated traditional

social and economic patterns

• Also created new opportunities and new forms of work

Legacies of Empire:Kuwait-Iraq

• 1922: Percy Cox draws Saudi boundaries

• 1923: Cox defines Kuwait-Iraq boundary (vaguely)

• Tension over territory with potential for oil

<www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/cia05/kuwait_sm05.gif>

Legacies of Empire: Sudan

• North-South civil war: 1.5 million dead

• Darfur genocide: 300,000 dead, 4m refugees

• 9 Jul 2011: South Sudan secession

Conclusions

• Imperial policies still affect today’s world• Territorial and ethnic conflicts

Conclusions

• Political achievements of anti-colonial leaders• Cultural achievements (Rushdie, Achebe,

Ngugi)