sulfur

7/21/2019 Sulfur

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ENGLISH TASK

SULFUR COMPOUNDS AND

PEROXYACETYL NITRATE (PAN)

By :

Ika Lailatul Khoiriyah

123234015/ Kimia A 2012

JURUSAN KIMIA

FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU

PENGETAHUAN ALAM

UNIVERSITAS NEGERI SURABAYA

2012

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SULFUR

Sulur or !ul"hur #Briti!h E$%li!h& !'' !"'lli$% ('lo)* i! a

+h'mi+al 'l'm'$t )ith !ym(ol S a$, atomi+ $um('r 1-. It i! a$

a(u$,a$t multial'$t $o$m'tal. $,'r $ormal +o$,itio$! !ulur

atom! orm +y+li+ o+tatomi+ mol'+ul'! )ith +h'mi+al ormulaS8 .

El'm'$tal !ulur i! a (ri%ht y'llo) +ry!talli$' !oli, )h'$ at room

t'm"'ratur'. h'mi+ally !ulur +a$ r'a+t a! 'ith'r a$ oi,a$t or

r',u+i$% a%'$t. It oi,i'! mo!t m'tal! a$, !''ral $o$m'tal!

i$+lu,i$% +ar(o$ )hi+h l'a,! to it! $'%ati' +har%' i$ mo!t

or%a$o!ulur +om"ou$,! (ut it r',u+'! !''ral !tro$% oi,a$t! !u+h

a! oy%'$ a$, 6uori$'.

Sulur o++ur! $aturally a! th' "ur' 'l'm'$t #$ati' !ulur* a$, a!

!ul7,' a$, !ulat' mi$'ral!. El'm'$tal !ulur +ry!tal! ar' +ommo$ly

!ou%ht at'r (y mi$'ral +oll'+tor! or th'ir ,i!ti$+t (ri%htly +olor',

"olyh',ro$ !ha"'!. B'i$% a(u$,a$t i$ $ati' orm !ulur )a! k$o)$

i$ a$+i'$t tim'! m'$tio$', or it! u!'! i$ a$+i'$t I$,ia a$+i'$t

Gr''+' hi$a a$, E%y"t. 8um'! rom (ur$i$% !ulur )'r' u!', a!

umi%a$t! a$, !ulur+o$tai$i$% m',i+i$al mitur'! )'r' u!', a!

(alm! a$, a$ti"ara!iti+!. Sulur i! r''r'$+', i$ th' Bi(l' a!

(rim!to$' #(ur$ !to$'* i$ E$%li!h )ith thi! $am' !till u!', i$ !''ral

$o$!+i'$ti7+ tom'!. It )a! $'',', to mak' th' ('!t 9uality o (la+k

%u$"o),'r. I$ 1 A$toi$' Laoi!i'r h'l"', +o$i$+' th' !+i'$ti7+

+ommu$ity that !ulur )a! a (a!i+ 'l'm'$t rath'r tha$ a +om"ou$,.

El'm'$tal !ulur )a! o$+' 'tra+t', rom !alt ,om'! )h'r' it

!om'tim'! o++ur! i$ $'arly "ur' orm (ut thi! m'tho, ha! (''$

o(!ol't' !i$+' th' lat' 20th +'$tury. To,ay almo!t all 'l'm'$tal

!ulur i! "ro,u+', a! a (y"ro,u+t o r'moi$% !ulur+o$tai$i$%

+o$tami$a$t! rom $atural %a! a$, "'trol'um. Th' 'l'm'$t;!

+omm'r+ial u!'! ar' "rimarily i$ 'rtili'r! ('+au!' o th' r'lati'ly

hi%h r'9uir'm'$t o "la$t! or it a$, i$ th' ma$ua+tur' o !uluri+

a+i, a "rimary i$,u!trial +h'mi+al. <th'r )'llk$o)$ u!'! or th'

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'l'm'$t ar' i$ mat+h'! i$!'+ti+i,'! a$, u$%i+i,'!. =a$y !ulur

+om"ou$,! ar' o,ori'rou! a$, th' !m'll o o,ori', $atural %a!

!ku$k !+'$t %ra"'ruit a$, %arli+ i! ,u' to !ulur +om"ou$,!.

Hy,ro%'$ !ul7,' "ro,u+', (y lii$% or%a$i!m! im"art! th'

+hara+t'ri!ti+ o,or to rotti$% '%%! a$, oth'r (iolo%i+al "ro+'!!'!.

Sulur i! a$ '!!'$tial 'l'm'$t or all li' a$, i! )i,'ly u!', i$

(io+h'mi+al "ro+'!!'!. I$ m'ta(oli+ r'a+tio$! !ulur +om"ou$,!

!'r' a! (oth u'l! a$, r'!"iratory #oy%'$alt'r$ati'* mat'rial! or

!im"l' or%a$i!m!. Sulur i$ or%a$i+ orm i! "r'!'$t i$ th' itami$!

(ioti$ a$, thiami$' th' latt'r ('i$% $am', or th' Gr''k )or, or

!ulur. Sulur i! a$ im"orta$t "art o ma$y '$ym'! a$, i$ a$tioi,a$t

mol'+ul'! lik' %lutathio$' a$, thior',oi$. <r%a$i+ally (o$,', !ulur

i! a +om"o$'$t o all "rot'i$! a! th' ami$o a+i,! +y!t'i$' a$,

m'thio$i$'. >i!ul7,' (o$,! ar' lar%'ly r'!"o$!i(l' or th'

m'+ha$i+al !tr'$%th a$, i$!olu(ility o th' "rot'i$ k'rati$ ou$, i$

out'r !ki$ hair a$, 'ath'r! a$, th' 'l'm'$t +o$tri(ut'! to th'ir

"u$%'$t o,or )h'$ (ur$',.

Che!"#$ %&'%e&!e

Sulur (ur$! )ith a (lu' 6am' +o$+omita$t )ith ormatio$ o

!ulur ,ioi,' $ota(l' or it! "'+uliar !u?o+ati$% o,or. Sulur i!

i$!olu(l' i$ )at'r (ut !olu(l' i$ +ar(o$ ,i!ul7,' a$, to a l'!!'r

't'$t i$ oth'r $o$"olar or%a$i+ !ol'$t! !u+h a! ('$'$' a$,

tolu'$'. Th' 7r!t a$, th' !'+o$, io$iatio$ '$'r%i'! o !ulur ar'

@@@.- a$, 2252 kJ·mol−1

r'!"'+ti'ly. >'!"it' !u+h 7%ur'!2+¿S¿

i! rar'4,6+¿

S¿ ('i$% mor' +ommo$. Th' ourth a$, !ith io$iatio$

'$'r%i'! ar' 455- a$, 4@5. kJ·mol−1

th' ma%$itu,' o th' 7%ur'!

+au!', (y 'l'+tro$ tra$!'r ('t)''$ or(ital!& th'!' !tat'! ar' o$ly

!ta(l' )ith !tro$% oi,a$t! a! 6uori$' oy%'$ a$, +hlori$'.

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C'%'*+,

ommo$ oi,atio$ !tat'! o !ulur ra$%' rom 2 to C-. Sulur orm!

!ta(l' +om"ou$,! )ith all 'l'm'$t! '+'"t th' $o(l' %a!'!.

1. Sul7,'!

Tr'atm'$t o !ulur )ith hy,ro%'$ %i'! hy,ro%'$ !ul7,'.

Dh'$ ,i!!ol', i$ )at'r hy,ro%'$ !ul7,' i! mil,ly a+i,i+:

+¿−¿+ H ¿

H 2S⇄ HS¿

Hy,ro%'$ !ul7,' %a! a$, th' hy,ro!ul7,' a$io$ ar' 'tr'm'ly

toi+ to mammal! ,u' to th'ir i$hi(itio$ o th' oy%'$+arryi$%

+a"a+ity o h'mo%lo(i$ a$, +'rtai$ +yto+hrom'! i$ a ma$$'r

a$alo%ou! to +ya$i,' a$, ai,' #!'' ('lo) u$,'r "r'+autio$!*.

',u+tio$ o 'l'm'$tal !ulur %i'! "oly!ul7,'! )hi+h +o$!i!t

o +hai$! o !ulur atom! t'rmi$at', )ith−¿S¿

+'$t'r!:

2 Na+S8→Na

2S8

Thi! r'a+tio$ hi%hli%ht! ar%ua(ly th' !i$%l' mo!t ,i!ti$+ti'

"ro"'rty o !ulur: it! a(ility to +at'$at' #(i$, to it!'l (y ormatio$

o +hai$!*. Froto$atio$ o th'!' "oly!ul7,' a$io$! %i'! th'

"oly!ula$'! H 2S x )h'r' 2 3 a$, 4. ltimat'ly r',u+tio$ o

!ulur %i'! !ul7,' !alt!:

16 Na+S8→8 Na

2S

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Th' i$t'r+o$'r!io$ o th'!' !"'+i'! i! '"loit', i$ th'

!o,ium!ulur (att'ry. Th' ra,i+al a$io$3−¿S¿ %i'! th' (lu' +olor

o th' mi$'ral la"i! lauli. Dith 'ry !tro$% oi,a$t!S8 +a$ ('

oi,i', or 'am"l' to %i' (i+y+li+2+¿

S8

¿ .

2. <i,'! a$, oya$io$!

Th' "ri$+i"al !ulur oi,'! ar' o(tai$', (y (ur$i$% !ulur:S+O

2→SO

2

2SO2+O

2→2SO

3

<th'r oi,'! ar' k$o)$ '.%. !ulur mo$oi,' a$, ,i!ulur

mo$o a$, ,ioi,'! (ut th'y ar' u$!ta(l'.

Th' !ulur oi,'! orm $um'rou! oya$io$! )ith th' ormula

2−¿SO

n

¿ . Sulur ,ioi,' a$, !ul7t'! #2−¿

SO3

¿ * ar' r'lat', to th'

u$!ta(l' !ulurou! a+i, ( H 2SO3) . Sulur trioi,' a$, !ulat'!

2−¿

SO4

¿

¿ ar' r'lat', to !uluri+ a+i,. Suluri+ a+i, a$,

SO3 +om(i$'

to %i' ol'um a !olutio$ o "yro!uluri+ a+i, # H

2S2O

7 * i$ !uluri+

a+i,. F'roi,'! +o$'rt !ulur i$to u$!ta(l' !u+h a!S8O

a

!uloi,'. F'roymo$o!uluri+ a+i, # H

2SO

5 * a$, "'roy,i!uluri+

a+i,! #

H 2S2O

8

* ma,' rom th' a+tio$ o

SO3

o$ +o$+'$trat',

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H 2O

2 a$, H

2SO

4 o$ +o$+'$trat', H

2O

2 r'!"'+ti'ly.

Thio!ulat' !alt! #2−¿S2O

3

¿ * !om'tim'! r''rr', a! hy"o!ul7t'!

u!', i$ "hoto%ra"hi+ 7i$% #HF<* a$, a! r',u+i$% a%'$t! 'atur'

!ulur i$ t)o oi,atio$ !tat'!. So,ium ,ithio$it' #2−¿S2O

4

¿ * +o$tai$!

th' mor' hi%hly r',u+i$% ,ithio$it' a$io$. So,ium ,ithio$at' #

Na2S2O

6 * i! th' 7r!t m'm('r o th' "olythio$i+ a+i,! # H

2SnO

6 *

)h'r' $ +a$ ra$%' rom 3 to ma$y.

3. Hali,'! a$, oyhali,'!

Th' t)o mai$ !ulur 6uori,'! ar' !ulur h'a6uori,' a ,'$!'

%a! u!', a! $o$r'a+ti' a$, $o$toi+ "ro"'lla$t a$, !ulur

t'tra6uori,' a rar'ly u!', or%a$i+ r'a%'$t that i! hi%hly toi+.

Th'ir +hlori$at', a$alo%! ar' !ulur ,i+hlori,' a$, !ulur

mo$o+hlori,'. Suluryl +hlori,' a$, +hloro!uluri+ a+i, ar'

,'riati'! o !uluri+ a+i,& thio$yl +hlori,' # SOCl

2 * i! a +ommo$

r'a%'$t i$ or%a$i+ !y$th'!i!.

4. F$i+ti,'!

A$ im"orta$t SJN +om"ou$, i! th' +a%' t'tra!ulur t'tra$itri,'

# S

4 N

4 *. H'ati$% thi! +om"ou$, %i'! "olym'ri+ !ulur $itri,' #

(SN ) x * )hi+h ha! m'talli+ "ro"'rti'! ''$ thou%h it ,o'! $ot

Th' !ulat' a$io$F'roy,i!uluri+

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+o$tai$ a$y m'tal atom!. Thio+ya$at'! +o$tai$ th'−¿SCN

¿ %rou".

<i,atio$ o thio+ya$at' %i'! thio+ya$o%'$ (SCN )2 )ith th'

+o$$'+tiity NSSN. Fho!"horu! !ul7,'! ar' $um'rou! th' mo!t

im"orta$t +omm'r+ially ('i$% th' +a%'! P

4S10 a$,

P4S3 .

5. ='tal !ul7,'!

Th' "ri$+i"al or'! o +o""'r i$+ $i+k'l +o(alt moly(,'$um

a$, oth'r m'tal! ar' !ul7,'!. Th'!' mat'rial! t'$, to (' ,ark

+olor', !'mi+o$,u+tor! that ar' $ot r'a,ily atta+k', (y )at'r or

''$ ma$y a+i,!. Th'y ar' orm', (oth %'o+h'mi+ally a$, i$ th'

la(oratory (y th' r'a+tio$ o hy,ro%'$ !ul7,' )ith m'tal !alt!. Th'

mi$'ral %al'$a # PbS * )a! th' 7r!t ,'mo$!trat', !'mi+o$,u+tor

a$, ou$, a u!' a! a !i%$al r'+ti7'r i$ th' +at;! )hi!k'r! o 'arly

+ry!tal ra,io!. Th' iro$ !ul7,' +all', "yrit' th' !o+all', ool;!

%ol, ha! th' ormula FeS2 . Th' u"%ra,i$% o th'!' or'! u!ually

(y roa!ti$% i! +o!tly a$, '$iro$m'$tally haar,ou!. Sulur

+orro,'! ma$y m'tal! ia th' "ro+'!! +all', tar$i!hi$%.

O&-#+!" "'%'*+,

+y!t'i$' a$ ami$o

a+i, +o$tai$i$% a

Alli+i$ th' a+ti'

i$%r',i'$t i$ %arli+

>i"h'$yl ,i!ul7,' a

r'"r'!'$tati'

F'$i+illi$

>i('$othio"h'$'

a +om"o$'$t oF'r6uoroo+ta$'!ulo$i+

a+i, a +o$tro'r!ial

='thio$i$' a$ ami$o

a+i, +o$tai$i$% a

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Pe&'./#"e/$ +!&#e (PAN)

F'roya+'tyl $itrat' #FAN* i! a$ or%a$i+ +om"ou$, ou$, i$

"hoto+h'mi+al !mo%. It i! a !'+o$,ary "olluta$t "ro,u+', i$ th'

atmo!"h'r' (y th' a+tio$ o !u$li%ht o$ th' air "olluta$t! "r'!'$t i$

ur(a$ ar'a!. It i! a hi%hly "ot'$t oi,a$t that i! (oth toi+ a$,

irritati$%. Sour+'! o "olluta$t! that ('+om' FAN i$+lu,' 'hi+l'

'mi!!io$! to(a++o !mok' a$, !mok' rom th' (ur$i$% o "'trol'um

"ro,u+t! !u+h a! $atural %a! a$, +oal.

F'roya+'tyl $itrat' or FAN i! a$ oi,a$t mor' !ta(l' tha$

oo$'. H'$+' it i! ('tt'r +a"a(l' o lo$%ra$%' tra$!"ort tha$ oo$'.

It !'r'! a! a +arri'r or oi,'! o $itro%'$ #N<* i$to rural r'%io$!a$, +au!'! oo$' ormatio$ i$ th' %lo(al tro"o!"h'r'.

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Th' ormatio$ o FAN o$ a !'+o$,ary !+al' ('+om'! a$ i!!u'

)h'$ 'tha$ol i! u!', a! a$ automoti' u'l. A+'tal,'hy,' 'mi!!io$!

i$+r'a!' )hi+h !u(!'9u'$tly r'a+t i$ th' atmo!"h'r' to orm !mo%.

Dh'r'a! 'tha$ol "oli+i'! !ol' ,om'!ti+ oil !u""ly "ro(l'm! th'y

,ra!ti+ally 'a+'r(at' air 9uality +o$,itio$!

Ee" ' Pe&'./#"e/$ N!&#e

1. Huma$ H'alth

F'roya+'tyl $itrat' +au!'! 'y' irritatio$! at 'ry lo)

+o$+'$tratio$! o o$ly a ') "art! "'r (illio$. It al!o irritat'! th'

r'!"iratory !y!t'm. It )a! r'"ort', i$ th' A"ril 2003 i!!u' o

Ha=at that la(oratory !tu,i'! )ith rat! a$, mi+' o$ th' toi+ity

o FAN ha' !ho)$ it may +au!' 'm"hy!'ma im"air', (r'athi$%

a+ut' "ulmo$ary ','ma or lu$% l'!io$! ollo)i$% i$halatio$

'"o!ur'. F'o"l' )ith h'art a$, lu$% ,i!'a!' +hil,r'$ a$, th'

'l,'rly ar' th' mo!t !u!+'"ti(l' to air "olluta$t! i$+lu,i$% FAN.

2. Fla$t!

FAN i$hi(it! th' "rimary "ro+'!! o "hoto!y$th'!i! i$ ariou!

ty"'! o "la$t! )hi+h +a$ !to" or r',u+' th'ir %ro)th. Fa$ i! mor'

toi+ to "la$t! tha$ oo$'. A?'+t', "la$t! 'hi(it ,i!+olor',

l'a'! a$, l'a'! +a$ all o? )hi+h urth'r r',u+'!

"hoto!y$th'!i!. Th' "la$t;! a(ility to !tor' oo, %ro) a$,

r'"ro,u+' i! r',u+', a$, th' "la$t! al!o ('+om' mor' ul$'ra(l'

to atta+k! (y "'!t! a$, ,i!'a!'!. A%ri+ultural +ro"! a$, or'!t!

ar' a?'+t', a! )'ll a! )il, "la$t!.

8ormatio$ o F'roya+'tyl $itrat'

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3. =at'rial!

>ama%' to +loth'! "ai$t a$, ru(('r arti+l'! i! +au!', (y th'

"'roya+'tyl $itrat' i$ "hoto+h'mi+al !mo%. Thi! "olluta$t i!

"r'!'$t i$,oor! a! )'ll a! out,oor!. A 1@@3 !tu,y "u(li!h', i$ th'

our$al o th' Am'ri+a$ I$!titut' or o$!'ratio$ !ho)', that

FAN +a$ a?'+t arti!t!; +olora$t! )hi+h m'a$! that "ai$ti$%! i$

mu!'um! +a$ a,' ,u' to it! '?'+t!. Th' +h'mi+al +a$ al!o +au!'

ru(('r to lo!' 'la!ti+ity a$, l'ath'r to ('+om' (rittl' a$, +ra+k.

Th' '?'+t o FAN o$ mat'rial! i! al!o har, to m'a!ur' a! th'r' ar'

oth'r '$iro$m'$tal a+tor! at )ork.

4. E+olo%i+al Sy!t'm!

FAN i! orm', i$ ur(a$ ar'a! )h'r' th'r' ar' hi%h l''l! o

"olluta$t! rom 'hi+l'! a$, i$,u!trial !our+'! a$, th' ormatio$

o FAN "'ak! arou$, mi,,ay )h'$ !u$li%ht i! !tro$%'!t. B'+au!'

it i! airly !ta(l' )i$,! +a$ +arry it to rural r'%io$! a$, "ri!ti$'

ar'a! )h'r' it +a$ ha' a$ '+olo%i+al im"a+t )'ll a)ay rom it!

ori%i$. A 1@@ !tu,y r'"ort', i$ th' E+o$omi!t ou$, l''l! o

"'roya+'tyl $itrat' at h''ka F'ak <(!'ratory Da!hi$%to$

)'r' 100 "'r+'$t a(o' $ormal ,u' to "olluta$t! r'a+hi$% th'

D'!t oa!t rom A!ia. Thi! m'a$! "ollutio$ rom o$' r'%io$ +a$

a?'+t th' )hol' "la$'t.

sulfur

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