sudan water sector reforms and institutional ......water sector reforms and institutional capacity...
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AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK GROUP
SUDAN
WATER SECTOR REFORMS AND INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
OWAS DEPARTMENT
August 2015
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Water Sector Reforms and Institutional Capacity Development Program
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I – STRATEGIC THRUST & RATIONALE.......................................................................... 1
1.1 PROGRAM LINKAGES WITH COUNTRY STRATEGY AND OBJECTIVES ........................................... 1 1.2 RATIONALE FOR BANK’S INVOLVEMENT ...................................................................................... 1 1.3 DEVELOPMENT PARTNER COORDINATION ................................................................................... 3
II – PROGRAM DESCRIPTION .............................................................................................. 4
2.1 PROGRAM OBJECTIVE ................................................................................................................... 4 2.2 PROGRAM COMPONENTS............................................................................................................... 4 2.3 TECHNICAL SOLUTION RETAINED AND OTHER ALTERNATIVES................................................... 5 2.4 PROGRAM TYPE............................................................................................................................. 5 2.5 PROGRAM COST AND FINANCING ARRANGEMENTS ..................................................................... 5 2.6 PROGRAM’S TARGET AREA AND POPULATION ............................................................................. 7 2.7 PARTICIPATORY PROCESS FOR PROGRAM IDENTIFICATION, DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION ..... 8 2.8 BANK GROUP EXPERIENCE, LESSONS REFLECTED IN PROGRAM DESIGN .................................... 8 2.9 KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ................................................................................................. 9
III – PROGRAM FEASIBILITY ................................................................................................ 9
3.1 ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ........................................................................................................... 9 3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS .................................................................................... 10
IV – IMPLEMENTATION ........................................................................................................ 12
4.1 IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS ........................................................................................... 12 4.2 MONITORING AND EVALUATION ................................................................................................ 15 4.3 GOVERNANCE ............................................................................................................................. 15 4.4 SUSTAINABILITY ......................................................................................................................... 16 4.5 RISK MANAGEMENT .................................................................................................................... 16 4.6 KNOWLEDGE BUILDING .............................................................................................................. 16
V – LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND AUTHORITY .............................................................. 17
5.1 LEGAL INSTRUMENT ................................................................................................................... 17 5.2 CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH BANK’S INTERVENTION .......................................................... 17 5.3 COMPLIANCE WITH BANK POLICIES ........................................................................................... 18
VI – RECOMMENDATION ..................................................................................................... 18
APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1: SUDAN’S COMPARATIVE SOCIO-ECONOMIC INDICATORS APPENDIX 2: TABLE OF AFDB’S PORTFOLIO IN THE COUNTRY APPENDIX 3: KEY RELATED PROJECTS FINANCED BY THE DPS IN THE COUNTRY APPENDIX 4: MAP OF THE PROGRAM AREA APPENDIX 5: PROGRAM FRAGILITY ANALYSIS
Water Sector Reforms and Institutional Capacity Development Program
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Currency Equivalents
May 2015
UA 1 = SDG 8.39942
UA 1 = USD 1.40642
UA 1 = EUR 1.25405
FISCAL YEAR:
January 1– December 31
Weights and Measures
1 metric ton = 2204 pounds (lbs)
1 kilogram (kg) = 2.200 pounds (lbs)
1 meter (m) = 3.28 feet (ft)
1 millimeter (mm) = 0.03937 inch (“)
1 kilometer (km) = 0.62 mile
1 hectare (ha) = 2.471 acres
Water Sector Reforms and Institutional Capacity Development Program
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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
AfDB African Development Bank Group
ADF African Development Fund
AWF African Water Facility
CB Country Brief for 2014-2016
CBoS Central Bank of Sudan
DfID Department for International Development
DG Director General
DP Development Partner
DWSU Drinking Water and Sanitation Unit
E&S Environmental and Social
ESAP Environmental and Social Assessment Procedures
ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework
ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan
EU European Union
FSF Fragile State Facility
FTRY Bank’s Treasury Department
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GoS Government of the Republic of the Sudan
IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development
IFR Interim Financial Reports
ILO International Labor Organization
IPR Implementation Progress Report
I-PRSP Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy
ISS Integrated Safeguards System
JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency
M&E Monitoring and Evaluation
MoAF Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
MoE Ministry of Education
MoENRPD Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources and Physical Development
MoFEP Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning
MoH Ministry of Health
MoLFR Ministry of Livestock, Fishery and Rangeland
MoWRIE Ministry of Water Resources, Irrigation and Electricity
MoWSS Ministry of Welfare and Social Security
NAC National Audit Chamber
NAPA National Adaptation Programme of Action
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
O&M Operation and Maintenance
OFAC Office of Foreign Assets Control
PIT Project/Program Implementation Team
PCR Project/Program Completion Report
PSC Program Steering Committee
RMC Regional Member Country
RWSSI-TF Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Initiative Trust Fund
SDFO Bank’s Sudan Field Office
SDG Sudanese Pound
SWC State Water Corporations
TSF Transition Support Facility
UA Unit of Account
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
USD United States Dollar
WaSH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
WaSHSSP Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Sector Strategic Plan for 2011-2016
WFP United Nations World Food Programme
WUC Water Users Committee
Water Sector Reforms and Institutional Capacity Development Program
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LOAN INFORMATION
Client’s information
RECIPIENT: The Republic of the Sudan
EXECUTING AGENCY: Ministry of Water Resources, Irrigation and Electricity
(MoWRIE)
Financing plan
Source Amount (million UA) Instrument
TSF Pillar I 15.000 Grant
RWSSI-TF 0.638 (EUR 0.800) Grant
GoS 1.944 Counterpart
TOTAL COST 17.582
AfDB’s key financing information
TSF Pillar I Currency
Unit of Account (UA)
RWSSI-TF Currency Euros
NPV (at 10% base case) SGD 1,931 million
EIRR (at 10% base case) 69%
Timeframe - Main Milestones (expected)
Concept Note Approval May 2015
Program Approval September 2015
Effectiveness October 2015
Completion June 2020
Last Disbursement December 2020
Last Repayment N/A
Water Sector Reforms and Institutional Capacity Development Program
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Program Summary
Program
Overview
The objective of the Water Sector Reforms and Institutional Capacity Development Program
is to contribute to building a resilient and sustainable water and sanitation sector that meets
the needs of all users or beneficiaries in Sudan in particular West Kordofan State with a view
to contribute to peace building, improving livelihoods and building resilience against climate
variability and change.
Program outputs include: 1) Water sector policy and institutional reforms supported for the
better efficiency of the water and sanitation sector; 2) Capacity development for federal and
state staff and community supported for improved services and livelihoods; and 3) Water
supply points and sanitation facilities provided for the improved resilience and stability.
While institutional support and capacity development activities will benefit all 18 states of the
Republic of the Sudan as well as federal government institutions, physical intervention of the
program will directly benefit more than 130,000 people (69,000 women) in the rural areas of
West Kordofan State. Water supply points will also benefit approximately 730,000 heads of
livestock. Women and youth in the program areas will benefit from the provision of
livelihood interventions.
The program cost is estimated at UA 17.582 million of which UA 13.085 million is in foreign
costs and UA 4.497 million is in local costs. The Transition Support Facility (TSF) Pillar I
and Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Initiative Trust Fund (RWSS-TF) will cover 88.9% of
the program costs.
The program is expected to be implemented over 54 months starting January 2016.
Needs
Assessment
Despite a number of commitments and targets defined in the sector and nation development
strategies/plans, institutional capacity of the water and sanitation sector in Sudan remains
weak with levels of capacity varying from state to state and with inadequate institutional
framework. Water and sanitation access in West Kordofan State stands at 60% and 23%
respectively, which are below national averages of 71% and 35%. During the dry seasons
both human and livestock rely almost solely on groundwater sources in the state, mainly from
deep boreholes. Currently, per capital average water consumption stands at about 10 liters per
day, but this varies from less than 3 liters in some northern parts of the state to about 15 in
some southern and central parts. No area in the state has access levels of up to 20 liters per
day per capita, which is the target set for rural areas.
Bank’s Added
Value
The Bank’s Strategy for 2013-2022 is founded on the objective to achieve inclusive growth
and transition to green growth. It also gives a special focus on transitioning states.
Provision of water and sanitation services is a critical factor in avoiding inter and intra state
conflicts over natural resources, especially water, in target areas. Water and sanitation
services also contribute to addressing gender inequalities, enhancing social cohesion and
improving social services, increasing productivity and reducing poverty.
In line with the Bank’s Strategy for 2013-2022 and the Country Brief 2014-2016 (CB), the
program will contribute to promotion of inclusive growth, achieving social stability and
helping the country to acquire human and institutional capacity required to transition from
fragility. In addition, improved water infrastructure and services are crucial for building
resilient societies in the face of increasing climate risks.
Knowledge
Management
A sector assessment study will help understand the strengths and weaknesses of the sector
and will provide direction for improving the sector. A needs and gap assessment for the
sector monitoring and evaluation (M&E) will help mainstream the sector M&E mechanism
and inform the sector coordination. A baseline survey will be undertaken to better understand
the current status of the sector in West Kordofan State. Engagement with the communities
and the state water corporation (SWC) in developing sustainable operation and maintenance
(O&M) modalities for water and sanitation facilities will generate vital knowledge that could
be replicated in other parts of the state and the country.
The knowledge obtained from the program will be shared within the Bank and with other
development partners (DPs) and regional member countries (RMCs).
Water Sector Reforms and Institutional Capacity Development Program
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Results Based Logical Framework Country and Program Name: Water Sector Reforms and Institutional Capacity Development Program Purpose of the Program: To build a resilient and sustainable water and sanitation sector for conflict reduction, improved livelihoods and greater resilience to climate variability and change
RESULTS CHAIN PERFORMANCE INDICATORS MEANS OF
VERIFICATION RISKS/MITIGATION
MEASURES Indicator (including CSI) Baseline (2014) Target (2020)
IMP
AC
T 1. Improved livelihood and health 1.1 Under five mortality rate 73/1000 (2012) 40/1000 (2020) National statistics
1.2 Primary school dropout rate 45% (2010) 2% (2020)
OU
TCO
MES
1. Improved governance of the water and sanitation sector
1.1 Sector coordination platform in place None Annual sector review organized by 2018
Program progress report
Insufficient capacity to sustain the infrastructure: The program will adopt community led O&M modality building on existing success model in the country. Reduced water resources due to climate change: The program activities will include adaptation activities.
2. Improved management capacity of the water and sanitation sector
2.1 No. of states using O&M and other technical guidelines developed by DWSU
2 18
2.2 % of water points managed by active water users committee (min. 30% women) in target villages
0% 80%
3. Improved water supply and sanitation services 3.1 Distance to nearest water point in target villages More than 10 km Average 2 km
3.2 Per capita daily water consumption in target villages Less than 10 liters 20 liters
3.3 % of average household expenditure for water 30% 20%
4. Increased social resilience among communities 4.1 % reduction in water-related conflicts within the target villages
NA 50%
OU
TPU
TS
Component 1: Water Sector Policy and Institutional Reforms Program progress report
Weak program implementation capacity: The program will utilize existing PIT which is familiar with Bank’s procedures. Deterioration of security situation: Program will avoid selection of sites with potential security threats. Delay in disbursement: FTRY has applied for an OFAC’s blanket approval for transfer of funds to projects/ programs in Sudan.
1.1 Sector policy developed 1.1.1 Sector policy reviewed and updated Draft in place Policy approved by end 2016
1.2 New construction standards for the water and sanitation sector prepared
1.2.1 Standards reviewed and validated NA Developed and validated by end 2016
1.3 The sector strategy developed 1.3.1 WaSH strategy for 2017-2021 developed NA Validated by end 2016
1.4 Tariff study and sector M&E assessment conducted
1.4.1 Tariff study and M&E assessment conducted None Study completed and action plan prepared by end 2018
Component 2: Capacity Development
2.1 Institutional capacity improved 2.1.1 No. of additional SWC staff trained 0 960 (min. 30% women)
2.2 Communities’ capacity improved 2.2.1 No. people sensitized on sanitation and hygiene 0 15,000 (minimum 50% women)
2.2.2 No. of water committees for water supply points and pipeline schemes established and trained
0 36 (minimum 30% women)
2.2.3 No. families supported with livestock restocking 0 700
2.2.4 No. of women and youth trained on income generating activities
0 2,000
Component 3: Water and Sanitation for Resilience and Stability
3.1 Water supply points for people and livestock provided
3.1.1 Length of pipelines laid 0km, 0km 30km, 50km
3.1.2 No. of water yards constructed and rehabilitated 0, 0 11, 25*
3.2 Sanitation facilities constructed 3.3.1 No. of gender and disabled sensitive latrines in schools, health centers and markets constructed
0 25, 10, 6
KEY
AC
TIV
ITIE
S
ACTIVITIES INPUTS
Component 1: Water Sector Policy and Institutional Reforms: Institutional assessment: Review and update of the draft sector policy; Establishment of sector coordination mechanism; Development of a new sector strategy; Review and update of the standards; Tariff study; and Sector M&E assessment. Component 2: Capacity Development: Rollout of training materials/modules; Support to training center in West Kordofan State; Training for Communities/ Water Users; Hygiene promotion and sensitization; Women and youth empowerment though income generating support; and; Studies for future investment projects. Component 3: Water and Sanitation for Resilience and Stability: Provision of water supply points - water transfer schemes and water yards; Construction of gender sensitive latrines that accommodate people with disabilities; and Establishment of hydrological monitoring networks. Component 4: Program Management: Establishment of a PIT; Baseline Study; Implementation of ESMP; and Program audit.
By component: 1) UA 1.51m, 2) UA 1.88m, 3) UA 12.81m, 4) UA 1.38m Total Program Cost - UA 17.58 million
TSF-Pillar I – UA 15.0 million RWSSI-TF – UA 0.64 million GoS – UA 1.94 million
* activity to be financed by the government
Water Sector Reforms and Institutional Capacity Development Program
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PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE
Component A: Water Sector Policy and Institutional Reforms
Component B: Capacity Development
Component C: Water and Sanitation for Resilience and Stability
Component D: Program Management
Project Disbursment Deadline - Dec 2020
C-3 Provision of Water Supply Points for Human and Livestock
D-3 Program Audit
D-2 Monitoring of the Implementation of ESMP
2019
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
First Disbursment
A-7 Needs and Gaps Assessment of the Water and Sanitation M&E
A-6 Tariff Study for the Sustainability of Water Facilities
A-5 Review and Update of the Construction Standards for the Water and Sanitation
A-4 Development of a new WaSH Strategy (2017-21)
A-3 Review and Update of the draft Water Supply and Sanitation Policy
A-2 Review of Legal Framework for the Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
2020
Program Approval
Activity
Grant Signature
Grant Effectiveness
20182017
Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3
2015 2016
A-1 Sector Assessment and Establishment of the Sector Coordination
Q4 Q3 Q1 Q2Q4Q2Q1Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3Q3
C-4 Sanitation for Schools, Health Centers and Markets
D-1 Program Implementation Team
D-4 Steering Committee
Mid-term Review
Program Completion
C-2 Baseline Study of Water and Sanitation Facilities in West Kordofan State
C-1 Desing Review and Supervision
B-6 Establishment of Hydrological Monitoring Networks for Ground and Surface Water
B-1 Rollout of Training Materials/ Modules Developed by DWSU
B-5 Community based Activities for Women and Youth Empowerment
B-4 Training for Communities/ Water Users
B-3 Capacity Development at State Level
B-2 Capacity Development at Federal Level
Water Sector Reforms and Institutional Capacity Development Program
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REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE MANAGEMENT TO THE BOARDS OF
DIRECTORS ON PROPOSED TSF-PILLAR I AND RWSSI-TF GRANTS TO THE
GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE SUDAN FOR THE WATER SECTOR
REFORMS AND INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
Management submits the following report and recommendation on a proposed Transition
Support Facility (TSF)-Pillar I grant not exceeding UA 15 million and a Rural Water Supply and
Sanitation Initiative Trust Fund (RWSSI-TF) grant of Euro 0.8 million to finance the Water
Sector Reforms and Institutional Capacity Development Program in Sudan.
I – STRATEGIC THRUST & RATIONALE
1.1. Program Linkages with Country Strategy and Objectives
1.1.1 The Government of the Republic of the Sudan (GoS) recognizes the significance of the
water and sanitation sector which cuts across many other sectors and contributes to national
stability and sustainable growth. Indeed, the people’s right to access to water is underlined in the
country’s interim constitution (2005).
1.1.2 For many parts of Sudan including West Kordofan State, sustainable water and sanitation
service delivery is a critical factor in avoiding inter and intra state conflicts over natural
resources between farmers and pastoralists. Water and sanitation services will also contribute to
greater gender equality, social cohesion and improved social services such as education and
health care. This is through increases in school attendance and productivity and reductions in
water related diseases and expenditure for water and health. In addition, improved water
infrastructure and services are crucial for building resilient societies in the face of increasing
climate risks and otherwise low adaptive capacities against them.
1.1.3 The main challenges underpinning the water sector in Sudan include: 1) Inadequate
sector funding; 2) Limited implementation capacity; 3) Absence of approved water and
sanitation policies; 4) Low coverage of safe water (in quantity and quality) and improved
sanitation facilities; and 5) Unclear delineation of mandates/coordination among different sector
institutions. To address these challenges the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Sector Strategic Plan
for 2011-2016 (WaSHSSP) and the draft Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Policy
(2012) were prepared. The WASHSSP aims to increase per capita safe water consumption to 20
and 90 liters per day in rural and urban areas respectively by 2016. The target for sanitation is to
provide improved sanitation services to 67% of the population, both in rural and urban areas by
the end of 2016. The targets stipulated in the Government Quarter Century Strategic Plan 2007-
2031 is to achieve 50 and 150 liters of water per capita per day in rural and urban areas
respectively and full coverage in schools and health centers.
1.1.4 The objective of the proposed program is consistent with the priorities of: i) Interim
Poverty Reduction Strategy (I-PRSP) which focuses on strengthening governance and
institutional capacity of the public sector, developing human resources and promotion of
economic growth and employment creation; and ii) National Development Plan (2012-2016)
aimed at promoting sustainable economic development, sustaining peace and stability, reducing
poverty by expanding provision of basic services, and building capacity of public institutions and
civil society at state and local levels.
1.2. Rationale for Bank’s Involvement
1.2.1 By supporting the provision of water for domestic and livestock purposes, hence reducing
time and monetary burden of access to water and increasing productivity, especially in the rural
areas, the program supports inclusive growth in Sudan. The program strategically aligns with the
Water Sector Reforms and Institutional Capacity Development Program
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Bank’s Strategy for 2013-2022. It is also consistent with the Country Brief 2014-2016 (CB)
which is anchored on two pillars: (i) Governance and Accountability; and (ii) Skills and
Technology to assist the country acquire the human and institutional capacity required to get out
of fragility. Provision of adequate water and sanitation services to curb conflicts which is
precursor to stability and good governance in West Kordofan. The program is in line with the
Bank’s Integrated Water Resources Management Policy. Additionally, by building institutional
capacity of states to deliver basic services equitably, the program strategically aligns with the
Bank’s Strategy for Addressing Fragility and Building Resilience in Africa (2014-2019). In line
with Knowledge Management Strategy (2015-2020), the sector assessment studies under the
program and lessons from this intervention will help improve the quality of the Bank’s
involvement in Sudan as well as in other regional member countries (RMCs). The program’s
support to women’s entrepreneurship skills and livelihood is aligned to Pillars II and III of the
Bank’s Gender Strategy (2014-2018) on women’s economic empowerment and capacity
building respectively. Finally, the program is also consistent with the Bank’s Climate Change
Action Plan (2010-2015) by supporting improved resilience of communities against negative
impacts of climate variability and change.
1.2.2 The country’s water sector guiding policy has been in draft form for a while and requires
review and update. The WaSHSSP which has been guiding the sector is winding down in 2016.
Despite a number of commitments and targets defined in the sector and national development
strategies/plans, institutional capacity of the water and sanitation sector in Sudan remains weak
with levels of capacity varying from state to state, and institutional framework inadequate to
address the sector weaknesses. According to WaSHSSP, water and sanitation access in West
Kordofan State stands at 60% and 23% respectively, which are below national average of 71%
and 35%. In the northern part of the state known as “triangle of thirst” and the target area of the
program, the average per capita water consumption is less than 10 liters per day, which is about
half of national target in rural areas. Factors that are responsible for the low access include:
ineffective sector organizational set-up, inadequately-staffed and -funded water authorities at the
state levels, aging infrastructure and insufficient sustainability of water infrastructure due to
inadequate investments and past civil unrest and conflicts, and unclear and contested ownership
structures of water investments. Support to development of the sector policy and institutional
reforms will improve governance and accountability of the water and sanitation sector, which is
one of the core operational priorities of the Bank’s Strategy.
1.2.3 Engaging with transitioning states is one of the areas of special emphasis defined in the
Bank’s Strategy. The findings of the fragility assessment show that competition over water and
pasture, further exacerbated by climate change drives fragility and conflicts at the local level.
Significant numbers of conflicts in the state and within the Kordofan region (North, South and
West Kordofan states) are directly linked to water resources (competition due to scarcity). For
instance, 86% of about 50 cases of conflicts analyzed in 2003 were related to water and pasture.
Many of these conflicts have been between nomadic pastoralist groups interacting with farming
communities, and the conflict resolution mechanisms in local communities in the Kordofan
region are largely based on providing sufficient water resources to meet competing needs and
uses for different groups. Therefore, this program will assist the GoS in developing more water
resources to reduce communal conflicts and support building social resilience among water
users.
1.2.4 Water resources are also intricately linked to the economy of local communities in
Sudan. Specifically in the West Kordofan State, there are about 22.5 million livestock which
form the core of the local economy. Local households often spend as much as 50% of household
income to purchase water from vendors. People in rural areas could travel more than 10km to
fetch water during dry periods. The impacts of these challenges include increased poverty, lower
enrolment in schools and high exposure to diseases. Invariably, provision of water resources
Water Sector Reforms and Institutional Capacity Development Program
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represents investments in reducing the poverty of local communities. In addition, meeting the
multiple demands for water for domestic, farming and livestock (in an integrated manner) is
crucial for maintaining local economic development within a peaceful and stable society. Water
resources development and management for inclusiveness and better resilience are aligned with
the overall objectives of the Bank’s Strategy to improve the quality of growth.
1.2.5 It is noted that though Sudan is under sanctions in accordance with the Revised Policy on
Loan Arrears Recovery (the “Sanction Policy”). However, in line with Legal Note Concerning
the Implementation of the Fragile State Facility (FSF) (ADF/BD/WP/010/08/Rev.1/Approval)
and Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the Strategy for Addressing Fragility and
Building Resilience in Africa and for the Transition Support Facility
(ADF/BD/WP/2014/30/Rev.3/Approved), the use of TFS Pillar I for infrastructure related
activities are justifiably exempted from the Sanction Policy.
1.3 Development Partner Coordination
1.3.1 The existing donor coordination is currently focused on humanitarian support with little
focus on development in the water and sanitation sector. The Department of International
Cooperation in the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MoFEP) is responsible for the
overall coordination of development partners’ (DPs) support to the country. Currently, this
responsibility does not involve any systematic, regular or formalized meetings between the
government and DPs, nor do DPs themselves have such a formal framework for coordinating
among themselves.
1.3.2 The Bank contributes to the Social Protection Working Group, in which several DPs
including, but not limited to the European Union (EU), the Department for International
Development (DfID), United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) and United Nations
Children's Fund (UNICEF) are active. These small coordination groups will, in the near future,
join others for the emergence of a permanent coordination mechanism between the government
and donors. In addition, the Bank’s Sudan Field Office (SDFO) hosts quarterly donor
coordination meetings on thematic issues, especially in the area of economic management, debt
relief issues, peace building and the recently established strong partnership with the UN Women
on issues of women empowerment.
1.3.3 Various DPs such as the Bank, through the African Water Facility (AWF), DfID,
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), Japan International Cooperation
Agency (JICA), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), UNICEF as well as some
other DPs are involved in the sector. The establishment of the coordination platform for the
water and sanitation sector including organizing annual sector reviews will be supported as part
of the proposed program.
Table 1: Summary of the Sector Financing
Sector or subsector* Size
GDP Budget Labor Force
Water and Sanitation USD 600 million 3% 14,000
Players – Water and Sanitation Public Annual Expenditure (ave. 2013 & 2014)**
Government DPs
SDG m 1,050 105 % 90 10
Level of Donor Coordination Existence of Thematic Working Groups N Existence of SWAPs or Integrated Sector Approaches N
AfDB's Involvement in DPs coordination Participation in ad-hoc meetings
* as most appropriate ** Years [yy1 to yy2] *** for this sector or sub-sector
Water Sector Reforms and Institutional Capacity Development Program
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II – PROGRAM DESCRIPTION
2.1 Program Objective
2.1.1 The overall objective of the program is to contribute to building a resilient and
sustainable water and sanitation sector that meets the needs of all users or beneficiaries in the
targeted areas in the medium to long term, as well as to provide water supply and sanitation
infrastructure in targeted areas with a view to contribute to peace building, improving livelihoods
and building resilience against climate variability and change.
2.2 Program Components
2.2.1 The components and outputs of the proposed program are provided in Table 2. While
institutional support and capacity development activities will benefit all states through support at
the federal level, the physical interventions of the proposed program will focus on West
Kordofan State. The program will also include support to preparation activities in defining future
investment projects in the country.
2.2.2 In line with RWSSI Strategic Plan 2012-2015, RWSSI-TF resources will be used for: i)
the assessment of the water and sanitation sector monitoring and evaluation (M&E); and ii)
provision of sanitation facilities for schools, health centers and markets.
Table 2: Program Components Component & Outputs Est. cost UA’ m
A Water Sector Policy and Institutional Reforms A-1 Sector Assessment and Establishment of the Sector Coordination Mechanism A-2 Review of Legal Framework for the Water Supply and Sanitation Sector A-3 Review and update of the draft Water Supply and Sanitation Policy A-4 Development of a new WaSH Strategy for 2017-21 A-5 Review and update of the Construction Standards for the Water and Sanitation Sector A-6 Tariff Study for the Sustainability of Water Facilities A-7 Needs and Gaps Assessment of the Water and Sanitation Sector M&E and Preparation
of the Action Plans
1.348 (1.690)
B Capacity Development Federal Level components B-1 Rollout of Training Materials/ Modules Developed by DWSU in the National and
Targeted States B-2 Capacity Development at Federal Level
- Participation in joint sector reviews in Africa - Studies for future investment projects - Procurement of a vehicle for follow up and monitoring - Provision of office equipment
State Level Sub-components B-3 Capacity Development at state level
- Provision of equipment for a training center - Provision of a mobile workshop, a truck with crane and vehicles and office
equipment B-4 Training for Communities/Water Users
- Hygiene promotion and sensitization for communities and schools - Establishing and training water supply schemes/water user committees - Establishing management boards for water transfer schemes
B-5 Community based Activities for Women and Youth Empowerment - Support gum- arabic belt rehabilitation - Livestock restocking - Trainings on income generating activities
B-6 Establishment of Hydrological Monitoring Networks for Ground and Surface Water
1.677 (2.103)
C Water and Sanitation for Resilience and Stability C-1 Design Review and Supervision C-2 Gender sensitive Baseline Study of Water and Sanitation Facilities in West Kordofan
State C-3 Provision of Water Supply Points for Human and Livestock
11.435 (14.340)
Water Sector Reforms and Institutional Capacity Development Program
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Component & Outputs Est. cost UA’ m
- 2 pipe water transfer schemes (30km and 50km) - 11 new water yards and rehabilitation of 25*
C-4 Sanitation for Schools, Health Centers and Markets (20, 10 and 6 respectively with due consideration to gender and physically challenged person)
D Program Management D-1 Program Implementation Team D-2 Monitoring of the Implementation of ESMP D-3 Program Audit D-4 Steering Committees D-5 Operating Costs and Land Acquisition*
1.229 (1.541)
Total Base Cost 15.689 (19.675) Contingencies (Physical & Price) 1.893 (2.374)
Total Cost 17.582 (22.049) * activities to be financed by the government, figures in ( ) are in EUR
2.3 Technical Solution Retained and Other Alternatives
2.3.1 Various technical solutions were explored (Table 3) for the program taking into account
characteristics of water sources, operation and maintenance costs and capacity in the country.
The program will retain use of water yards, where hydrogeological assessment favors their
siting. These, essentially are powered production boreholes with a reservoir and reticulation
system to serve both domestic and livestock uses. Water transfer pipelines will be a suitable
technology in areas where there is no or limited groundwater potential.
2.3.2 Applied solution will be adjusted to accommodate specific needs on the ground to ensure
sustainability. Gender sensitive sanitation facilities will be provided in targeted public places
coupled with appropriate hygiene trainings.
Table 3: Analysis of the Various Alternatives Considered Alternative Brief Description Reasons for Rejection Selected Option
Solar powered pumps
Use of solar operated pumps whose O&M costs are low and which are “green”.
Groundwater table is relatively deep restricting efficiency and effectiveness of solar operated pumps.
Generators and electricity driven pumps. Technical capacity is available at state level for the O&M. Spare parts are also available in the local market.
Rainwater harvesting
Provision of rainwater harvesting facilities instead of water transfer by pipe schemes.
Sandy soil is not suited to harvest surface run-offs in target areas of the two pipe schemes. Groundwater is also not available.
Provision of water by piped water schemes in areas with no or limited groundwater potential.
SWC led O&M modality
SWC has the prime responsibility to ensure O&M of water and sanitation facilities.
Little or lack of ownership of the community leads to insufficient O&M commitment. There is also a risk that collected tariffs are not ring-fenced for O&M purposes.
Community-led management modality with technical oversight by SWC and mahalias.
2.4 Program Type
2.4.1 The proposed program supports institutional and policy reforms, capacity development as
well as infrastructure investments. It will support the medium to long-term effort of establishing
the coordination platform for the stakeholders in order to improve the sector planning,
monitoring and evaluation based on common information base and understanding. At the state
level, the program will ensure complementarity with other ongoing activities being funded by the
government, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and DPs.
2.5 Program Cost and Financing Arrangements
2.5.1 The total cost of the program for the components defined above is estimated at UA
17.582 million, net of taxes and duties. Of this, UA 13.085 million or 74.4% is in foreign
currency and UA 4.497 million or 25.6% in local costs. Tables 4 to 9 provide the summary of the
program costs.
Water Sector Reforms and Institutional Capacity Development Program
6
Table 4: Program Cost Estimates by Component in million UA
Component Foreign
Exchange Local
Currency Total
Foreign Currency %
% Total
Component A: Water Sector Policy and Institutional Reforms
1.053 0.295 1.348 78.1% 8.6%
Component B: Capacity Development
0.817 0.860 1.677 48.7% 10.7%
Component C: Water and Sanitation for Resilience and Stability
9.807 1.628 11.435 85.8% 72.9%
Component D: Program Management - 1.229 1.229 0.0% 7.8%
Total Base Cost 11.676 4.012 15.689 74.4% 100.0%
Contingencies (Physical & Price) 1.409 0.484 1.893
Total 13.085 4.497 17.582
Table 5: Sources of Financing in million UA
Source Foreign
Exchange
Local
Currency Total %
TSF–Pillar I 13.005 1.995 15.000 85.3% RWSSI-TF 0.080 0.558 0.638 3.6% GoS 0.000 1.944 1.944 11.1%
Total 13.085 4.497 17.582 100.0%
Table 6: Program Cost by Category of Expenditure in million UA
Category of
Expenditure Foreign
Currency Cost Local Currency
Cost Total % Foreign
A. Works 10.232 1.811 12.043 85.0% B. Services 2.097 0.298 2.395 87.6% C. Goods 0.708 0.237 0.946 74.9% D. Operating Cost 0.048 2.150 2.198 2.2% Total 13.085 4.497 17.582 74.4%
Table 7: Expenditure by Component and Source in million UA
Component TSF–Pillar I RWSSI-TF GoS Total
Component A: Water Sector Policy and Institutional Reforms
1.276 0.072 0.000 1.348
Component B: Capacity Development
1.677 0.000 0.000 1.677
Component C: Water and Sanitation for Resilience and Stability
9.842 0.498 1.095 11.435
Component D: Program Management
0.589 0.000 0.640 1.229
Total Base Cost 13.385 0.569 1.735 15.689
Contingencies (Physical & Price) 1.615 0.069 0.209 1.893
Total 15.000 0.638 1.944 17.582
Table 8: Category of Expenditure by Funding Source in million UA
Category of
Expenditure TSF-Pillar I RWSSI-TF GOS Total
A. Works 10.259 0.558 1.227 12.043
B. Services 2.315 0.080 0.000 2.395
C. Goods 0.946 0.000 0.000 0.946
D. Operating Cost 1.481 0.000 0.717 2.198
Total 15.000 0.638 1.944 17.582
Water Sector Reforms and Institutional Capacity Development Program
7
Table 9: Expenditure Schedule by Component in million UA
Component 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Total
Component A: Water Sector Policy
and Institutional Reforms 0.594 0.372 0.172 0.210 0.000 1.348
Component B: Capacity
Development 0.281 0.459 0.363 0.226 0.347 1.677
Component C: Water and Sanitation
for Resilience and Stability 0.415 0.846 2.840 5.735 1.598 11.435
Component D: Program
Management 0.407 0.229 0.229 0.229 0.134 1.229
Total Base Cost 1.697 1.906 3.606 6.401 2.079 15.689
Contingencies (Physical & Price) 0.205 0.230 0.435 0.772 0.251 1.893
Total Costs 1.902 2.136 4.041 7.173 2.330 17.582
2.6 Program’s Target Area and Population
2.6.1 Institutional reforms and capacity development components will benefit all 18 states as
well as federal government institutions. By supporting the establishment of the sector
coordination platform, development and revision of the sector policy, strategy, standards and
guidelines and improving readiness of the sector stakeholders, the program will contribute to
creating an enabling environment for efficient and effective delivery of water and sanitation
services. This will ultimately benefit the entire population of Sudan in the medium to long term.
Gender inclusion and social equity will be mainstreamed as appropriate.
2.6.2 Government institutions involved in the water and sanitation sector are Ministry of Water
Resources, Irrigation and Electricity (MoWRIE), Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MoAF),
Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Rangelands (MoLFR), Ministry of Environment, Natural
Resources and Physical Development (MoENRPD), Ministry of Health (MoH), Ministry of
Education (MoE) and Ministry of Welfare and Social Security (MoWSS) at federal and state
level.
2.6.3 Physical intervention of the program will directly benefit more than 130,000 people (of
them about 69,000 are women) in the rural areas of El Nuhud and El Khewei mahalias1 with pipe
schemes and other mahalias in West Kordofan State with water yards. Water supply points will
also benefit 730,000 heads of livestock (cattle, sheep, goats, donkeys, horses and camels). The
rural population accounts for about 76% of the state’s population and about 70% of them
practice combined animal rearing and crop farming, while those only practicing either farming or
livestock breeding (pastoralists) constitute about 16% and 14% respectively. Due to the depth of
the groundwater table, typical water supply facilities in the state are water yards and to some
extent hafirs/small scale dams where groundwater is not available and geological conditions are
favorable. More than 50% of water yards are older than 25 years, exceeding their designed
lifespan.
2.6.4 During dry seasons (January to June) both human and livestock rely almost solely on
groundwater sources in West Kordofan State, mainly from deep boreholes. Currently, per capita
average water consumption stands at about 10 liters per day, but this varies from less than 3 liters
in some northern parts of the state to about 15 liters in some southern and central parts of the
1 States are divided into localities authorities called “mahalia”
Water Sector Reforms and Institutional Capacity Development Program
8
state. No area in the state has access to 20 liters per day per capita, which is a target set for rural
areas in the WaSHSSP.
2.7 Participatory Process for Program Identification, Design and Implementation
2.7.1 Consultations with the relevant stakeholders including line ministries at federal and state
levels, development partners, NGOs, village popular committees, gum-arabic associations and
farmers union took place during the identification, preparation and appraisal missions. During
the field visits to West Kordfan State, the mission met with officials of the state water
cooperation (SWC) and beneficiary communities. Special arrangements were made to meet and
listen to women and girls at schools. The program team held consultative meetings with West
Kordofan General Women’s Union Chapter and their representatives at mahalia levels and
teachers from the El Nudod High Secondary School. The mission team was informed that
women fetch water from long distances to meet water demand for domestic and livestock
consumption. Communities spend a significant portion of their income on water services.
Through consultations, it emerged that community led operation and maintenance (O&M) is key
for sustainability of infrastructures. Community mobilization and participation will form the
basis of the program. The communities and local officials requested for the inclusion of
alternative livelihood interventions to increase communities’ income, which will eventually
improve the wellbeing of the people. It was decided that these interventions should be directed to
support women and youth to ensure inclusiveness of the program. The mission was also
informed of the situation of sanitation in schools is affecting children’s learning environment.
2.7.2 The program will engage with communities concerned throughout the lifetime of the
Bank’s intervention to ensure people are informed and trained sufficiently to make right
decisions for the O&M of water and sanitation infrastructures provided by the program. Water
users committees (WUCs) will be formed to manage the water yards. A series of consultations
and trainings will take place from early stage of the program to ensure sustainability of the
Bank’s intervention. Furthermore, the PIT will ensure active involvement of the General
Women’s Union, teachers, gum-arabic associations, pastoralists unions, village popular
committees and the direct beneficiaries along the pipelines in the program.
2.8 Bank Group Experience, Lessons Reflected in Program Design
2.8.1 As at June 2015, the Bank Group’s portfolio in Sudan comprised 14 projects with a total
commitment of USD 146.16 million mainly focused on technical assistance, capacity building
and knowledge work. All the implementation progress reports (IPRs) are up to date and there is
no outstanding project completion report (PCR). For the water sector, the Darfur Water Project
for Peace and Conflict Resolution financed by the AWF was approved in April 2012. The project
has disbursed 70%. However, the last funds processed has not been received by the project due
to blockage by intermediary banks. The IPR rating of the project is 2.5.
2.8.2 Some of the key lessons learnt from on-going and past interventions in the country by the
Bank and other DPs are taken into account in the design of the program. The main lessons taken
into account are:
i) Program coordination: weak sector coordination is one of the factors hindering efficient
and effective planning and implementation. The program has established a discussion
platform between different stakeholders during the program preparation and this
mechanism will be further developed and maintained throughout the lifetime of the
program. A program steering committee (PSC) will be established to ensure coordination
between different stakeholders. The steering committee will meet at least twice a year to
review performance of the program, approve annual work-plans for the subsequent year
and provide strategic guidance.
Water Sector Reforms and Institutional Capacity Development Program
9
ii) Sustainability of infrastructure: lessons from other projects in the country revealed that
water and sanitation facilities are better maintained when O&M and financial management
are led by communities with involvement of SWC and mahalias as technical advisors. The
program will adopt this O&M modality.
iii) Timely program implementation: human capacity within government institutions is limited.
In order to deliver intended results as scheduled, the program will utilize and augment
existing project implementation team (PIT) established for the ongoing AWF funded
project. The team is familiar with the Bank procedures and has experience in implementing
the water sector projects.
iv) Flexible designs for water infrastructure: standard designs exist for water supply points,
but in places where livestock rearing is dominant, actual lifespan of standard design water
facilities could be shorter than intended. The design of water supply points will be
modified to reflect particular needs of each site. Also due consideration will be given to
specific needs of children, women and disabled.
v) Community mobilization: Considering the heterogeneity, cultural and social differences of
communities across West Kordofan State, flexibility is required when working with the
communities to not apply a “one size fits all” solution. The program will engage
communities from the early stages of the program coordinated and will adopt solutions
tailored to each community.
vi) Conflict sensitivity: As much as the focus is to reduce conflict by providing water
infrastructure, projects might create conflicts if it is less sensitive to certain issues,
especially around those related to site selection and management. The principle of ‘do-no-
harm’ is integrated in the project design.
2.9 Key Performance Indicators
2.9.1 The key performance indicators for monitoring of the program’s achievements are
identified and captured in the result based logical framework. In line with the objective of the
program, outcome indicators include those that will capture improved sector coordination,
strengthened institutional capacity as well as improved access to water and sanitation services
including distance to water sources, and reduction in household expenditure on water and health.
Output indicators were identified to capture progress of major activities under the program.
2.9.2 Obtaining reliable data which is the basis for robust planning and measuring results is a
challenge in the country. Therefore, a baseline study will be conducted as part of the program
while addressing the urgent sector needs. The Drinking Water and Sanitation Unit (DWSU) of
MoWRIE will prepare quarterly and annual program progress report in collaboration with the
SWC presenting the progress of output indicators. Outcome and output indicators will be
monitored through the PIT. Indicators will be updated in the IPR and necessary adjustments will
be made as appropriate.
III – PROGRAM FEASIBILITY
3.1 Economic Performance
Table 10: Key Economic Figures
EIRR and ENPV: 69% and SGD 1,931 million (at 10% base case)
EIRR: Economic Internal Rate of Return, NPV: Net Present Value
3.1.1 The economic analysis assessed the beneficial effects of the proposed intervention and
highlights the broader impacts associated with the program interventions. The following benefits
and savings were considered: (i) Tariff savings arising from a reduction in the tariff from the
current high tariff driven by the vendors and the long distances currently being travelled to
Water Sector Reforms and Institutional Capacity Development Program
10
access water, compared with a lower tariff post implementation; (ii) The same principle applies
for livestock tariff saving benefits; (iii) Due to improved water availability, livestock will
increase in value compared to previous years; (iv) Reduction in health costs; and (v) the time
saving benefit arising from reduced time spent fetching for water, and this benefits mainly the
women and children.
3.1.2 The assessment shows a healthy EIRR mainly due to the current low levels of water
supply and the high impact that improved water supply will have on the economic wellbeing of
the communities through improved livestock production. Detailed assumptions are contained in
Technical Annex B6.
3.2 Environmental and Social Impacts
Environmental Impacts
3.2.1 The program is a category 2 in line with the Bank’s Integrated Safeguards System (ISS)
and Environmental and Social Assessment Procedures (ESAP). The environmental and social
management framework (ESMF) was compiled and finalized in June 2015. The ESMF summary
was disclosed on the African Development Bank’s (AfDB) website on July 24, 2015.
3.2.2 Main environmental and social (E&S) benefits: women and youth empowerment through
time saving for children to go to schools and for women to partake in other socio-economic
activities; improved livelihoods through reduced expenditure on water; improved productivity of
livestock and in turn contributing to increased income and improvement of socioeconomic
wellbeing of the communities; reduction in the occurrence of water-borne diseases; capacity
building and empowerment of community members including at least 30% women resulting in
the establishment of an effective community-based system for sustainable management of water
supply system; support of income generating activities such as rehabilitation of gum-arabic,
livestock restocking and training; improvement of environment through establishment of village
nurseries and supply of water at gum-arabic production belts; increased availability of water thus
reducing conflicts between pastoralists and farmers especially along and in vicinities of the
migratory routes; and establishment and empowerment of gender sensitive village water
committees or water user associations to foster sustainable management of water yards resulting
in enhancement of organizational, financial and technical capacities of community and SWC
operators.
3.2.3 Potential adverse E&S impacts: disturbance to topsoil created by drilling rigs works and
trucks and construction of mud pits; noise; dust; vibration; possible drop in groundwater level
due to increased use; impact of the chemicals contained in the drilling fluids and oils on
groundwater quality and soil; limited loss of flora and fauna due to land clearance during
construction and establishment of the camps; solid and liquid waste generation, wastage of
natural resources due to water leaks; influx of people and animals during the operation phase
more than design capacity of the pipelines; thus creating land degradation and possible conflicts
with the host communities; occupational health and safety issues such as accidents; improper
fencing not separating between human and animals at the water supply point compound hence
leading to poor water hygiene; and increased mosquito breeding areas around water supply
points due to blocked or poor drainage.
3.2.4 Mitigation: minimization of cleared areas by working in sections and rehabilitating soon
after completion to avoid soil erosion; having a water management procedure to ensure aquifer
recharge; minimal use of drilling fluids and safe storage thereof to avoid pollution; detailed
waste management plan approved prior to construction commencement; use of modern and well
maintained equipment fitted with noise enclosures to minimize noise; strict controls of timing of
activities (e.g. prohibition on night working) to avoid noise and nuisance; observance of seasonal
Water Sector Reforms and Institutional Capacity Development Program
11
sensitivity (breeding and animal migration seasons); careful site selection with advice from
relevant authorities, avoiding sensitive or breeding areas; careful and timely planning of
construction activities; ensuring proper fencing separating human and animal users coupled with
health and water hygiene awareness pointing out the hazard of animals and human sharing the
same water sources; installation of enough taps to stop people taking water from animal watering
troughs; monitoring leaks and training water users to do minor repairs on leaks; involving
community leaders and management committees to develop zonal settlement plans in the village;
linking water production with land use and its carrying capacity; facilitating consultation and
discussion between the new comers and host communities; avoiding use of heavy truck and
earthmoving machineries; pre-approval of contractors’ plans for restoration of land/soil and
backfilling; avoiding as much as possible obstruction and disturbance of livestock and animals
migratory routes; using clear demarcation and warning signs along the pipeline routes;
conforming to International Labor Organization (ILO) standards and Sudan working regulations
to avoid accidents; adherences to comprehensive health and safety and risk management plans
and reporting system; making first aid kits available coupled with training of first aiders; and
avoiding removal of indigenous trees and keeping aside top soil for rehabilitation in order to
preserve biodiversity.
Climate Change
3.2.5 The program will significantly contribute to building resilience against climate variability
and change by providing reliable water supply services. Groundwater monitoring points will be
established as part of the program to ensure sustainability of water sources and for early warning
in case of need. Other climate change adaptation activities included in the program are: capacity
building for federal and state staff and communities; support to rehabilitation of gum-arabic belt;
and women and youth empowerment for income generation. These adaptation activities are in
line with the country’s National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA).
Gender
3.2.6 The current situation of water and sanitation in West Kordofan State has severe impacts
on the socio-economic conditions of the community. Women and men experience shortage of
water and of inadequate sanitation differently according to their roles and responsibilities. In
West Kordofan State, the responsibility for water fetching is shared between males and females
(women and girls). The responsibility of men is very much directed on the provision of water to
livestock, especially from distant sources, while women, girls and boys are responsible for
provision of water for domestic use. Women spend up to 6 hours a day, walking as far as 10 km
or more to fetch water without being relieved from other domestic responsibilities. The
percentage of girls who discontinue their education, mainly to help their families in water
fetching, reaches about 30% of the number initially enrolled in the rural areas of West Kordofan
State. The illiteracy rate in the state is about 24%.
3.2.7 The provision of water yards and water supply points along the two pipe water transfer
schemes will provide clean water to more than 130,000 people. Reduction of workload on
women, reduction of household expenditure on water, increase in girls’ school attendance and
improvement in productivity as a result of reduction in water borne diseases are expected. The
provision of sanitation facilities for schools will improve the environment and create a conducive
environment for boys and girls to study. These interventions will provide opportunities to
improve the living conditions of the population.
3.2.8 The implementation of gender related interventions will be supervised by the community
mobilizer who will be attached to the PIT and supported by experts on income generating
activities (alternative livelihood for youth and women). As stated above, this intervention will
economically empower women and youth. The design of the alternative livelihood activities and
Water Sector Reforms and Institutional Capacity Development Program
12
modalities of implementation will be informed by in-depth study outlining needs of women and
youth, details of training/technical knowledge needs, budget requirements, follow-up and
monitoring needs (more detailed in Technical Annex B7).
Social
3.2.9 About 14% of the population are classified as pastoralists moving along north-south
migratory routes. According to the population census by GoS in 2010, the average family size is
6 persons /family, child mortality rate is 90 per 1,000 live births, and male-female ratio is 49:51.
Around 90% of the families in West Kordofan State own livestock but with varying numbers.
The state is traversed seasonally by migratory nomads, especially Kababeisk and Kawalla
coming from the north and Shanablla and Messeriya coming from the south mainly during the
rainy season.
3.2.10 Generally, the family average annual income is about 7,000 SDG, while the highest
family income is about 24,000 SDG earned by about 12% of the families, notwithstanding
annual incomes as high as 30,000 SDG are earned by about 6% of the families in the state.
About 50% of the families in the state spend between 20 to 30% of their incomes on water
supply, while about 22% of the families spend about 50% to 60% of their incomes on obtaining
water for human and livestock uses. Expenditure on water by the families in the program areas is
significantly higher than the water price benchmark set in the country, 4% of the family income.
3.2.11 As a result of water shortages, especially during dry summer months, water consumption
per capita is low and prevalence of water related diseases such as diarrhea and skin diseases
among the community is high. Schools in the state are suffering from inadequate sanitation
facilities.
3.2.12 The provision of physical infrastructure will be supplemented by ‘soft interventions’ to
enhance knowledge of sanitation and hygiene, improve livelihoods by providing opportunities
for increased income and subsequently achieving better health, and strengthen the sustainability
of the system. The community, especially women who are taking lead roles in raising children,
schoolchildren, and influential community leaders will be sensitized in good hygiene practices
and better understanding of sanitation to become communicators. Improving livelihoods through
income generation activities is expected to contribute to the welfare of the communities. PIT
members and water user committees will be trained in conflict management and resolution as it
is an important aspect in the program area.
Involuntary Resettlement
3.2.13 The proposed 30 km and 50 km pipelines will run on or under sandy terrain close to the
existing open tracks without cutting through many farms. The rain-fed agriculture is less
practiced in this area due to shortage and variability of rainfall. 12% of the total pipelines length
will run through farms which will require wayleave, but no involuntary resettlement is
envisaged. Should the scope of the activities change in such a way that result in land acquisition,
the Bank’s Integrated Safeguards Policy, specifically the Operational Safeguards on Involuntary
Resettlement will be followed and implemented.
IV – IMPLEMENTATION
4.1 Implementation Arrangements
4.1.1 The government of the Republic of the Sudan is the recipient of the grants. The MoWRIE
through the DWSU is the executing agency of the program. The DWSU will provide technical
inputs and oversight for the implementation of the program, while the SWC will be responsible
for implementation on the ground and during operation, maintenance and management involving
the community.
Water Sector Reforms and Institutional Capacity Development Program
13
4.1.2 To strengthen the implementation capacity of the DWSU, the program will utilize and
augment the existing PIT hosted in the DWSU for the Darfur Water Project being financed by
the AWF. The Darfur Water Project is expected to be completed by end 2015. Part of PIT
members will be based in West Kordofan. PIT members at state level will be hosted in the SWC.
The PIT will be responsible for the daily management of the program and coordination between
the program partners.
4.1.3 To ensure compliance with government policies and procedures and to coordinate the
program with other activities, a PSC will be formed and chaired by the Director General (DG) of
the DWSU and co-chaired by DG of International Cooperation Directorate, MoFEP. The PSC
will comprise: DWSU, Groundwater and Wadis Directorate/MoWRIE, SWC of West Kordofan,
MoFEP, MoLFR, MoAF, MoH, MoENRPD, MoWSS and MoE. The committee will ensure that
the needs of water and sanitation users are sufficiently reflected in the program design as well as
in the selection of priority interventions. Detailed implementation arrangements including
composition of the PIT are provided in Technical Annex B3
4.1.4 Throughout the program period, the PSC will provide high level guidance for the
implementation of the program to ensure: 1) the overall progress of the program; 2) the optimal
use and distribution of resources; 3) the stakeholders’ continuous commitment; 4) the
coordination with other programs/projects; and 5) approval of the annual work-plans, progress
and audit reports.
4.1.5 At a technical level, the PIT will be responsible for the day-to-day management of the
program, including communication and coordination with focal persons in different line
ministries to ensure that the needs and concerns of all water users, including the identification of
sites for the water points, are considered in implementation of the program. Line ministries at
federal level include: MoLFR, MoAF, MoH, MoENRPD, MoWSS and MoE while stake holders
at state level include state ministries of Livestock, Agriculture, Health and Education.
4.1.6 Taking the cultural context into account, women participation will be addressed by
appointing community mobilizer with knowledge of the culture, norms and community
motivation aspects and they will work as “champions of change”. This applies to the pastoralist
groups in the southern parts of the state. All program aspects that include recruitment and
capacity building opportunities will consider equity and gender sensitivity.
Implementation Schedule
4.1.7 The program will be implemented over a period of 54 months from fulfilment of
conditions for first disbursement, expected before January 2016. Procurement of various services
and implementation of capacity development activities will commence immediately while major
works for the provision of water supply points will commence in the second quarter of 2018.
Program completion is set for June 30, 2020 and the deadline for last disbursement will be
December 31, 2020.
Procurement Arrangements
4.1.8 All Bank financed procurement contracts will be carried out in accordance with the
Bank’s Rules and Procedures: “Rules and Procedures for Procurement of Goods and Works”,
dated May 2008, revised July 2012 as amended from time to time; and “Rules and Procedures
for the Use of Consultants”, dated May 2008, revised July 2012 as amended from time to time
using the relevant Bank Standard Bidding Documents, and the provisions stipulated in the
Financing Agreement. The overall risk for procurement under this program is rated moderate.
The Procurement Plan and related procurement documents have been discussed and finalized.
Detailed procurement arrangements are provided in Technical Annex B5.
Water Sector Reforms and Institutional Capacity Development Program
14
Financial Management and Audit Arrangements
4.1.9 The program’s financial management operations will be managed using a hybrid system
comprising country systems and specific program arrangements in line with the Paris
Declaration on Aid Effectiveness and Accra Agenda for Action. The day to day financial
management of the program will be as per the rules and procedures stipulated in the GoS’
Standardized Financial Policies and Procedures Manual complemented by the Bank’s financial
guidelines in relevant areas. To facilitate implementation of the program, the PIT shall be put in
place with members at both the federal and state levels and will include two accountants working
at the two levels. The accountants, who will be nominated by the implementing entities, will be
required to have relevant qualifications and level of experience acceptable to the Bank. PIT
members at the federal level will be based at the DWSU whereas members at the state level will
be based at the SWC of West Kordofan State. The accountant at the DWSU shall be responsible
for consolidating program accounts and reports for the activities carried out at both the federal
and state levels. The program will procure suitable accounting software to facilitate processing
of transactions and production of reports, whose costs shall be factored into the program budget.
The PIT will be required to produce quarterly interim financial reports (IFRs) for the program,
which will be submitted to the Bank not later than forty-five days after the end of each quarter.
DWSU and SWC internal auditors will include the program in their annual audit coverage. The
program financial statements will be prepared within three months after the closure of every
financial year and presented to the auditors. The program audit will be conducted by the National
Audit Chamber (NAC) or a private audit firm appointed by the NAC and agreed with the Bank
based on the Bank’s audit terms of reference. The audit report, complete with a management
letter, will be submitted to the Bank not later than six months after the end of the financial year.
The cost of the audit will be borne by the program. A detailed analysis of financial managements
is provided in Technical Annex B4.
Disbursement Arrangements
4.1.10 The program will use mainly the direct payment and the revolving fund methods (special
account) due to the nature of program costs. However, the other two disbursement methods as set
out in the Disbursement Handbook shall also be available for use in case of need subject to
consultation and prior approval of the Bank. The Bank’s Disbursement Letter shall be issued
stipulating key disbursement procedures and practices.
4.1.11 With regard to the revolving fund’s method of disbursement and the prevailing sanctions
against Sudan, two options are recommended for prudence purposes and by order of preference.
The first option is opening of two bank accounts denominated in Euros with the Office of
Foreign Assets Control’s (OFAC) authorization at the Central Bank of Sudan (CBoS) or a
commercial bank acceptable to the Bank to receive funds directly from the Bank to circumvent
the sanctions. Thereafter, opening of two additional accounts in SDG with the CBoS or a
commercial bank acceptable to the Bank at the federal and state levels with the CBoS or a
commercial bank acceptable to the Bank. Finally, opening of an account at the CBoS to be used
exclusively for Government Counterpart operations. The second option is to open two offshore
accounts in USD or Euro for both sources of funding in a suitable Middle East country by the
government on behalf of the executing agency from where funds received directly from the Bank
will be channeled to local accounts in SDG for program use, in case the first option fails.
Thereafter, opening of two additional accounts in SDG with the CBoS or a commercial bank
acceptable to the Bank at the federal level and state with the CBoS or a commercial bank
acceptable to the Bank. Finally, opening of an account at the CBoS to be used exclusively for
Government Counterpart operations.
Water Sector Reforms and Institutional Capacity Development Program
15
4.2 Monitoring and Evaluation
4.2.1 Baseline study will be conducted for West Kordofan State to establish current status of
the water and sanitation sector as well as to inform the program planning. The PIT will have the
overall responsibility for monitoring during the program implementation. The Bank will closely
follow up the implementation of the program, through regular supervision mission during the
implementation, and ex-post evaluations. The DWSU/MoWRIE will compile and submit to the
PSC and the Bank quarterly progress report and annual progress reports. The mid-term review
will provide an opportunity to re-examine the implementation progress and further strengthen/
fine tune the program. Upon completion of the program, MoWRIE will prepare and submit to the
Bank a PCR.
Table 11: Key Program Milestones
Timeframe Milestone Monitoring Process/feedback loop
Nov. 2015 Signing and effectiveness Grant agreements signed and declared effective by the Bank
Dec. 2015 Launching Launching workshop organized
Jan. 2016 Start of procurement of a consulting firm for design review and supervision of major works
Request for Proposals approved and published
Dec. 2016 The sector policy updated and new water and sanitation strategy developed
Approval of the policy and strategy
Jul. 2017 Start of works for water provision Works contract signed Jun. 2018 Mid-term review Mid-term review undertaken Jun. 2020 Completion of program Program completion report
4.3 Governance
4.3.1 The social drivers of fragility stem from weak governance and lack of accountability,
which increases the divide between the center and the periphery. Governance institutions remain
weak, especially those necessary for effective and sound public financial management and the
implementation of sectorial strategies that ensure transparent, efficient and equitable inter-
governmental transfers. There is therefore a need for strong governance institutions to manage
Sudan’s renewable resources and preserve biodiversity and eco-systems, as the inequality in
access to land, water and pastures is often a source of recurrent conflicts.
4.3.2 With regard to the water and sanitation sector governance, the GoS has shown its
commitment to improve the sector for better efficiency, transparency and accountability, and one
of the major objectives of the program is to support this effort. The program will assess the
current status of the sector with regards to institutional structure, M&E framework, legal
framework and policies and will prepare a set of recommendations to inform the GoS’ policy
direction. Improved capacity of the water related institution at federal and state level is also
expected to contribute to better governance, particularly in management of water resources.
Increased access to water and sanitation infrastructure will significantly contribute to reduced
conflict, stability and consequently improved governance in West Kordofan.
4.3.3 As MoWRIE through the DWSU will be the executing agency for the program, its chief
executive officer, DG of DWSU shall be the principal accounting officer in relation to the
accountability of resources entrusted for the program’s operations. He/she shall designate the
DWSU’s head of finance to provide overall financial guidance that will be required for the
program’s successful implementation. The Bank will provide some oversight especially during
supervision missions. All the anti-corruption measures that pertain to DWSU and the
government will apply to this program.
Water Sector Reforms and Institutional Capacity Development Program
16
4.4 Sustainability
4.4.1 Community ownership and financial sustainability: Sustainability of water and sanitation
facilities/infrastructures requires ownership, dedication and commitment of concerned
communities. To promote the ownership of the communities, beneficiaries will be required to
provide in-kind contribution - mainly labor force - for the construction of water infrastructures.
There are good examples in the country where the communities manage water supply points. For
water yards, costs for the daily O&M will be deposited in the separate account and will be
managed by the communities with oversight of WUC. Detailed modalities will be established by
the PIT taking into account different conditions and situations of communities. For two piped
schemes, semi-autonomous operation units will be established for each scheme in order to run
the schemes financially independent. Oversight of the units will be provided by the board
comprising representatives from communities, concerned mahalias and the SWC. Tariff study
will inform the appropriate tariff to be applied for the sustainability of the schemes.
4.4.2 Technical Sustainability: While community-led management modality will be adopted
for water yards, technical oversight will be provided by the SWC and mahalias with well-
structured tripartite agreement among three parties (SWC, mahalia and community). For the two
piped schemes, semi-autonomous operation units will be staffed with qualified professionals
seconded from the SWC and the DWSU.
4.5 Risk Management
4.5.1 Table below presents the main risks and mitigation measures.
Table 12: Risks and Mitigation Measures
Risk Probability/
Impact Mitigation measures
Weak program implementation capacity
Medium to high probability/ high impact
The program will utilize and augment existing PIT which is familiar with Bank’s procedures. The Bank will maintain close interaction with the PIT through SDFO and supervision.
Insufficient capacity to sustain infrastructures
Medium probability/ high impact
The program will adopt the community-led O&M modality including tariff collection and financial management building on existing success model in the country. It will also support studies to establish appropriate tariffs.
Reduced water resources due to climate change
Medium probability/ high impact
The program activities will include adaptation activities such as rehabilitation of gum-arabic belt, provision of underground water storages, capacity development of communities on efficient use and management of water and installation of hydrological monitoring devices.
Delay in disbursement due to the sanctions
Medium probability/ high impact
The Bank’s Treasury Department (FTRY) has applied for a license from the OFAC in order to have a blanket approval of transfer of funds to projects/programs in Sudan.
Deterioration of security situation
Low probability/ high impact
Program will avoid selection of sites with potential security threats. Provision of water is expected to reduce tensions over limited resources.
4.6 Knowledge Building
4.6.1 The program will generate critical knowledge for enhancing the performance of the water
and sanitation sector in the country. The sector assessment study will help understand the
strengths and weaknesses of the sector and will provide direction for improving the sector. The
needs and gap assessment for the sector M&E will help mainstream the sector M&E mechanism,
inform the new WaSH strategy and structure sector performance review platform. The program
will also support the tariff study for the sustainability of the sector and baseline survey to better
understand the current status of the sector in West Kordofan State. Engagement with the
Water Sector Reforms and Institutional Capacity Development Program
17
communities and SWC in developing sustainable O&M modalities for water and sanitation
facilities will generate knowledge that could be replicated in other part of the state and the
country.
4.6.2 The IPR, quarterly progress reports, audit, and completion reports will also provide
information on various aspects of the program for further diagnosis. Given the program’s focus
in complex issues and areas, there is a potential to generate useful lessons. In line with
Knowledge Management Strategy 2015-2020, the knowledge obtained will be captured,
documented and shared within the Bank and with other DPs and RMCs.
V – LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND AUTHORITY
5.1 Legal Instrument
5.1.1 The program will be financed by a TSF Pillar I grant and a RWSSI-TF grant.
5.2 Conditions Associated with Bank’s Intervention
A. Condition Precedent to Entry into Force of the Grant Agreements
(i) TFS-Pillar I: The grant Protocol of Agreement for the TSF-Pillar I Grant shall enter
into force upon signature by the parties thereto.
(ii) RWSSI-TF: The grant Protocol of Agreement for the RWSSI Trust Fund Grant shall
enter into force upon signature by the parties thereto.
B. Conditions Precedent to First Disbursement of the Grants
The obligations of the Bank to make the first disbursement of the grants shall be conditional
upon the entry into force of the grant agreements and the fulfillment by the recipient, in form
and substance satisfactory to the Bank, of the following conditions:
(i) Evidence of having opened a foreign currency and local currency special accounts at
the banking institutions acceptable to the Bank for TSF-Pillar I and the RWSSI-TF
respectively;
(ii) Appointment of following PIT members at federal level with relevant qualifications
and experience acceptable to the Bank:
PIT member at federal level:
Program Coordinator
Procurement Officer
and an Assistant
M&E Officer
Accountant
Water & Sanitation Engineer
Capacity Development Focal
Point
C. Other Condition
The recipient shall provide evidence, in form and substance satisfactory:
(i) Within two months of the signing of the grant agreements, the recipient will provide
evidence, in form and substance acceptable to the Bank, of having appointed the PIT
members at state level:
PIT member at state level:
State Focal Person/
Water & Sanitation Eng.
Community Mobilizer
M&E Officer
Public Health Officer
Accountant
D. Undertakings
The recipient undertakes and agrees, in form and substance satisfactory to the Bank, to:
(i) Ensure that counterpart funds by GoS will be available during program
implementation;
Water Sector Reforms and Institutional Capacity Development Program
18
(ii) Maintain close communication and coordination with federal and state line ministries
to maximize benefit of the program;
(iii) Carry out the program in accordance with: (a) Bank’s rules and procedures; (b)
national legislation; and (c) the recommendations, requirements and procedures set
forth in the ESMF prepared for the program;
(iv) Deliver to the Bank program quarterly reports in form and substance acceptable to the
Bank, including the recipient’s implementation of the ESMF; and
(v) Review the current tariff structure based on the finding of the study to be conducted
under that program and make adjustments in tariff where applicable.
5.3 Compliance with Bank Policies
5.3.1 This program complies with all applicable Bank policies.
VI – RECOMMENDATION
Management recommends that the Boards of Directors approve the proposed TSF Pillar I grant
of UA 15.000 million and the RWSSI-TF grant of EUR 0.800 million to the Republic of the
Sudan for the purposes and subject to the conditions stipulated in this report.
Water Sector Reforms and Institutional Capacity Development Program
I
APPENDICES
Appendix1: Sudan’s Comparative Socio-Economic Indicators
Year Sudan Africa
Develo-
ping
Countries
Develo-
ped
Countries
Basic Indicators
Area ( '000 Km²) 2014 1,879 30,067 80,386 53,939Total Population (millions) 2014 38.8 1,136.9 6.0 1.3Urban Population (% of Total) 2014 33.6 39.9 47.6 78.7Population Density (per Km²) 2014 20.6 37.8 73.3 24.3GNI per Capita (US $) 2013 1 550 2 310 4 168 39 812Labor Force Participation - Total (%) 2014 53.6 66.1 67.7 72.3Labor Force Participation - Female (%) 2014 29.4 42.8 52.9 65.1Gender -Related Dev elopment Index Value 2007-2013 0.516 0.801 0.506 0.792Human Dev elop. Index (Rank among 187 countries) 2013 166 ... ... ...Popul. Liv ing Below $ 1.25 a Day (% of Population)2008-2013 19.8 39.6 17.0 ...
Demographic Indicators
Population Grow th Rate - Total (%) 2014 2.1 2.5 1.3 0.4Population Grow th Rate - Urban (%) 2014 2.6 3.4 2.5 0.7Population < 15 y ears (%) 2014 40.9 40.8 28.2 17.0Population >= 65 y ears (%) 2014 3.3 3.5 6.3 16.3Dependency Ratio (%) 2014 74.4 62.4 54.3 50.4Sex Ratio (per 100 female) 2014 100.7 100.4 107.7 105.4Female Population 15-49 y ears (% of total population) 2014 24.3 24.0 26.0 23.0Life Ex pectancy at Birth - Total (y ears) 2014 62.2 59.6 69.2 79.3Life Ex pectancy at Birth - Female (y ears) 2014 64.1 60.7 71.2 82.3Crude Birth Rate (per 1,000) 2014 33.1 34.4 20.9 11.4Crude Death Rate (per 1,000) 2014 8.3 10.2 7.7 9.2Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000) 2013 51.2 56.7 36.8 5.1Child Mortality Rate (per 1,000) 2013 76.6 84.0 50.2 6.1Total Fertility Rate (per w oman) 2014 4.4 4.6 2.6 1.7Maternal Mortality Rate (per 100,000) 2013 360.0 411.5 230.0 17.0Women Using Contraception (%) 2014 15.3 34.9 62.0 ...
Health & Nutrition Indicators
Phy sicians (per 100,000 people) 2004-2012 28.0 46.9 118.1 308.0Nurses (per 100,000 people)* 2004-2012 84.0 133.4 202.9 857.4Births attended by Trained Health Personnel (%) 2009-2012 23.1 50.6 67.7 ...Access to Safe Water (% of Population) 2012 55.5 67.2 87.2 99.2Healthy life ex pectancy at birth (y ears) 2012 53.0 51.3 57 69Access to Sanitation (% of Population) 2012 23.6 38.8 56.9 96.2Percent. of Adults (aged 15-49) Liv ing w ith HIV/AIDS 2013 0.2 3.7 1.2 ...Incidence of Tuberculosis (per 100,000) 2013 108.0 246.0 149.0 22.0Child Immunization Against Tuberculosis (%) 2013 93.0 84.3 90.0 ...Child Immunization Against Measles (%) 2013 85.0 76.0 82.7 93.9Underw eight Children (% of children under 5 y ears) 2005-2013 27.0 20.9 17.0 0.9Daily Calorie Supply per Capita 2011 2 346 2 618 2 335 3 503Public Ex penditure on Health (as % of GDP) 2013 1.4 2.7 3.1 7.3
Education Indicators
Gross Enrolment Ratio (%)
Primary School - Total 2011-2014 70.0 106.3 109.4 101.3 Primary School - Female 2011-2014 66.0 102.6 107.6 101.1 Secondary School - Total 2011-2014 40.7 54.3 69.0 100.2 Secondary School - Female 2011-2014 38.9 51.4 67.7 99.9Primary School Female Teaching Staff (% of Total) 2012-2014 64.3 45.1 58.1 81.6Adult literacy Rate - Total (%) 2006-2012 73.4 61.9 80.4 99.2Adult literacy Rate - Male (%) 2006-2012 81.7 70.2 85.9 99.3Adult literacy Rate - Female (%) 2006-2012 65.3 53.5 75.2 99.0Percentage of GDP Spent on Education 2009-2012 2.2 5.3 4.3 5.5
Environmental Indicators
Land Use (Arable Land as % of Total Land Area) 2012 7.9 8.8 11.8 9.2Agricultural Land (as % of land area) 2012 0.6 43.4 43.4 28.9Forest (As % of Land Area) 2012 29.4 22.1 28.3 34.9Per Capita CO2 Emissions (metric tons) 2012 0.4 1.1 3.0 11.6
Sources : AfDB Statistics Department Databases; World Bank: World Development Indicators; last update :
UNAIDS; UNSD; WHO, UNICEF, UNDP; Country Reports.
Note : n.a. : Not Applicable ; … : Data Not Available.
July 2015
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
20
00
20
05
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
Infant Mortality Rate( Per 1000 )
Sudan Africa
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
20
00
20
05
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
GNI Per Capita US $
Sudan Africa
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
20
00
20
05
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
20
14
Population Growth Rate (%)
Sudan Africa
01020304050607080
20
00
20
05
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
20
14
Life Expectancy at Birth (years)
Sudan Africa
Water Sector Reforms and Institutional Capacity Development Program
II
Appendix 2: Table of AfDB’s Portfolio in the Country
The status and performance of the Bank’s project portfolio in Sudan is summarized in the
Table below.
No Project Name Window Approva
l Date Disburse
Deadline
Amount
Approved
(UA)
Amount
Disbursed
(UA)
Disbursed
Rate (%) Out-standing Issues
1
Darfur Water
Project for Peace & Conflict Resolution
African Water
Facility
(AWF)
24.05.2012 31.01.2016 3,000,000 2,400,000 70%
The project has disbursed 70%. However,
the last 30% disbursement processed by the Bank has been blocked by correspondence
Bank due to Sanctions. The contractors for
priority work are expected to complete work by April 2015.
2
Capacity Building
for Debt Management and
Resource
Mobilization
Fragile
States
Facility (FSF)
05.03.2012 31.12.2014 1,050,101 1,050,101 100%.
The project was completed in December
2014 and PCR has been prepared. The PCR workshop is for April 2015. The last audit
report is expected by June 2015.
3
Technical
Assistance to the Mamoun Beheiry
Research Center
(MBC)
NTCF 13.06.2012 14.7.2013 260,500 260,500 100%
The Project has now disbursed 100% after the last disbursement was finally received in
June 2014. The project was completed by
December 2014. Auditor recruited and the audit report is expected in June 2015. PCR
preparation is underway.
4
Capacity Building for Increased
Access to Energy
in Sudan
South-South
Cooperation Trust Fund
27.12.2012 NA 340,500 340,500 100%
Dissemination workshop of study findings is ongoing. The study report is expected by
end of 2015
5
Private Sector,
Trade and
Economic
Diversification in
Sudan
South-South
Cooperation
Trust Fund
23.09.2014 30.12.2015 239,505 119,753 50%
The consolidation of the reports is ongoing
and the dissemination workshop of this
study is expected early in 2015.
6
Technical
Assistance to Full
Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
Fragile State
Facility
16.06. 2013 30.06.2015 1,973,285 1,973,285 100%
Project is 100% disbursed. However, the last
disbursement request of 66% cleared by the Bank has been blocked by correspondent
Banks due to sanctions. The second rounds
of HHS is currently ongoing using government resources which are to be
reimbursed on clearance of the blocked
funds.
7
Emergency Relief
to Blue and White
Nile States
Special Relief Fund
24.06.2013 30.09.2014 651,856.49 651,825.49 100%
Project is 100% disbursed and PCR being
prepared. The audit report is expected by
May 2015.
8 University of Nyala
Livestock Project.
Korean
Technical
Cooperation Trust Fund
21.05.2013 21.05.2016 331,333.33 331,333.33 100%
Project is 100% disbursed however the last 50% disbursement processed by the Bank
has been blocked by intermediary Banks
since October 2014. Training workshop on basic molecular biology already undertaken
in November 2014 in Nyala and Khartoum.
9
Technical Capacity Building for Public
Finance and
Macroeconomic Management
Project
FSF Pillar 1
Resources 06.12.2013 05.12.2018 22,190,000 976,360 4.4%
The project is currently 4.4% disbursed and the project has been sensitized to fast track
procurement activities for improved
implementation rate. Recruitment of the auditor is completed and that of accountant
is on-going.
10 African Legal Support Facility
(ALSF)
ALSF 09.03.2014 20.04.2014 651,856.49 0 0% Letter of Agreement signed on 20 April 2014 and preparations on-going for start of
implementation.
11
Drought Resilience
and Sustainable Livelihood Program
Phase II
TSF/RO 14.11.2014 31.12.2020 20,000,000 0 0%
Letter agreement signed on 23
February2015 and process of satisfying conditions precedent to first disbursement is
ongoing.
12
Building Capacity
for Inclusive
Service Delivery
50% of PBA
02.03.2015 30.06.2020 27,990,000 0 0%
Letter of agreement is scheduled for
signature in April 2015. Government
sensitized to take steps to fulfil conditions
precedent to first disbursement and also to set up the steering committee.
Total 78,678,937.311 8,103,657.82 10.299%
Water Sector Reforms and Institutional Capacity Development Program
III
Appendix 3: Key Related Projects Financed by the DPs in the Country
African Development Bank (UA 20 million) - Drought Resilience and Sustainable Livelihoods
Program in the Horn of Africa aims to develop regional systems to alleviate the negative
impacts of deteriorating environmental conditions. Among the activities will be development of
water related infrastructure; protection of water reservoirs; development of market
infrastructure and communication and information systems.
AWF (EUR 3.25 million) - Darfur Water Project for Conflict Resolution and Peace Building
aimed at supporting of the ongoing efforts to consolidate peace and security in the Darfur
region through provision of adequate water to settlers, farmers and pastoralists
Belgium government (USD 2 million) – the loan of for supply of pumps and generators for all
states.
Chinese government (USD 50.0 million) - over the last 15 years been providing funds for
supply of materials and equipment including pipes, casing water tanks and submersible pumps
to all states.
Chinese government (USD 52.4 million) – loan provided to support drilling and installation of
800 deep boreholes in 9 states.
DfID (GP 12 million) - implementation of a rural water and sanitation project covering 6
mahalias in East Sudan (Kassala, Red Sea and Gadrif states) in addition to improvement of
water supply facilities in Port Sudan town.
IFAD (USD 31.5 million) - Livestock marketing and resilience programme is designed to
increase the food security, incomes and climate resilience of poor households in pastoralist
communities. The programme covers: states of Blue Nile, North Kordofan, Sennar, West
Kordofan and White Nile.
Iranian government (USD 120 million) – the loan is earmarked for construction of six treatment
plants providing urban water supply from rivers in the northern states.
The Islamic Development Bank (USD 30 million) - for the construction and rehabilitation of
water yards, hafirs and dams in Darfur.
JICA (USD 10 million) - has been providing support to the sector including training and
technical support to target states with water equipment.
UNEP (USD 0.75 million) – is advocating for implementation of IWRM and supported
Groundwater and Wadis Directorate of MoWRIE in conducting groundwater monitoring,
establishing an IWRM Unit and development of a water resources database system.
UNEP (EUR 7.5 million) - currently implementing a three year project (2014 -2016) for
sustainable natural and livelihoods in Wadi El Ku, North Darfur) hinging on IWRM principles.
UNEP (EUR 3.28 million) - in partnership with NGOs, is implementing a Natural Resources
and Peace Building Project in West Kordofan and Darfur to improve local and state capacity to
resolve resource conflicts and to manage natural resources for peace and sustainable
development with a fund of EUR 3.28 million from EU. Communities in the project areas will
benefit from better access to and management of essential resources and related services
UNICEF (Approx. USD 8 million per annum) - supports DWSU through Water and
Environmental Sanitation Program (WES) at federal and state level. UNCIEF also supported
development of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Sector Strategic Plan for 2011 -2016, and
drafting of water supply, sanitation and hygiene policy. UNICEF is also supporting
humanitarian and recovery program(s) in collaboration with international and national NGOs in
conflict areas in the country.
Specific interventions and provision of safe water are provided by: UNAMID in Darfur, Darfur
Development Strategy (DDS), East Sudan Development Fund, UNDP and World Bank.
Water Sector Reforms and Institutional Capacity Development Program
IV
Appendix 4: Map of the Program Area
Water Sector Reforms and Institutional Capacity Development Program
V
Appendix 5: Program Fragility Analysis
Fragility Context in Sudan
Sudan’s political, economic and social stability are intrinsically intertwined. Conflicts and
instability are at the very core of state fragility in Sudan. The country has been struggling to
address multiple conflicts, low development and violent crisis for decades. Sudan’s conflicts
and state fragility can be said to be driven primarily by three factors: (i) a contested national
identity; (ii) economic inequality between and within states; and (iii) divergent forms of
governance at the federal and state levels.
In May 2014, a detailed fragility assessment was undertaken to inform the Country Brief
2014-2016 which was approved by the Board in September 2014. The assessment identified
four categories of fragility drivers in Sudan. They include: political, economic, social and
environmental. Annex 2 of the Country Brief provides the details.
A few of these identified drivers of fragility in Sudan are quite relevant for this project, and
they include:
(i) Poverty and inequalities in allocation of public resources and in access to public
services: There are significant variations in the allocation of resources from states to
states, and even within states. As a result, some states are better able to provide public
goods and services than others. Conflict regions such as Darfur, Kordofan and Nile
states have lower access to services and resources due to years of development lost as
a consequence of war and forced displacement of the people. This inequality has
resulted in greater poverty, especially in the rural localities.
(ii) Competition over water, pasture and driven by environmental vulnerability and
climatic change is a driver of fragility at the local level, particularly in Darfur and
Kordofan states as well as in areas where pastoralist groups interact with farming
communities. Sudan is geographically located in the Horn of Africa region, which is
prone to prolonged drought, and climate variability, which puts pressure on fragile
communities particularly those displaced by conflict, and disrupts livelihoods. There
is a need for strong governance institutions to help communities better manage
renewable resources such as water and pasture, anticipate and mitigate intercommunal
conflict over water and pasture and improve the livelihoods of pastoralist and farming
communities in areas where environmental pressure is the strongest while preserving
biodiversity and eco-systems.
(iii) A difficult macro-economic environment for providing social goods and services:
The Sudanese government has been under sanctions for a long while. With its huge
debts, making it not possible to borrow from development agencies at concessional
rates, combined with its loss of oil revenue following South Sudan’s secession, the
country is deeply constrained in providing basic goods and services to all regions. The
poor in the rural areas are the most affected. This has undoubtedly threatened social
cohesion in Sudan.
(iv) Low infrastructure and human capital base for economic activity: Over the years,
infrastructure and human capital development in Sudan has been constrained by war,
violent conflicts and poverty. The significant different between states in economic
development is partly driven by the differential levels of infrastructure and human
capital combined with unequal distribution of resources, productive assets and access
to economic activity.
Water Sector Reforms and Institutional Capacity Development Program
VI
The choice of the two Country Brief pillars (i) Governance and Accountability; and (ii)
Skills and Technology, was deliberately targeted at addressing the root causes of fragility in
Sudan. Particularly to assist the country in improving its economic and financial governance,
and build the capacity of institutions capable of resolving conflicts and thus contributing to
peace, macroeconomic stability, and improved service delivery.
Project information: fragility-sensitive objective
The project recognizes the weak institutional and human capacity of Sudan’s water and
sanitation sector in providing improved access to water resources, both in quantity and
quality, to meet the basic needs of many households. These weak capacities vary from state
to state, and even within states, resulting from inadequate sector framework ineffective
organizational set-up, aging infrastructure and insufficient investments for sustaining access.
The project is focusing on West Kordofan State which has access rates (60%) and daily
consumption rates (10 liters per day per capita) below the national averages of 71% and about
18 liters per day respectively.
The project also recognizes the strong linkage between availability of water resources and
local economies of the populations. Water resources are required for the livestock industry to
feed the animals. Households also require water for domestic uses as part of their overall
wellbeing. Farmers need water sources for irrigation to support agricultural production and
income generation. Meeting these demands, often competing in many communities, has been
a development challenge for West Kordofan State as well as for most parts of Sudan. In most
cases, the competition for water and pasture has been at the core of many conflicts in the
region. For instance, 86% of about 50 cases of conflicts analyzed in 2003 were related to
competition for water and pasture. These conflicts were largely between nomadic groups
interacting with farming communities. In the same vein, many of the conflict resolution
mechanisms in different communities were based on providing sufficient water resources to
meet the competing needs of different groups.
The overall objective of the program is to contribute to building a resilient and sustainable
water and sanitation sector that meets the needs of all users or beneficiaries in the targeted
areas in the medium to long term, as well as to provide water supply and sanitation
infrastructure in targeted areas with a view to contribute to peace building, improving
livelihoods and building resilience against climate variability and change.
Fragility-responsive project design and approach
In Sudan, the history of the presence of water points along the nomadic routes (masarat) for
livestock was instrumental in understanding how related conflicts emerged and/or addressed.
In addition, water points were also core elements of social security, stability and cohesion.
Understanding the conflict dynamics around water is quite crucial, including conflicts
between nomads and local farmers; conflicts of uses (between domestic and livestock uses);
and conflicts of location (proximity to villages and nomadic routes). Hence, differentiating
the use systems during the water infrastructure development is crucial for managing conflicts.
At the project-level, the design and implementation including the activities at different levels
are targeting different drivers of fragility that have been identified as earlier mentioned. In
applying fragility-lens in this project, the approach was to unpack the relevant drivers of
fragility into downside or project-level risks and challenges. The next step was to match the
proposed project-level interventions and activities to the identified risks. The underlying
assumption in this approach is that by making project interventions address project-level
risks, the project ultimately contributes to address the major drivers of fragility affecting the
sector and country at large.
Water Sector Reforms and Institutional Capacity Development Program
VII
The table below presents the approach of applying fragility-lens in the project design with the
view of making the project contribute to addressing the root cause of fragility in Sudan while
contributing to improving access to water resources for economic and social development.
Drivers of Fragility
Downside risks stemming from the drivers of fragility
Proposed Project interventions
Poverty and inequality in allocation of public resources
Poor conditions of water infrastructure Lower coverage of states outside
Khartoum Exclusion of rural communities Inadequate infrastructure for multiple
water-needs
Rehabilitation of about 25 boreholes and water yards across different communities
Development of new boreholes and water points in the rural areas of West Kordofan targeting 130,000 people and 730,000 livestock.
Construction of water and sanitation facilities in primary schools
Construction of gender-sensitive water and sanitation facilities in markets
Construction of water yards sensitive to different water uses
Difficult macro-economic environment
Inadequate investment in the water and sanitation sector
Lack of policy/legal framework on water at the national level
Increased investments in the water sector through external resources from partners along with increased internal resources
Studies on future investments in the water sector The legal framework for the water sector to be
reviewed The current water supply policy to be updated Water sector coordination platforms to be
established Low institutional and human capacity for effective management
Lack of sufficiently trained experts to manage available infrastructure
Poor management capacity of federal- and state-level water institutions
Ineffective organizational set-up
Institutional reforms of the water sector across all the 18 states of Sudan
Comprehensive capacity development programs for water institutions at federal, state and local levels on management systems
Provision of IT equipment and vehicles for water institutions and training center at federal and state levels.
Establishment of hydrological monitoring networks for ground and surface water
Gender-focused training program for communities and water users
Establishment of training center Adverse Environmental / Climatic conditions
Lower availability of water resources to meet growing needs
Increased competition leading to multiple conflicts
Development of climate-sensitive water infrastructures
Development of improved water harvesting systems Integrated water management systems Capacity building initiatives for communities under
using an initiative called social basement for peace. Community-led governance arrangement to manage
different water demands
Conclusion
The fragility analysis reveals the need to critically integrate conflict-sensitivity in the design
and implementation of the project in order to maximize the outcomes. Two areas are
particularly important in this program, and including: site selection for the water sources, and
management systems for sustainability. The choice of the locations for the water points
should not only be driven by hydrological surveys but also should include elements of
competing uses for water resources (domestic, irrigation and for livestock) as well as cultural
geography of the users. On the management system, there is a need for a hybrid system that
integrates multiple stakeholders from the federal to state and finally to the community. The
capacity development component of the program will target all levels including the
communities where opportunities exist for building social basement for peace.