sujit cife - nanotechnology- fisheries and aquaculture- nano probe

7/30/2019 sujit cife - nanotechnology- fisheries and aquaculture- Nano Probe

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INTRODUCTION-

Probe - An exploratory action, expedition, or device, especially one designed to

investigate and obtain information on a remote or unknown region. Originated from Latin

word probare which means to test, examine, prove .

Probe can be also defined as Something which penetrates something else, as though to

explore; something which obtains information. It is any instrument which is used to examine

or to scan or to study another object, surface or air.

NANOPROBE & ITS FABRICATION-

Nanoprobe is an optical device. It was developed by tapering an optical fiber to a tip

measuring 100 nm = 1000 angstroms wide. Also, a very thin coating of specific nanoparticles

helps to enhance the Raman scattering effect of the light. (The phenomenon of light reflection

from an object when illuminated by a laser light is referred to as Raman scattering.) The

reflected light have vibration energies unique to each object (samples in this case), which can

be characterised and identified. The specific nanoparticles in this technique provides for the

rapid oscillations of electrons, adding to vibration energies, and thus enhancing Raman

Scattering -- commonly known as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). These SERS

nanoprobes produce higher electromagnetic fields enabling higher signal output--eventually

resulting in accurate detection and analysis of samples.

Nanoprobe fabrication-

Heat and pull method from silica optical fibre is used to fabricate nanoprobe. This

procedure involves local heating of a glass fiber using a CO2 laser or a heat filament and

subsequently pulling the fiber apart. The resulting tip shapes depend heavily on experimental

parameters, such as the temperature and the timing of the procedure. The next step in the

nanosensor fabrication process involves coating the tapered sidewalls of the optical fiber with a

thin layer of silver, aluminum, or gold (100 200 nm) using a Cooke Vacuum Evaporator

system The coating procedure leaves the distal end of the fiber free from silver for subsequent

derivatization to allow covalent immobilization of biological sensing elements to the exposedsilica nanotip The next step involves derivatization of the nanotips to facilitate the covalent

immobilization of biological sensing molecules coupled to a fluorophore.


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APPLICATION OF NANOPROBE-

Nanoprobe is used widely for example disease diagnostic, food quality control, envuromental

monitoring etc. Many applications are possible in aquaculture and fishery also.

Application can be grouped as chemical, medical and thermal sensing

Chemical Sensing- The need to determine the chemical composition of smaller and smaller volumes has

led to the development of nanoscale sensors, some of which rely on the use of

nanoprobes. A successful nanodevice is the PH sensor, DO sensor which had good temporal resolution,

were inexpensive, simple to use and had high sensitivity

Bio/Medical Sensing- Nanobiosensor can be used in biosensing, such as biological molecular species (antibody,

enzyme, protein, or a nucleic acid) or a living biological system (cells, tissue, or whole

organisms). Tip diameters of the fiber typically range between 20 and 100 nm, which is small enough to be

inserted into a single cell.

Thermal Sensing- One of the many interesting properties of fluorescence is its strongly temperature

dependence effect.

Other Applications There are some applications of nanoprobe, such as mass sensing, fluid speed, surface stress /

tensile sensing, pressure sensing etc. Use of dual-purpose therapy/imaging small interfering (si)RNA magnetic nanoparticle (MN)

probe that targets 2microglobulin (B2M), a key component of the major histocompatibility

class I complex (MHC I). In addition to serving as a siRNA carrier, this MN-siB2M probeenables monitoring of graft persistence noninvasively using magnetic resonance imaging

(MRI). Optical PEBBLE (probes encapsulated by biologically localized embedding) - Oxygen is one

of the major metabolites in aerobic systems, and the measurement of dissolved oxygen is of

vital importance in medical, industrial, and environmental applications. Recent interest in the

methods for measuring dissolved oxygen concentration has been focused mainly on optical

sensors, due to their advantages over conventional amperometric electrodes in that they arefaster, do not consume oxygen, and are not easily poisoned. Optical PEBBLE (probes

encapsulated by biologically localized embedding) nanosensors have been developed for


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dissolved oxygen using organically modified silicate (ormosil) nanoparticles as a matrix. The

ormosil nanoparticles are prepared through a sol-gel-based process, which includes the

formation of core particles with phenyltrimethoxysilane as a precursor followed by the

formation of a coating layer with methyltrimethoxysilane as a precursor. The highly permeable

structure and the hydrophobic nature of the ormosil nanoparticles, as well as their small size,

result in an excellent overall quenching response to dissolved oxygen and a linear response

over the whole range, from 0 -100% oxygen-saturated water. This PEBBLE sensor has a higher

sensitivity and a broader linearity as well as longer excitation and emission wavelengths,

resulting in reduced background noise for cellular measurement. The PEBBLE sensors are

excellent in terms of their reversibility and stability to leaching and long-term storage. A real-

time monitoring of changes in the dissolved oxygen due to cell respiration in a closed chamber

was made by gene gun delivered PEBBLE. This sensor is now being applied for simultaneous

intracellular measurements of oxygen and glucose.

References

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http://iopscience.iop.org/0957-4484/23/5/055202;jsessionid=0DEAC3E7D220B6EA86F60FC78D9AC10A.c2

Vo-Dinh Tuan et al ,Nanoprobes and nanobiosensors for monitoring and imaging individual

living cells, Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology, and Medicine 2 (2006) 22 30 http://openwetware.org/images/c/ce/Nanobiosensors08.pdf

http://www.phys.sinica.edu.tw/TIGP-NANO/Course/2012_Fall/classnotes/NanoB-Electronic-

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sujit cife - nanotechnology- fisheries and aquaculture- nano probe

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