Sukla DuttaSukla Dutta

Movement is important for Movement is important for children's children's

development and learningdevelopment and learning

• The development of action and The development of action and coordination of one’s limbs.coordination of one’s limbs.

• The development of strength, The development of strength, posture control, balance and posture control, balance and perceptual skills.perceptual skills.

What is Motor Development?What is Motor Development?

Neural and muscular maturationNeural and muscular maturation

Readiness of the childReadiness of the child

Predictable patternPredictable pattern

Individual differencesIndividual differences

Principles of Motor DevelopmentPrinciples of Motor Development

MaturationMaturation - From central to peripheral- From central to peripheral - From head to toe- From head to toe Environment Environment - Growth, strength, nutrition- Growth, strength, nutrition - Motivation- Motivation PracticePractice - New skills build on prior abilities- New skills build on prior abilities - Motor pathways are refined through - Motor pathways are refined through useuse

What Influences Motor Development ?What Influences Motor Development ?

Activities that require good control over the whole Activities that require good control over the whole body are useful for ‘gymnastic’ skills laterbody are useful for ‘gymnastic’ skills later

Activities that require strength and speed help in Activities that require strength and speed help in sports skills and gamessports skills and games

Activities emphasizing rhythm lead to skills in dancingActivities emphasizing rhythm lead to skills in dancing

How will these promote other skills ?How will these promote other skills ?

MOTOR COORDINATIONMOTOR COORDINATION

Gross Motor SkillsGross Motor Skills Fine Motor SkillsFine Motor Skills

Gross Motor SkillsGross Motor Skills

Gross Motor MilestonesGross Motor Milestones (2 – 5 Years of Age) : (2 – 5 Years of Age) : GROSS MOTOR BEHAVIOUR

48 months :48 months :May ascend a ladder by leading with alternate feet. Broad jumps approximately 0.61 metre. Balances on one foot for 8 seconds. Is able to hop on one foot. Catches objects that have been thrown. Jumps in place with two feet.

52 months :52 months :Displays highly synchronous walking. Descends stairs by leading with alternate feet.

56 months :56 months :Descends ladder by leading with alternate feet. Is able to hop seven or more steps on one foot. Throws 0.08 metre ball 3.05 metre.

5 years :5 years :Is beginning to skip. Walks backward heel to toe. Walks like an adult. Gallops. Hops 10 or more steps on one foot. Throws a 0.23 metre ball approximately 3.05 metre.

It refines a child’s gross motor( large muscle ) skills.

Body awareness – for improved posture and control crossing the mid-line-laterity, i.e., awareness of the left and right sides of the body

The child also encounters objects in nature or something which captivates his or her attention

The child develops the ability to maintain equilibrium

Major muscle coordination – spatial orientation – awareness of body position in space and in relation to other object and people

Acquires vocabulary during activities like backward, forward, sideways, etc.

Instructional ObjectivesInstructional Objectives

Play is Learning……….Play is Learning……….

Group of children walking in circle holding hands

Walking :

• In and out of circles, hoops, tyres, In and out of circles, hoops, tyres, outlinesoutlines

• Along a line(chalk), piece of string, Along a line(chalk), piece of string, etc.etc.

• Using a rope or string to guide Using a rope or string to guide children through a mazechildren through a maze

• Walking to different music temposWalking to different music tempos

• Walk along a chalk line, string Walk along a chalk line, string line or narrow boardline or narrow board

• Climbing steps/stairs/step Climbing steps/stairs/step ladders without hand supportladders without hand support

• Walking on knees with hands Walking on knees with hands in the airin the air

• Walking up an inclined plank Walking up an inclined plank with confidence and speedwith confidence and speed

Balancing:

girl balancing school books on head

Running:

School children running in a game

• Around an obstacle Around an obstacle coursecourse

• On the spot/on the toesOn the spot/on the toes

• With the hands on head/ With the hands on head/ hips/ behind back etchips/ behind back etc

Jumping:

Child jumping over a hurdle

• Jump up to touch/reach suspended Jump up to touch/reach suspended objects, leaves, balloons, toys etc.objects, leaves, balloons, toys etc.

• Stand up and jump from shape to shapeStand up and jump from shape to shape

• Jump on mattresses, tyres etcJump on mattresses, tyres etc

Creeping , Crawling, Rolling:

• Treasure hunt – crawl or creep to find hidden objectsTreasure hunt – crawl or creep to find hidden objects

• “ “Follow the Leader”Follow the Leader”

Swinging:

• Swing in a standing position without supportSwing in a standing position without support

Hopping:

• Hop into/out of hoopsHop into/out of hoops

• Hop along stepping stonesHop along stepping stones

• Make patterns on the ground of Make patterns on the ground of shapes, colours, dots. Hop on shapes, colours, dots. Hop on one colour, dot etcone colour, dot etc

Rhythmic Movement:

• Clapping hands according to the beat

• Clapping/stopping with music variations

• Singing and performing action songs

• Swinging rhythmically

Throwing:

• Children sit in two rows and throw a ball in opposite directions

• Make a relay race

Catching:

• Increase the catching distance gradually

Kicking: Balloons of different sizes

Aim at a target- set up target areas for children to kick at, eg., bulls eye

Skipping:

Around objects

In circle games

To music with variety of rhythms

REMEMBERREMEMBER

Large muscles develop before smaller onesLarge muscles develop before smaller ones

Thus, gross motor development is the Thus, gross motor development is the

foundation for developing skills in other areasfoundation for developing skills in other areas

Developmental Objectives attained Developmental Objectives attained from Gross Motor Skills…………from Gross Motor Skills…………

• Inculcate team spirit

• Increases perseverance

• Increases body coordination

• Increases ability to balance

• Children learn to wait for their turn

• Increases coordination

• Develops vocabulary

SUMMARY………..SUMMARY………..

There are many different materials and activities that can be utilized to help young children develop large motor skills. Our responsibility is simply to provide them with a variety of materials, facilities and opportunities that promote development in this area through daily activities……………

• Developing control over the movement of finer muscles in particular the finger and wrist muscles

• Developing hand-eye coordination

What are Fine Motor SkillsWhat are Fine Motor Skills

Hierarchy and Hierarchy and Progression of Progression of Typical Fine Motor Typical Fine Motor DevelopmentDevelopment

Ocular Motor ControlOcular Motor Control – – The ability of the eyes to follow and focus on an object in the field of vision as required.

Hand – Eye Coordination – Hand – Eye Coordination – The ability to execute activities with the hands, guided by the eyes requiring accuracy in placement, direction and spatial awareness

Foot-Eye CoordinationFoot-Eye Coordination – The ability to execute action with the feet, guided by the eyes

Manual DexterityManual Dexterity – The ability to accurately manipulate the hands and fingers for neat handwriting, drawing, typing skills, etc.

Instructional Objectives

Hand Development MilestonesHand Development Milestones

• Development of arches in handDevelopment of arches in hand

• Development of wrist extension that supports skilled finger movementsDevelopment of wrist extension that supports skilled finger movements

• Development of an awareness of the – “skill” side of the handDevelopment of an awareness of the – “skill” side of the hand

• Development of an open index finger –thumb web space – ODevelopment of an open index finger –thumb web space – O

• Development of skill in the small muscles contained in the handDevelopment of skill in the small muscles contained in the hand

Develop creative skills while having fun…Develop creative skills while having fun…

Threading:

Helps children learn….Helps children learn….

• Small muscle control Small muscle control

• Hand-eye coordinationHand-eye coordination

• To put objects in properTo put objects in proper sequencesequence

Tearing, cutting, pasting :

Helps children learn….Helps children learn….

• Finger coordinationFinger coordination

• Hand-eye coordinationHand-eye coordination

Drawing, colouring, painting

Helps children learn….Helps children learn….

• Finger muscle developmentFinger muscle development

• Hand-eye coordinationHand-eye coordination

• Creative expressionCreative expression

• how to use pictures and how to use pictures and symbols to represent ideas symbols to represent ideas

Sorting, pattern making

Helps children learn/develop….Helps children learn/develop….

• Hand-eye coordinationHand-eye coordination

• Observation powerObservation power

• To use their imaginationTo use their imagination

Clay Activity

Helps children learn….Helps children learn….

• to tone manipulative skillsto tone manipulative skills

• to use their imaginationto use their imagination

• to put ideas into shapesto put ideas into shapes

• to develop artistic skillsto develop artistic skills

Printing

Helps children learn….Helps children learn….

• Finger coordinationFinger coordination

• Hand-eye coordinationHand-eye coordination

The Sequence of WritingThe Sequence of Writing

Like other areas of your child’s development, prewritingLike other areas of your child’s development, prewritingskills follow a predictable sequence in this order :skills follow a predictable sequence in this order :

• ScribblingScribbling

• ImitatingImitating

• CopyingCopying

• Improves hand-eye coordinationImproves hand-eye coordination

• Improves foot-eye coordinationImproves foot-eye coordination

• Increases observation powerIncreases observation power

• Enhances finger muscle developmentEnhances finger muscle development

• Fosters creative expressionFosters creative expression

• Enhances the ability to recognize unseen objects using Enhances the ability to recognize unseen objects using the sense of touchthe sense of touch

Developmental Objectives attained from Developmental Objectives attained from Fine Motor SkillsFine Motor Skills