sulhog (the eastern visayas yolanda reconstruction plan)

8/10/2019 SULHOG (the Eastern Visayas Yolanda Reconstruction Plan)

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2014 by the National Economic and Development Authority VIII

All rights reserved. Any part of this publication may be used and reproduced provided properacknowledgement is made.

SULHOGEastern Visayas Yolanda Reconstruction Plan

Published by:National Economic and Development AuthorityRegional Ofce VIII

Government Center, Palo, LeyteTel: +63 53 323 [email protected]://nro8.neda.gov.ph

Cover Design and Layout: Geselle Frances P. Zeta


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sulhogEastern Visayas Yolanda Reconstruction Plan

25 March 2014

SULHOGis the local term for ray of light.


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MessageThe catastrophic impact of Supertyphoon Yolanda can no longer be questioned. We know in our minds and hearts thatthe extent of damage and losses are something that go beyond statistical gures and numbers. Experience tells us thatany place hit by a disaster, especially when it is of much higher intensity, takes a great deal of resilience to be able torecover. How much more for Eastern Visayas, whose large part, including its regional capital and only Highly UrbanizedCity of Tacloban, had been decimated to a place of rubbish and despondency? For all the havoc wreaked by Yolanda in

this part of the country, it would indeed take a lot of hard work, coordinated efforts, and synergistic commitment fromall sectors possible in order for Region VIII to bounce back and continue its quest for poverty reduction and inclusivegrowth.

It is under this premise that this Sulhog Yolanda Reconstruction Plan has been crafted.

As Vice-Chair of the Regional Development Council (RDC) VIII and Vice-Chair for Rehabilitation and Recovery of theRegional Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (RDRRMC) VIII, NEDA VIII has risen to the challenge and theprivilege of initiating the preparation of this Plan document.We need Sulhog to put together what the government agencies, local government units, and the public academeintend to do to help rebuild the affected areas and sectors, with the common goal of building this region better and safer.This should be our constant reminder to be on track and to put our acts together.

The pain caused by Yolanda is somewhat negated by the phenomenal opportunity to be able to build back better, giventhe overwhelming support that comes our way in many forms humanitarian aid for immediate disaster relief, fundingassistance for rehabilitation and recovery projects, and even technical assistance willing to be shared by experts onunderstanding better the disaster that hit us and preventing another one from hitting us in the future.

As we allow ourselves to be guided by this Plan document, we convey to you some hard facts that we have been facingas a region before Yolanda hit us. Eastern Visayas has been steadily inching up higher in the ranks of poverty incidence.Based on the Family Income and Expenditure Survey, it was the 7 thpoorest region in the country in 2006; the 5thpoorestin 2009; then nally in 2012, the 2ndpoorest. Worse, the regional economy in 2012 slumped when the Gross RegionalDomestic Product contracted by negative 6.2%.

This is a very bleak picture that we are presenting but nevertheless one that could be taken as an eye opener and a callto action. Initially, we might want to aim to at least bring the region to its pre-disaster conditions, but such is not at allan ideal state of development, and therefore is something that we should not settle with. We will rebuild but we needto rebuild better.

Let us call to mind the existence of the Updated Regional Development Plan 2014-2016, which was adopted to guide ouractions towards the attainment of our triple vision of becoming an agri-business leader, a tourism haven, and informationand communications technology (ICT) leader. While Sulhogcharts out our way to rehabilitation and recovery, the RDPillustrates our way of attaining a robust economy, liberating ourselves from pervasive poverty, and ultimately, makinginclusive growth more than just a buzz word.

However, it is essential that we bounce back rst after Yolanda. It should not be that difcult because of the outpouring

assistance coming from the national government as embodied in the Reconstruction Assistance on Yolanda (RAY) andthe rehabilitation plans of the Ofce of the Presidential Assistant for Rehabilitation and Recovery (OPARR) clusters oninfrastructure, resettlement, livelihood, social services, and support.

With all these support systems in place, there is great promise that Eastern Visayas will be able to get back on its feetand move undauntedly again towards becoming a progressive region.

Let Sulhogthen be our source of inspiration in our recovery work and a concrete reminder for all of us to, at all times,be in cadence in moving towards a common direction. Sulhog, as the name suggests, should be taken as our symbol ofhope, our ray of light. By putting our acts together, we can spread this light to obliterate the darkness and desolationleft behind by Yolanda.

ATTY. BONIFACIO G. UYVice-Chair, RDC VIII,Vice-Chair, RDRRMC VIII andRegional Director, NEDA VIII


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Excerpts from the Minutes of the Regional Development Council VIII Meeting held onMarch 25, 2014 at the Tierra de Milagros, Palo, Leyte

RDC VIII Resolution No. 7, Series of 2014

APPROVING THE EASTERN VISAYAS YOLANDARECONSTRUCTION AND RECOVERY PLAN (EV-YRRP)

Whereas, the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), in its capacity as the Vice-Chair for Rehabilitation and Recovery of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council(NDRRMC), pursuant to Republic Act No. 10121, initiated at the national level the formulation of theReconstruction Assistance on Yolanda (RAY), which is a framework document on the rehabilitation andrecovery plan for all regions of the country affected by Typhoon Yolanda;

Whereas, the NEDA Regional Ofce VIII, pursuant to its mandate as the Vice-Chair forRehabilitation and Recovery of the Regional Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council(RDRRMC) and RDC VIII Resolution No. 54, Series of 2013, coordinated the preparation of the EasternVisayas Yolanda Reconstruction and Recovery Plan (EV-YRRP);

Whereas, following a participatory process in preparing the EV-YRRP, the NEDA VIII conductedvarious activities such as, but not limited to, the sectoral rehabilitation planning workshops, agencyvisits, and distribution of letter-requests to generate damage and loss assessment reports and proposedrehabilitation and recovery interventions from agencies, local government units, state universities andcolleges, and the private/business sector;

Whereas, the EV-YRRP contains four chapters, namely: Chapter 1: Characterization of TyphoonYolanda (Haiyan), Chapter 2: Eastern Visayas Before Yolanda, Chapter 3: Eastern Visayas ImmediatelyAfter Yolanda, and Chapter 4: Bouncing Back From Yolanda;

Whereas, upon presentation to the Council in this meeting, the draft EV-YRRP was found tobe responsive to the rehabilitation and recovery requirements of the region, with recommendations toupdate the gures on the damage, loss, and needs;

NOW THEREFORE, be it RESOLVED, as it is hereby RESOLVED, to approve the Eastern VisayasYolanda Reconstruction and Recovery Plan (EV-YRRP), subject to the incorporation of the nal YolandaPost-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) and improvement of the title.

UNANIMOUSLY APPROVED, this 25th day of March, Two Thousand and Fourteen, at Palo,Leyte.

Certied true and correct: Attested/Approved:

ERNESTO T. OCTAVIANO BONIFACIO G. UY

RDC VIII Acting Secretary RDC VIII Vice-Chair and Presiding Ofcer

Republic of the Philippines

REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL

Eastern Visayas (Region VIII)


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Table of Contents Message

RDC VIII Resolution No. 7, s. 2014

10 Introduction12 Chapter 1: Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan)

15 Chapter 2: Eastern Visayas Before Yolanda15 General Prole16 Unique Characteristics of Eastern Visayas17 Socio-economic Situation21 State of Infrastructure Development

22 Regional Development Framework

23 Chapter 3: Eastern Visayas Immediately After Yolanda23 Overall Impact to the Region25 Infrastructure Sector26 Economic Sector27 Social Sector

27 Cross-sectoral Impacts and Needs28 Macroeconomy

34 Looting: Side-Effect of Yolanda

35 Chapter 4: Bouncing Back From Yolanda36 Principles37 Priority Interventions38 Complete List of All Interventions38 Infrastructure Sector40 Economic Sector48 Social Sector51 Cross-sectoral Interventions51 Peace and Security

52 Environment53 Macroeconomy

55 Governance

60 Special Section on Policy and Operational Issues/Concerns and Recommendations

60 Agriculture62 Trade, Industry and Services64 Social Sector65 Infrastructure67 Environment68 Governance

71 Eastern Visayas Yolanda Investment Program 2014-201672 Preface73 Executive Summary74 Infrastructure Cluster75 Resettlement Cluster76 Livelihood Cluster84 Social Services Cluster


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List of tables and figures Page No.

Table 1. Projected GRDP Growth Rates: 2013-2016 22Table 2. Total Damage and Losses and Total Needs per Major Sector 23Table 3. Damage, Losses and Needs for the Infrastructure Sector (in PhP million) 25

Table 4. Damage, Losses and Needs for the Economic Sector (in PhP million) 26Table 5. Damage, Losses and Needs for the Social Sector (in PhP million) 27Table 6. Cross-sectoral Damage, Losses and Needs (in PhP million) 28Table 7. Impact on 2013 GRDP 28Table 8. Impact of Yolanda on Poverty Incidence Among Population 30Table 9. Eastern Visayas Labor and Employment: July 2013 30Table 10. Number of Affected Workers in Industry and Services by City/Province 31Table 11. Number of Affected Workers in AHFF by Province 31Table 12. Region VIII 2013 3rd and 4th Quarter Revenue Collections (in PhP) 32Table 13. Region VIII Annual Revenue Collections: 2011-2013 (in PhP) 32Table 14. Consumer Price Index, Ination Rate, and Purchasing Power of Peso

in Region VIII: 2012-2013 33Table 15. Month-on-Month Regional Ination by Commodity Group in

Eastern Visayas: October, November and December 2013, (2006=100) 33Table 16. Pathway to Recovery 37

Figure 1. Tracks of the Three Typhoons 13Figure 2. Path of Supertyphoon Yolanda 13Figure 3. Eastern Visayas Household Population by Sex and Age: 2010 15Figure 4. GRDP Growth Rates, Philippines and Eastern Visayas: 2008-2012 17Figure 5. GRDP Growth Rates by Major SeFctor: 2010-2012 17Figure 6. Production Growth Rate by Commodity: 2012 18Figure 7. Provincial Shares to Total Agricultural Production: 2012 18Figure 8. Top Five Exports of Eastern Visayas: 2011-2012 (in million US dollars) 19Figure 9. Participation Rate, Eastern Visayas: SY 2011-2012 20

Figure 10. Cohort Survival Rate, Eastern Visayas: SY 2011-2012 20Figure 11. Vision and Development Thrusts of Eastern Visayas 22Figure 12. Affected Areas of Eastern Visayas 24Figure 13. Summary of Investments by Cluster 72


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Abbreviations andAcronyms

AHFF agriculture, hunting, shery and forestryBFAR Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources

BIR Bureau of Internal RevenueBPMO business process managementCPI consumer price indexCSC Civil Service CommissionDA Department of AgricultureDENR Department of Environment and Natural ResourcesDepEd Department of EducationDOLE Department of Labor and EmploymentDOST Department of Science and TechnologyDPWH Department of Public Works and HighwaysDILG Department of the Interior and Local GovernmentDTI Department of Trade and Industry

DWSD Department of Social Welfare and DevelopmentECs electric cooperativesEDC Energy Development CorporationEVRGC Eastern Visayas Regional Growth CenterGDP gross domestic productGIS geographic information systemGRDP gross regional domestic productGVA gross valued addedICT information and communications technologyIDP internally displaced personskph kilometers per hourLIDE Leyte Industrial Development EstateLWUA Local Water Utilities AdministrationMDG Millennium Development GoalsMSME micro, small, medium enterpriseNDHS National Demographic Health SurveyNEDA National Economic and Development AuthorityNSCB National Statistical Coordination BoardNSO National Statistics OfceOCD Ofce of Civil DefensePAR Philippine Area of ResponsibilityPASAR Philippine Associated Smelting and Rening CorporationPCA Philippine Coconut AuthorityPCIC Philippine Crop Insurance CorporationPDNA Post Disaster Needs Assessment

PhilFIDA Philippine Fiber Industry Development AuthorityPHILPHOS Philippine Phosphate Fertilizer CorporationPPA Philippine Ports AuthorityPPAN Philippine Plan of Action for NutritionPPAs programs, projects and activitiesR&R rehabilitation and recoveryRAY Reconstruction Assistance on YolandaRDC Regional Development CouncilRDP Regional Development PlanRDRRMC Regional Disaster Risk Reduction and Management CouncilRLA regional line agencyRORO roll on-roll off

SBC Small Business CorporationSETUP Small Enterprise Technology Upgrading ProgramSSF shared service facilitySUC state universities and collegesTC Tropical Cyclone


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Role of Eastern Visayas in National Development. Eastern Visayas Region serves as thegeographical backbone of the Philippines as it lies in the mid-easternmost border of the Philippinearchipelago. Owing to its location, it is the principal gateway to northern and southern parts

of the country via the Maharlika Highway. It is also a resource-blest region in terms of naturalendowments, which are considered great potentials for economic growth. Given these traits, itplays a signicant role in the development of the country. As embodied in its 2011-2016 RegionalDevelopment Plan, it was aiming to become a leader in agri-business and ICT and a tourism havenas its contribution to the national goal of inclusive growth.

Supertyphoon Yolanda. However, by twist of fate, on November 8, 2013, most of Eastern Visayaswas ravaged by Supertyphoon Yolanda (International name Haiyan). The storm surge precipitatedby the typhoon in its coastal towns claimed thousands of lives and wrought massive destruction toprivate and public properties. The government and the private sector joined hands in deliveringhumanitarian response to those affected by the typhoon. But knowing that relief assistance willhave to come to an end, the government saw the imperativeness of starting rehabilitation andrecovery efforts in the soonest possible time.

How was this Plan prepared?

sulHogwas prepared by the NEDA Regional Ofce VIII under the auspices of the Regional DisasterRisk Reduction and Management Council VIII as well as the Regional Development Council VIII.By law, NEDA VIII is mandated to act as Vice-Chair for Rehabilitation and Recovery under theRDRRMC structure. This is pursuant to Republic Act 10121, otherwise known as the NationalDisaster Risk Reduction and Management Law. Meanwhile, the RDC VIII, in its earnest desire tofacilitate the rehabilitation of the region, passed RDC VIII Resolution No. 54, s. 2013, Approvingthe Preparation of the Eastern Visayas Yolanda Rehabilitation and Recovery Plan and Enjoining allEntities to Support its Preparation.

The content of sulhogemanated from the inputs of various regional line agencies, provincialand city governments, private sector representatives, and state universities and colleges. Throughformal requests and workshops, assessment of the damage and losses, resulting issues and

Introduction

Photo

Credit:CharlieDavidMartinez


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concerns, and proposed interventions were solicited from the different sectors. The assessmentportion was based on the Post Disaster Needs Assessment conducted by the RDRRMC through theleadership of the Ofce of Civil Defense.

Why this Plan?At the national level, there already exists a blueprint for the rehabilitation andrecovery of all Yolanda-affected regions of the country. It is called Reconstruction Assistance onYolanda (RAY). Region VIII, being the hardest hit in the country, followed suit and came up withthis regional version of the RAY dubbed as sulhog. This is a subset of the national governmentsstrategic plan to restore the affected areas to at least their pre-disaster situation and at most

rebuild them better and safer.

What is in this Plan? sulhog presents a comparison of the socio-economic conditions ofEastern Visayas, before and after Yolanda. It contains a consolidation of proposed interventionsin the different sectors, which are deemed necessary in reconstructing and rehabilitating theregion. Adopting the RAY principles and framework on the path to recovery, it identies theexpected key results along shelter, infrastructure, livelihood, and even institutional support to theimplementation of the identied rehabilitation and recovery programs and projects.

The specic programs, projects, and activities that will concretize the strategies embodied in thisPlan document are found in its annex, the Eastern Visayas Yolanda Investment Program 2014-2016.

PhotoCredit:www.c

hicagotribune.com


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Chapter ITyphoon Yolanda(Haiyan)Historical Perspective.The National Climatic Data Center of the United States of America reportedthat three supertyphoons had struck the Philippines in the last 117 years. The rst, unnamed,occurred in October 1897 with a death toll of 7,000. After 15 years, in November 1912, anotherunnamed supertyphoon occurred, which rendered 15,000 people dead. Then after 101 years, in

the same month of November in the year 2013, the third supertyphoon came Typhoon Yolanda,with international name Haiyan. Yolanda is considered the most destructive natural disaster inPhilippine and world history. Figure 1 shows that all three supertyphoons followed a similar track.

General Description. The PAGASA reported that Typhoon Yolanda was both huge and powerfulwith well-formed eye typical of a very strong typhoon. It maintained its strength due to warmwater (sea surface temperature: >30 C) as the Typhoon eye passed Tacloban City. The pointof landfall, the wind strength as well as the height of the storm surge (Daluyong ng Bagyo)were accurately predicted. Winds of 235 kilometers per hour and gustiness of 275 kph created a7-meter, equivalent to 21-feet high or 3-storey-high building, surged onshore. It swept the coastalcommunities of Samar, Leyte, Cebu, Panay and Coron, Palawan.

Movement. Typhoon Yolanda was the 9th

tropical cyclone that made landfall and the 24th

TC thatentered or developed inside the Philippine Area of Responsibility in 2013. It entered PAR earlymorning of November 7, 2013, 943 kilometers east of Hinatuan, Surigao del Sur (8.2N, 134.9E).Yolanda was already a typhoon before it entered PAR and gained more strength as it moved west-north-westward at an average speed of 35 kph (Figure 2).

Yolanda made its rst landfallin Guiuan, Eastern Samar (10.8N, 125.8E) at 4:40 in the morningof November 8, 2013. Affected areas are those lying within the 50 to 100-kilometer radius, withestimated winds of 185-235 kph. These include Leyte provinces, southern portion of Western andEastern Samar.

It traversed the Leyte Gulf and made a second landfallin Tolosa, Leyte (11.0N, 125.1E) at 7:00 inthe morning then crossed Northern Leyte. This second landfall, with estimated winds of 235kph,

again affected Leyte and the southern portion of Western and Eastern Samar, or areas within the50-kilometer radius, as well as Northern Leyte, rest of Eastern and Western Samar by the estimatedwinds of 185-235 kph within the 50 to 100-kilometer radius.

PhotoCredit:EPA/NOAA/Handout/Landov


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Figure 1. Tracks of the Three Typhoons

Figure 2. Path of Supertyphoon Yolanda

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The third landfallwas in Daanbantayan, Northern Cebu (11.2N, 124.1E) at 9:40 in themorning. Affected areas within the 50-kilometer radius with estimated winds of 235kphwere the northernmost portion of Cebu and Northern Leyte; within 50 to 100-kilometerwith estimated winds of 185 to 235 kph Northern Cebu (Bogo, Bantayan Borbon,

Source: Mahar Lagmay, DOST-PAGASA(https://twitter.com/nababaha/status/402377875342376961/photo/1/large)


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PhotoCredit:www.america

.aljazeera.com

Daanbantayan, Madridejos, Medellin, Pilar, Poro, San Francisco, San Remigio, Santa Fe,Sogod, Tabogon, Tabuelan,Tuburan and Tudela), Leyte, Biliran, and the northern portionof Negros Occidental.

The fourth landfallcame in Bantayan island, Cebu (11.2N, 123.8E) at 10:40 in the morning thenmoved towards Northern Panay. Affected areas within the 50-kilometer radius with estimatedwinds of 235 kph included the northernmost portion of Cebu and Negros Occidental; within the 50to 100-kilometer radius with estimated winds of 185-235 kph - Northern Cebu, northern portionof Negros Occidental, and western portion of Capiz and Iloilo.

The fth landfallwas in Concepcion, Iloilo (11.2N, 123.2E) at 12:00 noon, then it traversednorthern Panay in the next three hours and was over Sulu sea at 3:00 in the afternoon. Affectedareas within the 50-kilometer radius with estimated winds of 215 kph were the western part ofCapiz and Iloilo and the northermost portion of Negros Occidental; within the 50 to 100-kilometerswith estimated winds of 185-215 kph Northern Cebu, northern portion of Negros Occidental,western portion of Capiz and Iloilo. It severely damaged Northern Cebu and Panay Island.

The sixth landfall in Busuanga, Northern Palawan (11.8N, 120.6E) occurred at 8:00 in theevening. Affected areas within the 50-kilometer radius with estimated winds of 220 kph wereCoron, Palawan; within the 50 to 100-kilometer with estimated winds of 185-230 kph extremeNorthern Palawan, rest of Northern Palawan (Busuanga, Coron, Cuilion and Linapacan), including

Puerto Princesa.

Storm Surge. The storm surges generated by Yolanda were about 5 to 7 meters high. Theyinundated or ooded the coastal areas of the islands in the Visayas, including Northern Cebu andPalawan. The worst hit are the City of Tacloban and Basey, Samar due to their topographic settingand the shape and orientation of the coastline (winds blowing perpendicular to the coast) to thepath of the typhoon. The surges swept out the coastal communities of Tacloban and Basey.

General Impact. The impact of strong winds unroofed houses and buildings, toppled power andtelephone lines along its path, uprooted houses and trees, and claimed thousands of lives. The

devastation was within the 600-kilometer diameter of the typhoon.


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Chapter 2

Eastern Visayas:Before YolandaGeneral Prole

Eastern Visayas or Region VIII is one of the 17 regions of the Philippines. It is located in the mid-eastern border of the Philippine archipelago. It is one of the three regions comprising VisayasIsland, which is one of the three main islands of the country. The two other big islands are Luzonand Mindanao. The land area of the region accounts for 7.1% of the countrys total land area.

Region VIII has three islands the small island of Biliran and two bigger islands, Samar and Leyte,which are connected by the famous San Juanico Bridge. Samar Island is the countrys 3 rdlargestisland, after Luzon and Mindanao Islands.

It is composed of six provinces Northern Samar, Eastern Samar, Samar, Biliran, Leyte, andSouthern Leyte. It has 7 cities, including Tacloban City, the regions capital, which became a highlyurbanized city on December 18, 2008. Tacloban is located in Leyte.

The total population of the region is around 4.1 million as of the 2010 Census. It has a relativelyyoung population as shown by the broad-based pyramid in Figure 3.

PhotoCredit:DAVIII

Figure 3. Eastern Visayas Household Population by Sex and Age: 2010

Source: NSCB


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Unique Characteristics of Eastern Visayas

There are certain traits of the region that set it apart from other regions of the country.

1. Eastern Visayas has a very strategic location. It plays an important role in the country becauseit serves as the backbone of the entire Philippine archipelago. Owing to this location, EasternVisayas is the principal gateway to northern and southern parts of the country, linking Luzonand Mindanao through the Philippine Nautical Highway. A major component of the NauticalHighway are the roll-on roll-off (RORO) ports in Northern Samar and Southern Leyte, theMaharlika Highway, and the iconic San Juanico Bridge (reputed as the longest bridge in thecountry with a length of almost 2 kilometers) linking the two RORO ports.

2. The region is endowed with vast, rich agricultural lands. According to the Bureau of AgriculturalResearch (2002), the total agricultural/farm area land is 723,048 hectares. Nearly half of thelands of Eastern Visayas is devoted to farming.

3. Eastern Visayas has always been a top producer of coconut production nationwide. From 2000to 2011, it was consistently the second largest producer of coconut. However, in 2012, it slid tothe third rank, next to Northern Mindanao Region as the second and Davao Region as the rst.Estimated coconut production in 2012 was 1,800 metric tons valued at around PhP10.2 billion.Coconut oil used to be processed locally in the ten coconut oil mills in the region. However,

the biggest oil mill, the New Leyte Edible Oil Manufacturing, Corp. located in Tanauan, Leyteand partly owned by Japanese investors, was severely damaged.

4. Over the years, Region VIII had also been known as a high ranker in abaca production. It wasconsistently the topnotcher in the country from 2000 to 2010. In 2011 and 2012, however, itfell second only to Bicol Region due to Brontispa disease. The value of abaca production in2012 was PhP675.10 million.

5. Aside from its 20 major river systems, the region has 9 proclaimed watershed areas with a totalarea of 32,450 hectares. All are large potential sources of irrigation.

6. Eastern Visayas has been dubbed as the Geothermal Capital of the Philippines because it is

the largest geothermal energy producer of the country. It currently hosts ve power plantswith an aggregate installed capacity of 700 megawatts, including the Malitbog Power Plant inKananga, Leyte, the worlds largest geothermal power plant.

7. The region is also a premier tourist destination because of its natural beauty. It is home toLangun-Gobingob Caves in Calbiga, Samar. Having a length of seven kilometers and a size of900 square kilometers, it is the largest cave in the Philippines, the second largest in Asia. Itskarst formation is the third largest in the world.

8. Eastern Visayas plays a prominent role in the history of the Philippines. The site of the rstCatholic Mass in the Philippines held on March 31, 1521 was in Limasawa, a small island in theProvince of Southern Leyte.

History pages also reveal that Ferdinand Magellan rst set foot in Philippine soils in the Islandof Homonhon, Guiuan, Eastern Samar way back on March 16, 1521.

The region also made a mark in history as it was in Leyte where General Douglas MacArthurand his troops landed to liberate the Philippines on October 20, 1944. The MacArthur LeyteLanding Memorial Site is one of the most frequently visited places in the region.

9. What also makes the region unique is that it houses an icon of infrastructure developmentin the country. The Agas-agas Bridge, now the countrys tallest bridge and site for the tallestzipline adventure, stands erect in Sogod, Southern Leyte,

10. Another edge of Eastern Visayas is the existence of 10 state universities. This number is the

third largest in the country. The presence of these government-owned higher educationinstitutions enables the poor people of Region VIII to afford quality college education.


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Socio-Economic Situation

Poverty. One of the challenging and sad realities confronting the region before Yolanda struck isextreme poverty. Over the years, its poverty problem has gone from bad to worse.

Just a year before Yolanda hit Eastern Visayas, poverty incidence among population was recordedat a high 45.2%, making Eastern Visayas the second poorest region in the country. Among theprovinces in the region, Eastern Samar had the highest at 63.7%, followed by Northern Samar andSamar at 50%, Southern Leyte at 43.3%, Leyte 39.2%, and Biliran 27.5%.

On farther hindsight, looking at the previous records of poverty incidence in the country basedon the Family Income and Expenditures Survey, it can be said that poverty in Eastern Visayas hasbecome pervasive, an almost perennial problem. In 2006, the proportion of poor population wasplaced at 41.5%. In 2009, it went up to 46.6%, and based on the latest count in 2012, it furtherescalated to 45.2%. Hence, from being the 7thpoorest region in the country in 2006, it became the5thpoorest in 2009, and the second poorest in 2012.

Underlying Causes of Poverty

An analysis of the pre-Yolanda poverty situation points to a host of factors. Proximate to this isweak or slow economic growth. Other underlying causes of poverty are high underemployment,

low productivity in agriculture, low human capital, insurgency in isolated areas of Samar Island, andhigh vulnerability to disasters.

1. Weak and Slow Economic Growth

Our 2012 Gross Regional Domestic Product was placed at PhP228.2 billion, which contributes only2.3% to the countrys Gross Domestic Product.

Based on the Gross Valued Added of the three major sectors, the top contributor to the regionaleconomy is services, followed closely by industry. Agriculture, hunting, forestry and shery comeslast, contributing only 22.6%. This is ironical in view of the fact that Eastern Visayas is endowedwith lots of natural resources that can be tapped for farming and shing.

Looking back to the previous years, the economy of the region grew at a snails pace. Figure4 shows the trend of the GRDP growth rates from 2008 to 2012. In 2008, the GRDP grew at2.0%; in 2009, it contracted by 1.8%, then bounced back by 2.0% in 2010, and grew by 2.1% in2011. However, in 2012, the already crawling economy of the region turned for the worse whenit contracted by negative 6.2%. In 2012, it was the only region in the country that encountered anegative growth.

The economic contraction of the region in 2012 is attributable to several factors.

Figure 4. GRDP Growth Rates, Philippines and EasternVisayas: 2008-2012

Figure 5. GRDP Growth Rates by Major Sector:2010-2012

Source: NSCBSource: NSCB


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First, the GVA for the Industry Sector declined by 18.5% as a result of production slowdown of twomajor heavy industries located in the Leyte Industrial Development Estate in Isabel, Leyte. One ofthese the Philippine Associated Smelting and Rening Corporation, a major exporter of coppercathodes was hit by an industrial re in January 2012. This forced PASAR to stop operation forsix months. The other company in the LIDE the Philippine Phosphate Fertilizer Corporation had a decline in the production and export of fertilizer in 2012. With this twin reduction, the GVAfor manufacturing had a whooping decrease of 40%.

As shown in Figure 5, another factor is the 3.0% decline in the AHFF sector, which is attributableto combined downscale in both production and farmgate prices of some major crops and sheryproducts.

Indeed the economy of the region is signicantly affected by low agricultural production. Figure 6reveals that in 2012, major crops produced in the region exhibited meager growths. These includethe regions primary crops such as coconut, which increased by only 0.1%, and palay by 1.1%.Worse, ve of these commodities have even decreased, including sugarcane and abaca, livestock,poultry, and sheries.

Figure 7 shows that geographically, agricultural production is lopsided to only one province Leyte. The bulk of agricultural output, particularly for palay, corn, coconut, sugarcane and shery,is concentrated in Leyte. Agricultural production in the three Samar provinces clearly have lowproduction. This exacerbates the poverty situation in these provinces, considering that they havelow production volume and the products are sold at low prices.

Eastern Visayas agricultural productivity, compared to that of selected regions that are performingwell in agriculture and that of the Philippines, is relatively low. Based on 2012 GVA gures foragriculture, the regions agricultural productivity is valued at only PhP68,798 per hectare. Whereas,

Figure 6. Production Growth Rate by Commodity: 2012

Source: BAS

Figure 7. Provincial Shares to Total Agricultural Production: 2012

Source: BAS


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that of Davao is nearly double and that of Central Luzon is more or less triple. Compared to thenational, the regions productivity is just a little more than one-half.

The top ve export products of the region in 2011 and 2012 are diammonium phosphate, renedand crude coconut oil, mineral/chemical fertilizers, and copper cathodes, topping the list. Thevalue of all products has increased from 2011 to 2012 as shown in Figure 8.

2. High Underemployment Rate

A big part of the labor force in Region VIII is underemployed. Based on the April 2012 Labor ForceSurvey, employment rate in the region was 95%. This is actually the 6thhighest in the country.However, out of this 95%, 24% are underemployed, which means that around one-fourth of theemployed are working less than 40 hours a week and are still looking for work in order to earnenough for their needs. This partly explains why poverty incidence is high. Add to that the factthat 45.2% of the workers are employed in the agriculture sector, where productivity is very low. Butlooking at the GVA of the three major sectors, GVA for AHFF was the lowest at only PhP49.7 billion,and a far cry from the PhP88 billion of the industry sector, and PhP90.4 billion of the services sector.

This implies that while a big bulk of the workers are in agriculture, the agriculture sector contributesthe least to the GRDP. Thus, labor productivity in the agriculture sector is placed at only PhP110.90per worker per day. This average agricultural productivity is much lower than the current minimum

wage of around PhP250. This indeed exacerbates poverty in the region.

3. Persistent Insurgency in Samar Island

Peace and security is a necessary condition to attract private investments and to sustain growth.In Region VIII, positive changes have been achieved along this line. Biliran and Leyte Islands havealready been declared insurgency-free and therefore considered development-ready. In SamarIsland, however, insurgency still persists in all of its three provinces, indicated by the incidence ofencounters and ambuscades, accounting for 65% and 6%, respectively, of the total insurgency-related incidents.

This lingering problem has to be addressed for progress to take off in Samar Islands, especiallybecause it is in these areas where poverty abounds. Also, Samar island is the third largest island

in the country, hence if developed, will contribute signicantly to the development of, not onlyEastern Visayas, but of the whole country.

4. High Vulnerability to Disasters

Disasters are buckling down the regions progress. Every time a disaster hits, the region backslidesas investments and economic gains are destroyed by typhoons, landslides and oods. AlthoughEastern Visayas has a strategic location being in the mid-rib of the Philippines, on account of thisvery location and geological makeup, the region is also exposed to natural hazards.

Figure 8. Top Five Exports of Eastern Visayas: 2011-2012 (in million US dollars)

Source: NSCB


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The region is traversed by the Philippine Fault, which cuts across the eastern sections of the Philippinearchipelago. So three of its provinces Leyte, Southern Leyte, and Biliran are earthquake-prone.The coastal section of Abuyog and the upland and mountainous portions of Ormoc City and Isabel all in Leyte Province as well as the hilly areas in Southern Leyte and Catbalogan City in Samarare most prone to landslides. Coastal and low-lying areas in ve out of the six provinces of theregion are tsunami-prone. The whole province of Eastern Samar is high-risk to tsunami because itfaces the Philippine Trench and the Pacic Ocean. Low-lying and plain areas of the region are alsoprone to ooding and storm surge.

Some of the countrys worst mishaps happened in our region. These include the GuinsaugonLandslide that occurred on February 17, 2006 in St. Bernard, Southern Leyte. The landslide coveredthe entire village of Guinsaugon. Accounted deaths totaled 112 while 973 persons were neverseen again after the tragedy. Another devastating disaster was the Ormoc City Flashood onNovember 5, 1991, which inundated almost the entire city in just a few seconds, claiming 8,000human lives and rendering 50,000 homeless.

5. Low Human Capital

Poverty in the region may also be attributed to low human capital as indicated in education andhealth outcomes.

The basic education sector has a lackluster performance. Figure 9 reveals that a large portion ofschool-age population is not enrolled, especially in high school. Secondary participation rates forschool year 2011-2012 are low. In the elementary level, provinces have more than 90% participationrates but the gures are still quite far from the ideal mark of 100%. Moreover, based on the cohortsurvival gures (Figure 10), a signicant number of Grade 1 pupils were not able to reach Grade6 in SY 2011-2012. Same picture can be seen in the secondary level where many rst year highschool students failed to reach fourth year.

Along health, maternal mortality rate in the region has been following a series of ups and downsover the last decade. Steep spikes and dips have been particularly observed over the period 2000-2006. From 2007 to 2011, however, the increments and decrements were not as sharp. For 2011,maternal deaths reduced by 13% from 92 per 100,000 livebirths in 2010 to 79 in 2011. However,this gure is still far from the MDG target of 56.5%.

As far as access to basic sanitary facilities is concerned, the region is in a sorry state. Access totoilets is still very low in all provinces, thus at the regional level, it can be seen that only around65% of households have toilets. A similar picture could be seen for water, wherein only 71% ofhouseholds have access to safe sources.

Figure 9. Participation Rate, Eastern Visayas:SY 2011-2012

Source: NSCB Source: NSCB

Figure 10. Cohort Survival Rate, Eastern Visayas:SY 2011-2012


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State of Infrastructure Development

Transportation. As of 2012, Eastern Visayas total road length of 2,444 kilometers of national roadsis already 91.6% (2,239 km.) paved with the remaining 8.4% (205 km.) still unpaved. Major sectionsof paved roads are in poor condition, particularly the Buray-Taft-Borongan-Guiuan section inEastern Samar. Also, the Oras-San Policarpo-Arteche-Lapinig-Gamay-Mapanas-Palapag-LaoangRoad or the Samar Pacic Coastal Road is the missing road link in the Island of Samar.

The completion of the Eastern Nautical Highway route from Surigao-Leyte-Samar-Masbate linkingthe region to the other parts of the country with RORO facilities increased the number of domestictourists coming to Eastern Visayas. This nautical highway likewise placed the region in the tourismmap of the country and expanded the countrys nautical highways.

Total cargo volume in the regions ports reached a total of 5.2 million metric tons. Domestic cargoescomprise 3.47 million metric tons or 66% while the exported and imported cargoes totaled 1.75million metric tons or approximately 34%.

In terms of passenger trafc, the number of passengers totaled to 4.81 million. The highest numberof passengers was registered in the port of Allen, Northern Samar, which catered to 1.6 millionpeople or 34% of the total. This is evident of people coming to and from Manila via NorthernSamar. It is followed by the port of Ormoc, which served 1.05 million passengers going to Cebu

and vice-versa, representing 22%.

The region had ten airports but only eight were operational and only three operate commercialights, namely: Tacloban, Calbayog and Catarman Airports. Before Yolanda, the Tacloban DanielZ. Romualdez (DZR) Airport was undergoing upgrading and improvement through the TaclobanAirport Redevelopment Project , with an estimated cost of P2.3 billion to be funded by the nationalgovernment. In 2012 at the Tacloban Airport alone, aircraft and passenger movements increasedby 2,415 (30%) and 246,663 (27%), respectively.

Irrigation.As of 2012, only 55.7% of the regions potential irrigable area is irrigated. The provinceof Leyte has the largest irrigable area, owning 45% of the total area. The province of Biliran has theleast irrigable area of only 5%.

Flood Control.Prior to Yolanda, ood control structures in Eastern Visayas, except the one inOrmoc City, were inadequate in handling the unexpected increase in stormwater discharge, whichresulted in massive ooding in both urban and rural areas such as Tacloban, Palo, Tanauan, Matag-ob, Catarman, among others. Several critical ood control projects had already been identied butstymied due to insufciency of funds. This lack of funds in turn hinders right-of-way acquisition,ood forecasting, warning and monitoring systems, evacuation plan, hazard mapping, andwatershed management, and operation and maintenance.

Power and Electrication. Eastern Visayas currently hosts ve power plants with an aggregateinstalled capacity of 699.4 megawatts. The primary source of power supply in the region is the LeyteGeothermal Production Field in Tongonan. Small islands are powered by individual generatingsets.

Eleven electric cooperatives and one multi-purpose cooperative are distributing electricitythroughout the region. The region has a total of 4,372 barangays, 4,371 of which are alreadyenergized. This shows an energization level of 99% as of end of 2012. All provinces of the region arealready 100% energized, except for Samar with one remaining barangay unenergized. Householdconnection level is already 81%. This means that out of 816,000 households, 657,204 householdsare with electricity connection. Electrication at the sitio level, on the other hand, was at 71%.

Communication/Telecommunications. Cellsites in Eastern Visayas already numbered 468 in2012, which increased by 15.8% from 2011s 404. The major providers in 2012 are Globe with 200number of cellsites all over the region, followed by Smart with 191 number of cellsites and Digitelwith 77 number of cellsites operating in the region. As of 2012, across provinces, Leyte registered

the highest number of cellsites because most of the industrial services and economic activities ofthe region are concentrated in the province.


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Figure 11. Vision and Development Thrusts of Eastern Visayas

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Regional Development Framework

In cognizance of these potentials and challenges, a framework for the development of the regionwas laid down in the Eastern Visayas Updated Regional Development Plan (RDP) for 2014-2016.

Regional Vision

The RDP embodies the regional vision of becoming a tourism haven, an agri-business and ICTleader. Thus, the regions key development thrusts are centered on agri-business, tourism and ICT

(Figure 11).

In support to this vision and thrusts, three regional roadmaps had been prepared, namely the: Agri-business Development Roadmap, Tourism Development Roadmap, and ICT Roadmap. The Agri-business Roadmap in particular is put into esh by the commodity roadmaps each prepared forthe regions seven priority commodities, namely: palay, coconut, abaca, banana (saba), seaweeds,mussels, and bangus.

Macroeconomic Targets

The regions GRDP growth rates are projected to annually increase by the gures shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Projected GRDP Growth Rates: 2013-2016

Sector2013 2014 2015 2016

Low High Low High Low High Low High

AHFF 4.26 5.26 4.37 5.37 4.52 5.52 4.62 5.62

Industry 4.45 5.45 4.49 5.49 4.52 5.52 4.57 5.57

Services 4.46 5.46 4.53 5.53 4.59 5.59 4.63 5.63

GRDP 4.39 5.39 4.46 5.46 4.54 5.54 4.61 5.61

Poverty incidence among population is also targeted to reduce from 45.2% in 2012 to 21.6% in2016. Similarly, underemployment rate will decrease from 24% in 2012 to 20% in 2016. Meanwhile,annual employment of 140,000 will be generated for the period 2014-2016.


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PhotoCredit:www.america.a

ljazeera.com

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Chapter 3

Eastern Visayas:immediately AfterYolanda

Overall Impact to the Region

Affected Area. According to the DILG, a total of three cities and 61 municipalities were affected in

Eastern Visayas (Figure 12).

Population. Based on the results of the Post-Disaster Needs Assessment conducted by theRegional Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council, led by the Ofce of Civil Defense, herein Region VIII, Yolanda resulted in casualties of 5,826 people dead, 29,303 injured, and 983 missing.The affected population comprises 4,208,000 persons.

Total Value of Damage, Losses, and Needs. The total damage and losses have been valued atPhP130.41 billion, 75% of which is total damage and 25% total losses. The impact was most heavilyfelt by the economic and social sectors, which together sustained nearly 86% of the total damageand losses. The overall resource needs for recovery and reconstruction has been estimated atPhP106.11 billion broken down into 31% for Social Sector, 29% for the Economic Sector, 27% forInfrastructure Sector, and the remaining 13% for cross-sectoral (Table 2).

Table 2. Total Damage and Losses and Total Needs per Major Sector

Source: Yolanda PDNA, OCD, May 2014Note: Subsector values may not add up to the total due to rounding.

SectorDamage and Losses

(PhP billion)Percent to

TotalNeeds

(PhP billion)Percent to

Total

Infrastructure Sector 7.05 7 16.93 27

Economic Sector 41.82 40 17.72 29

Social Sector 47.92 46 19.17 31

Cross-sectoral 7.29 7 8.10 13

Total 130.41 100 106.11 100


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Figure 12. Affected Areas of Eastern Visayas

Leyte(Tacloban City, Ormoc City, Baybay City, Albuera, Abuyog, Alang-alang, Babatngon, Barugo, Bato, Burauen,Calubi-an, Capoocan, Carigara, Dagami, Dulag, Hilongos, Hindang, Inopacan, Isabel, Jaro, Javier, Julita, Kananga,La Paz, Leyte, MacArthur, Mahaplag, Matag-ob, Matalom, Mayorga, Merida, Palo, Palompon, Pastrana, San Isidro,San Miguel, Sta. Fe, Tabango, Tabontabon, Tanauan, Tolosa, Tunga, and Villaba)Samar(Basey and Marabut)

Eastern Samar(Balangiga, Balangkayan, Gen MacArthur, Giporlos, Guiuan, Hernani, Lawaan, Llorente, Maydolong,Mercedes, Quinapondan, and Salcedo)Biliran (Almeria, Biliran, Cabucgayan, Caibiran, Culaba, Kawayan, and Naval)


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Infrastructure Sector

The total damage and losses of the infrastructure sector is a little over PhP7 billion and the totalneeds amount to roughly PhP17 billion (Table 3).

Road and Bridges. Results of the technical assessments of the DPWH revealed that damagesincludes national, secondary, and local roads. The local road network consists of barangay orvillage/farm-to-market roads, provincial roads, city roads, and municipal roads. The total value of

damaged roads and bridges is PhP492.25 million and PhP21.65, respectively.

Transportation. Damage to seaports is estimated at PhP43.18 million. While the PPA ports werereported to be partially damaged and operational, the lighter structures of the municipal portswere severely damaged by Typhoon Yolanda, hence not operational. Port loss is estimated atPhP28.47 million.

Meanwhile, damage to airports is estimated at PhP143.43 million with considerable damage toTacloban airport, which was inundated by the storm surge, and the airports in Ormoc and Guiuan.

Total reconstruction needs for affected seaports and airports is pegged at PhP3.62 billion.

Flood Control. In the region, 21 ood control structures were also damaged amounting to

PhP160.07 million.

Government Buildings. Total damage to national government ofces, including equipment andfacilities, was estimated to be PhP857.42 million. Most of these structures are found in TaclobanCity and Government Center, Palo, Leyte.

Power. Total damage to the electricity sector reached PhP541.73 million. Supply of electricity tothe residential consumers and public buildings sustained most of the damage. Based on the RAY,throughout the Yolanda-affected areas of the Philippines, four electric cooperatives located inLeyte accounted for 52% of the total damage.

The Unied Leyte Geothermal Power Plant Complex, which supplies a third of the electricity demand

in the Visayas, suffered substantial damage. The Energy Development Corporation postulates thatit could take as long as a year before the plants return to full capacity. Moreover, the Unied Leytelost PhP1 billion in revenues.

Table 3. Damage, Losses and Needs for the Infrastructure Sector (in PhP million)



NeedsDamage Losses Total

Infrastructure Sector 4,998.70 2,049.25 7,047.97 16,926.90

Roads 492.25 19.34 511.59 1,293.89

Bridges 21.65 15.74 37.39 252.57

Transportation 186.61 28.50 215.11 3,623.94

Flood Control, Sea Wall, Slope Protection 160.07 6.32 166.39 1,162.55

Power 541.73 42.53 584.26 588.38

Water 104.45 142.74 247.19 273.98

Telecommunication Infrastructure 702.63 1,081.85 1,784.48 794.85

Health Infrastructure 259.90 6.21 266.11 1,462.31

Irrigation 96.56 23.63 120.19 114.95Education Infrastructure 1,543.08 594.41 2,137.49 5,067.12

Mining Infrastructure - - -

Tourism Infrastructure 32.36 2.22 34.58 49.56

Government Infrastructure 857.42 85.77 943.19 2,242.81


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Water Supply and Sanitation. According to the Local Water Utilities Administration, as reportedin the RAY, the Leyte Metro Water District has 29,345 service connections in Tacloban and eightother towns. The rest of the affected area is serviced by small water districts with less than 3,000connections or by LGUs operating their own water utilities.

In the Yolanda PDNA, total damage is estimated at PhP104.45 million, while total losses accountedfor PhP142.74 million. The overall needs of this sector are estimated at PhP273.98 million.

Economic Sector

Per PDNA gures, the total damage and losses of the economic sector reached around PhP41.82billion. However, the total needs amounted to only PhP17.72 billion (Table 4).

Agriculture and Fisheries. A total area of about 361,985 hectares of agricultural lands had beenaffected and a conservative estimate of 242,258 metric tons of crops had been lost. Principallydamaged crops were: coconut (82% of damaged crop area); rice (8%); banana (5% ); and abaca(2%). In addition, losses were reported for livestock, agricultural equipment, post-productionfacilities and shing vessels and equipment, as well as damage to irrigation systems and ruralinfrastructure.

Total damage to the agriculture sector reached PhP34.71 billion. This includes the PhP18.44 billion

worth of production losses to crops, sheries and livestock.

Fisheries have been heavily damaged, resulting in lower sh catches due to the impact of thetyphoon on boats, wharves and equipment, and to reefs and coastal mangrove forests. A totalof 19,902 boats were damaged (58 commercial boats; 10,585 motorized bancas; and 9,319 non-motorized boats). Similarly, in the aquaculture subsector, 2,417 sh cages, 890 seaweed farms, 52shpens, 21 hatcheries, and 75 aquasilviculture farms were damaged.

Based on the PDNA, the overall recovery and reconstruction needs for the agriculture sector areestimated at PhP17.36 billion.

Trade, Industry, and Services. The service and industry subsector in Eastern Visayas is comprised

of retailing, trading, tourism, agriculture processing, manufacturing, banking, and a wide rangeof cottage and craft industries. The subsector is key to the regions productive economic base,facilitating economic transactions, and forming part of the value and supply chain (including inputsupply, production, marketing, and services) and is the major source of employment.

According to the DTI, of the 18,362 rms in the region, 85% are micro and small enterprises whilethe medium and large enterprises compose 15%.

Estimates put the value of damaged assets of the sector to be PhP2.24 billion. Meanwhile, totallosses amounted to PhP4.28 billion, wherein the losses.

The total recovery and reconstruction needs of the TIS subsector are at PhP325.50 million.

Table 4. Damage, Losses and Needs for the Economic Sector (in PhP million)




Economic Sector 18,811.94 23.006.04 41,818.34 17,715.05

Agriculture 16,265.12 18,444.08 34,709.20 17,355.48

Mining 80.17 263.43 343.60 -

Tourism and Culture 15.12 21.33 36.45 34.07

Industry, Trade and Services 2,241.52 4,277.20 6,728.73 325.50


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Social Sector

The total damage and losses of the social sector reached PhP47.82 billion, but the total needsaccounted for only PhP13.27 billion (Table 5).

Education. In terms of damage to educational facilities and other assets among the Yolanda-affected regions, Eastern Visayas bore the brunt. The total damage in the education sector isestimated at PhP2.31 billion. The DepEd has reported that 1,579 classrooms were fully damagedand 6,414 partially damaged in 801 public elementary and 122 public secondary schools in affected

areas. The total losses in this sector amounted to PhP2.81 billion.

Total recovery and reconstruction needs amount to PhP5.54 billion across the three levels.

Health and Nutrition. The damage to health infrastructure and equipment totals to PhP302.52million while total loss is PhP3.08 billion.

The total needs for reconstruction of the health sector is currently estimated at PhP354.89 million.

Housing and Shelter. A total of 475,678 houses were damaged, of which 234,196 were partiallydamaged and 241,482 were totally damaged. The cost for damaged houses is estimated atPhP39.27 billion. Total losses are estimated at PhP3.08 billion.

The full range of needs for the recovery and reconstruction of the housing sector is estimated tobe PhP13.27 billion.

Cross-Sectoral Impact and Needs

Cross-cutting damage and losses is placed at PhP7.29 billion while total needs is estimated atPhP8.1 billion (Table 6).

Local Government and Community Infrastructure. The total damage to the local governmentsector is estimated as PhP3.20 billion. This includes damaged municipal and barangay halls,gymnasia and multi-purpose buildings, public markets, transport terminals, and re stations.Coastal towns and cities affected by the storm surge experienced massive destruction.

Meanwhile,total losses reached PhP1.34 billion. The LGUs need PhP4.32 billion for their reconstruction andrecovery.

Environment. Typhoon Yolanda left behind massive dumps of debris and rubble. As cited in theRAY, the estimated cost of solid waste clearing for Tacloban City alone is PhP53 million.

Some of the major shing zones of the country are found in Eastern Visayas. These include thePhilippine Sea, Leyte Gulf, and the bays of Matarinao, Quinapondan, Oras, and San Policarpo.These sheries rely on the integrity of the coral reefs. In the RAY, it is estimated that 1,555 km2of coral reefs, valued at PhP570 million, were damaged. Tuna-producing municipalities in EasternSamar and the seaweed-producing towns of Guiuan and Bato were severely affected. Similarly,the freshwater shponds in Leyte, hatcheries in Guiuan, and the mariculture zones of Basey,

Quinapondan, Tacloban, Carigara, Babatngon, Leyte, and Merida were heavily inundated.

Aside from damage to sh habitats, coastal land was modied during the storm surge. River andcreek estuaries have been clogged with debris, mud, and silt.

Table 5. Damage, Losses and Needs for the Social Sector (in PhP million)




Social Sector 41,886.72 6,038.03 47,924.75 19,170.13Education 2,313.31 2,811.98 5,125.29 5,544.25

Health 302.52 141.11 443.63 354.89

Housing 39,270.89 3,084.94 42,355.83 13,270.99


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The RAY also mentioned that damage to natural parks and protected areas occurred mostly in theareas of the Guiuan Protected Seascape and the Manicani Genetic Reserve (both located in EasternSamar). Damaged mangroves, which are important nursery and feeding grounds for coastal andriverine sheries, are located in many coastal areas. In Eastern Visayas, the DENR plans to restoremangrove and beach forests in about 380 km of coastline, particularly in Leyte.

Overall, the environment sector suffered PhP426.30 million in damage and it requires PhP3.78billion for its reconstruction and recovery.

Macroeconomic Impact

The National Economic and Development Authority Regional Ofce VIII made the followingassessment on the impact of Typhoon Yolanda on the regional economy. The assessment made isbased on best available data and information submitted by Local Government Units, regional lineagencies and state universities and colleges during the PDNA eld validation visits. Total damageand losses incurred were taken into account in computing the impact on the Gross and RegionalDomestic Product.

Impact to the Gross Regional Domestic Product

The massive adverse effect of the disaster particularly in the agriculture, sheries, industry, tradeand services sectors would again result to another contraction in the regional economy in 2013.Based on the PDNA estimates, total regional damage and losses is placed at PhP130.41 billion.

With this disaster losses sustained by the region, the 2013 GRDP at current prices is estimated todecline by 9.8% from its 2012 actual GRDP and lower by 14.9% compared to its target level for2013.

Table 7. Impact on 2013 GRDP

Indicator

2013 Value in Current Prices

2013 Pre-disasterGRDP Target

Total DisasterLosses

Revised Post-Disaster GRDP Projection

Current Prices Constant Prices

GRDP 239,850,541,893 33,899,896,467.93 205,950,645,425.07 116,937,681,935.65Source: 2013-2016 EV Regional Development Plan and EV PDNA Team

The growth in the AHFF sector is expected to decline in 2013 considering the decrease in productionof major crops such as palay, coconut, corn and banana. In addition, earnings of families willdecrease since a large portion of the population depends on this sector as their primary source ofincome. The damage and losses in the AHFF sector amounting to approximately PhP32.24 billioncreated a big dent on the regional economy given that this sector remains a major contributor.

Trade and industry sector have been greatly affected by the disaster. Most of the businesses (small,medium and large enterprises including processing and manufacturing plants) temporarily shuttheir operations because of damaged inventories and facilities exacerbated by looting. In effect,supply of goods was very limited thus high prices of basic commodities and construction materialswere recorded.

Major manufacturing industries also suffered from the wrath of the typhoon. PASAR and PHILPHOS,two major processing and exporting establishments in the Leyte Industrial Development Estateand the biggest contributors of the Manufacturing sub-sector in terms of GVA, have sustainedextensive damage and losses. As a result, production and exports of copper/ cathodes andfertilizers will again decline.

Table 6. Cross-sectoral Damage, Losses and Needs (in PhP million)




Cross-sectoral 2,900.72 4,386.37 7,287.08 8,098.26

Local Government 2,474.41 1,340.82 3,815.23 4,318.35

Environment 426.30 3,045.55 3,471.85 3,779.92


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Moreover, the New Leyte Edible Oil Manufacturing Corporation, a coconut oil export manufacturingcompany in the region, sustained heavy damage causing its permanent closure. Aside from itsnegative impact on the Manufacturing sub-sector, all of its employees lost their jobs. This impliesan increase in the unemployment level of the region.

Downstream economic effect on tourism is also expected. Tourism is one of the thriving industriesand one of the major thrusts of the regions economic development. However, several hotels andresort amenities have experienced massive physical destruction like The Oriental Hotel in Palo,Leyte, Caluwayan Beach Resort in Marabut, Samar, and Surf Camp in Guiuan, Eastern Samar. Some

of the hotel and lodging houses though that were not adversely affected experienced higheroccupancy rates because of the inux of foreign and local volunteers.

Electricity, Gas and Water Supply sub-sector is expected to have a negative growth due to thedamage wrought by the strong winds on the geothermal power generation facilities, and powertransmission and distribution networks, as well as water production and distribution facilities. Theincome losses arising from the power and water supply disruption will certainly be substantial.

Air, land and water transport systems were likewise disrupted. Passengers were stranded andcargoes were stalled due to congestion at key ports (Tacloban, Ormoc, Maasin, Sogod, San Ricardo,Liloan, Allen). This further aggravated the high and volatile prices of commodities.

The Business Process Management (BPM) companies in the region, which posted the third highestgrowth among the sub-sectors in GVA on Services from 2011-2012 and the highest drawer ofemployment, were also signicantly affected. Accudata and Expert Global Solutions (EGS) closeddue to damaged infrastructure and power loss. While Accudata started to resume its operations,EGS will take some time to reopen due to severely damaged facilities. These two BPMs supporteda total of 1,900 jobs in 2012.1Aside from its negative impact on employment, a decline in GVAon Real Estate, Renting, and Other Business Activities (RERBA), which includes the ICT sector, isexpected in 2013.

Different nancial institutions (banks) as well as money changers and money transfer facilitiesclosed for sometime after the typhoon. The peace and security threat and the absence of electricitywere the major concerns in banking and nancial operations. The temporary closure caused adecline of cash ow in the region, especially in the severely affected areas. The major impact onbanks was the foregone income derived from interest from deposits and loans.

Conversely, Financial Intermediation sub-sector will grow due to the expected increase in theremittances from abroad for relief and recovery of relatives affected by the typhoon. The insuranceindustry will also pick up with the increasing awareness of the benets of insurance againstcalamities.

The Construction sub-sector, both private and public constructions, is expected to rise because ofthe reconstruction of damaged roads, bridges, buildings and houses. The demand of constructionmaterials and food supply for relief and recovery will likewise grow.

An increase in public expenditure is expected because of the reconstruction and rehabilitation

efforts to address the needs of the affected communities. Implementation of major infrastructureprograms and projects will also contribute to the growth in government expenditure.

While the negative impact of the disaster in the regions economic performance can be huge, itsimpact on the overall GDP could be rather moderate considering the regions minimal share at thenational level. Moreover, the disaster effect on the regional economy could add to the economicexpansion in the long-term. Timely implementation of the countrys recovery and reconstructionprogram will reduce the economic and social impact of ST Yolanda. Humanitarian assistance anddisaster relief aid from international and local organizations has also been pouring to assist thedisaster-stricken areas.

Poverty Incidence

The latest poverty statistics revealed that poverty incidence among population in Eastern Visayasremains high at 45.2% in 2012 (Table 8). Next to ARMM, Region VIII ranked second poorest amongregions. All the three provinces of Samar Island have poverty incidence higher than the regional

1 2012 Eastern Visayas Regional Development Report


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average and twice than that of the national gure. Eastern Samar and Northern Samar belong toCluster 1 or the poorest cluster of provinces in the country.

The poor are the most vulnerable to natural disasters. The post-Yolanda poverty situation ofthe region is anticipated to worsen at least in the short term given the loss of livelihoods andemployment in the affected areas. More families are also expected to be unable to provide for theirbasic needs such as food, shelter, and clothing. Prices of basic commodities and poverty thresholdsmay also rise due to the disruption in the supply chain.

Based on initial estimates at the national level, there is strong likelihood that regional povertyincidence may surge in the immediate and short term to as much as 10.5 percentage points, withmore than half of the population living in poverty.

The quantitative impact to the provincial poverty situation will be determined in the respectiveprovinces post-disaster needs assessment. However, qualitatively, the magnitude and proportionof poor population and families can be expected to swell in Eastern Samar, Samar and Leyte as wellas Tacloban City, which are the hardest hit areas.

Table 8. Impact of Yolanda on Poverty Incidence Among Population2

Region/Province

2012 Poverty

Incidence(in %)

2012Magnitude

of PoorPopulation

Number of

MunicipalitiesAffected

Increase inPoverty Due

to Yolanda(in %agepoints)

ProjectedPoverty

Incidenceafter Yolanda

(in %)

Eastern Visayas 45.2 1,882,934 63 10.54 55.74

Leyte 39.2 713,063 38

Southern Leyte 43.3 174,368 1

Biliran 27.5 45,762 6

Samar 50.0 361,045 6

Eastern Samar 63.7 279,607 12

Northern Samar 50.2 309,089Source: PSA-NSO VIII

Labor and Employment

Pre-disaster Situation

The July 2013 Labor Force Survey (LFS) showed that Eastern Visayas had a labor force of around1.914 million with a participation rate of 63.5% (Table 9). Employment rate is recorded at 95.0% oraround 1.818 million employed individuals. Underemployment, however, continues to be relativelyhigh at 29% affecting some 527 thousand individuals.

Table 9. Eastern Visayas Labor and Employment: July 2013

Percent

Number

(in thousands)Household Population 15 Years Old and Over 3,010

Labor Force Participation Rate 63.6 1,914

Employment Rate 95.0 1,818

Unemployment Rate 5.0 95

Underemployment Rate 29.0 527Source: PSA-NSO VIII, July 2013 LFS

A detailed picture of the total employed persons in the region reveals that 48.1% are wage andsalary workers, while an estimated 51.1% are either self-employed, employers or unpaid familyworkers.

2 Adopted from the ADB estimates used in RAY. Impact on provincial poverty incidence will beestimated in the provincial PDNA.


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Among the three major groups, the AHFF sector absorbed the bulk of employed persons in theregion at 44%, while the industry sector accounted for 28.5%, and services sector for 27.5%.

Post-Disaster Assessment

Based on the rapid assessment of the Department of Labor and Employment Regional OfceVIII, there were around 3,210 registered workers who were affected by the disaster involving 546establishments belonging in the industry and services sectors (Table 10). The bulk of affectedworkers in the region is found in Leyte comprising 60.5% (1,943 workers) and employed in

distributorship and manufacturing businesses.

Termination of employees due to shutdown of business establishments and/or retrenchment is oneof the bases for reporting the number of affected workers. The displacement and loss of incomeamong the affected workers may lead to some emotional depression and low self-esteem. This, inturn, also affected the other family members, particularly the children who are largely dependenton their parents/adult family members for survival.

Table 10. Number of Affected Workers in Industry and Services by City/Province

Province/City No. of Affected Workers

Leyte 1,943

Tacloban City 1,267

Eastern Samar 0

Biliran 0

Samar 0

Total 3,210Source: DOLE VIII PDNA Report

On the other hand, the Department of Agriculture VIIIs assessment recorded 1.28 million affectedfarmers and sherfolks in the region. Leyte comprised the largest number of affected workers inthe AHFF at 712,621 individuals (Table 11).

Table 11. Number of Affected Workers in AHFF by Province

Province/City No. of Affected Workers

Leyte 712,621

Eastern Samar 304,303

Samar 162,592

Biliran 78,677

Southern Leyte 27,893

Northern Samar 1,390

Total 1,287,479Source: DA VIII PDNA Report

Overall, almost 99% of the affected workers in the region are found in the AHFF sector whosemain sources of income are agricultural products such as farm crops, high value crops, annimalproduction, and sh production. ST Yolanda devastated more than 1.01 million hectares ofagricultural lands planted with major crops such as rice, corn, coconut, vegetables, fruit crops,banana, and abaca, as well as livestock and sh stocks.

Workers and businesses in the informal sector were also badly affected, particularly those whowere employed and engaged in small sari-sari stores, home-based or small scale food processingand handicrafts, backyard farming, and livestock raising.

However, workers in the public sector (government employees) are not much affected as sincetheir employment continued after the disaster.

Government Revenues

The regions total revenue collections in the fourth quarter of 2013 were adversely affected by thecalamity. Collection of business, income and other taxes dropped in the aftermath of the typhoon.


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Based on the report of the Bureau of Internal Revenue, the actual revenue collections decreasedfrom PhP1.35 billion in the third quarter of 2013 to PhP881 million in the fourth quarter of thesame year (Table 12). This is lower by 34.8% from the previous quarter and a reduction of 41.7%from the 2013 fourth quarters goal collection of PhP1.51 billion.

Table 12. Region VIII 2013 3rd and 4th Quarter Revenue Collection (in PhP)

Region VIIIActual Collection

Q3 2013 Q4 2013 % Decrease

Business Tax 394,627,529.35 230,662,158.66 -41.5Income Tax 871,682,094.75 613,630,020.92 -29.6

Other Taxes 84,743,598.19 36,585,556.44 -56.8

Total 1,351,053,222.29 880,887,736.02 -34.8Source: BIR RR14

Across provinces in the region, revenue collection also dropped, except for Leyte, which recordeda 20% increase from the third to the fourth quarter of 2013.3In Tacloban City, the regions largesturban center and one of the hardest hit areas, revenue collection signicantly decreased fromPhP245 million in the third quarter to just PhP36 million in the fourth quarter of 2013.4

The reduction in tax revenues can be attributed to production and income losses of the productive

sectors. In addition, the services, trade and industry sectors have incurred foregone income as animmediate result from the disaster and the looting incidents. Business establishments in the regionwere damaged causing temporary closure and unemployment of its workers. Though a few businessestablishments were able to re-open a month after the typhoon, the same was done on shorteroperating hours due to imposition of curfew and absence of power supply. Likewise, governmentoperations were also disrupted causing the delay in payment of government employees incometaxes. But this can be counterbalanced in the succeeding months after the typhoon.

However, on a year-on-year basis, the regions total revenue collections for 2013 managed toachieve a positive growth of 5.72% from 2012 (Table 13). The intensied tax collection effortsundertaken during the early part of 2013 have abated the reduced tax collections for the lastquarter of the year. While the disaster effect on the overall 2013 revenue collection was surmounted,

tax collections in the succeeding months and years may be adversely affected as the resumptionof operations by business establishments might be delayed and business losses and tax reliefand holidays are sought. Public and private spending for reconstruction and rehabilitation maysomehow offset the revenue losses.

Table 13. Region VIII Annual Revenue Collections: 2011-2013 (in PhP)

RegionActual Collection (in Million Pesos)

2011 2012 2013

Region VIII 3,791.88 4,747.74 5,019.27*Source: www.bir.gov.ph*Sum of Region VIII 2013 First Semester, 3rd and 4th Quarter Actual Revenue Collections

Note: Details may not add up to their respective totals due to rounding.

In the aforecited tax collection analysis, the following should be noted though: (a) only incometax collections before and after the typhoon are included; and (b) most of the severely affectedfamilies are from the lowest income deciles whose sources of livelihood belonged to the informalsector with very minimal tax compliance.

Prices

The regions average ination rose from 3.0% in 2012 to 4.3% in 2013 (Table 14). This rate is stillwithin the governments 3.0-5.0% ination target for 2013. The increase is due to the observedhigher prices of basic commodities such as oils and fats and sugar, jam, honey, chocolate andconfectionery as well as increase in prices of transport services.

3 PSA-NSCB 2013 3rd and 4th Quarter Statwatch4 PSA-NSCB 2013 3rd and 4th Quarter Statwatch


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Eastern Visayas recorded the highest year-on-year regional ination for 2013, at 4.3% in Decemberin the aftermath of Supertyphoon Yolanda (Table 14). The purchasing power of peso

During that period, prices of commodities increased in all provinces. Highest ination rate amongthe provinces in December 2013 was recorded in Samar at 14.0%, followed by Eastern Samar andBiliran at 9.2% and 8.5%, respectively. Price increase in these areas is attributed to the limitedsupply of goods and services in the devastated areas, thus forcing the people to move into theproximate capital towns and cities (e.g. Catbalogan and Maasin) to purchase basic goods andservices. The rest of the provinces had less than 6.1% price increase.

Table 14. Consumer Price Index, Ination Rate, and Purchasing Power of Peso in Region VIII:2012-2013

Year CPI Ination RatePurchasing Power of

Peso

2011 129.8 4.5 0.77

2012 133.7 3.0 0.75

2013 139.5 4.3 0.72Source: PSA-NSO VIII

Supply further became scarcer due to the congestion in the major ports such as Matnog and Lipata,which accommodated and prioritized the transport of relief goods for the victims of the typhoon.The congestion also contributed to the delayed delivery of consumer goods to non-affected areas.

From October 2013 to November 2013, a month after Supertyphoon Yolanda hit the region,alcoholic beverages and tobacco, clothing and footwear, housing, water, electricity, gas and otherfuels, furnishing, household equipment, recreation and culture and restaurant, and miscellaneousgoods and services recorded a reduction in their month-on-month ination rates due to thelow demand for basic commodities (Table 15). The low demand is explained by the continueddistribution of relief goods in the disaster-inicted areas.

However, starting from November 2013 to December 2013, based on the month-on-monthination rate, all commodities recorded an abrupt increase in prices with the high demand and lowsupply of said basic commodities (such as food, construction materials and gas).

Continued increase in prices of construction materials as well as household and ofce furnitureand xtures are expected in the ensuing months with the ongoing reconstruction of damagedstructures in the affected areas.

Table 15. Month-on-Month Regional Ination by Commodity Group in Eastern Visayas: October,November and December 2013, (2006=100)

Commodity Group2013

October November December

All Items 0.4 0.4 1.8

Food and Non-Alcoholic Beverages 0.5 0.5 2.6

Alcoholic Beverages and Tobacco 0.3 -0.3 2.9Clothing and Footwear 0.6 0.3 0.8

Housing, Water, Electricity, Gas andOther Fuels

1.0 0.2 1.3

Furnishing, Household Equipment,and Routine House Maintenance

0.7 0.6 0.5

Health 0.3 0.3 0.6

Transport 0.0 0.0 0.5

Communication 0.0 0.0 0.0

Recreation and Culture 0.2 0.0 0.2

Education 0.0 0.0 0.0Restaurant and MiscellaneousGoods and Services

0.1 0.0 0.7

Source: PSA-NSO VIII


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Looting:side-effect of yolandaAfter Tacloban City was heavily devastated by Typhoon Yolanda, the city became a vastwasteland where thousands were left homeless and without food, water, clothes, andother basic neccessities. National highways and roads were not passable for severaldays, delaying the arrival and distribution of relief goods.

Such a situation led to multitudes of people suffering from starvation and thirst. As aconsequence, the whole city and certain parts of adjoining towns of Palo and Tanauanwere found in extremely dire circumstances where there was chaos and law and orderbecame totally absent. This erupted when people panicked to secure food, water,clothes, and temporary shelter. The so-called survival instint was made manifest byherds of people ransacking and looting almost all stores and warehouses in the city.

Based on records, looting incidents occurred right after the onslaught of Yolandaup to several days after. Observations have it that not all the looters were survivorsfrom Tacloban. Some of them came from less affected areas as far as Samar, who tookadvantage of the situation in order to gain. Trucks and vans were reported to havebeen loaded with loots from commercial establishments including appliances andmotorcycles. This massive looting incident exacerbated the already pathetic conditionafter the onslaught of Yolanda. As business owners suffered from the destruction oftheir stores and shops and facilities, and lost all their stocks, they became hard-put inreopening their respective businesses. It compromised nearly the entire business sectorof Tacloban City. As a consequence, trading and service delivery had been jeopardized.

Photo

Credit:EdwinMalasig/Rappler


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PhotoCredit:DAVIII

PhotoCredit:www

.thetimes.com

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Chapter 4Bouncing Backfrom Yolanda

This chapter presents the rehabilitation and recovery framework for the region after the devastationwrought by Yolanda. It captures the entire gamut of interventions necessary to initially help the

region get back to its feet, and eventually to rebuild itself better and safer.

In here are the proposed rehabilitation and recovery programs, projects and activities (PPAs) foreach of the major sectors and sub-sectors of the region. Most of these are committed to beundertaken mainly by the government, both national and local, while some need private sectorsupport.

The interventions come in two sets. The rst one is a list of priority PPAsthat should be givenutmost attention and corresponding resources in terms of time, manpower and budget. These aredeemed priority on the basis of their impact to regional recovery and development and geographicscope (i.e., regional or interprovincial). These include restoration of basic infrastructure facilitiesand utilities, governance, and the recovery of priority industries along agri-business, tourism andICT the three key thrusts embodied in the Updated Regional Development Plan 2014-2016.Despite Yolanda, it is believed that the regions potentials are still within these three sectors. Thesecond set is a list of all PPAs. However, for the sake of conciseness of the main Plan document,the lists provided here are just generic. Detailed information on location, target beneciaries,lead implementing agency, budget for specic PPAs, and fund sources can be found in the annex,Eastern Visayas Yolanda Investment Program.

Also, included in this document is a list of policy recommendationsthat are intended to managerisks and remove bottlenecks in implementation. These policy recommendations include thosethat seek to amend existing policies that are no longer relevant, especially in disaster and post-disaster times, as well as those that seek to formulate new policies needed for more efcientdevelopment processes.

As a guide to all actions, the principles of rehabilitation and recovery efforts are also given in thebeginning of this chapter.


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Principles

Consistent with the RAY, the principles to be followed in SULHOGare based on lessons learnedfrom experiences on previous disasters, both in and out of the country.

Basic Guiding Principle: Triple B Build Back Better

Core Principles:

1. Strong multi-level and multi-sectoral coordination between and among national governmentline agencies, local government units, international and local donors, civil society organizations,and the private sector. Such coordination will be based on common rehabilitation and recovery(R&R) goals with standards set by the government, which will also be responsible for managingrisks and addressing bottlenecks in implementation.

2. Partnering with the private sector in opening up supply chains, committing production, and

providing assistance in terms of logistics

3. Implementation shall be the primary responsibility of the government, both by the localgovernment and the national government agencies. Coordination between the two shouldalso be ascertained in all R&R efforts.

4. LGU implementation of R&R interventions shall be supported with capacity development toensure that these are tailor-t to local conditions and promotes community participation,ownership and sustainability.

5. R&R should pursue inclusiveness and sustainable livelihood so as to address poverty.

6. Implementation at both levels should be adapted to government systems, wherein ways tofast-track operations while managing risks and ensuring transparency and accountability shallbe devised.

7. A robust monitoring and evaluation system will be established to track and assess gains and

headways as well as failures and the underlying factors for the purpose of introducing remedialsolutions.

8. Accountability shall be ascertained by using enhanced audit and establishing a grievance andredress system.

9. Outsourcing and use of channels with the strongest incentives for funds utilization shall beexplored to speed-up R&R.

10. Gender rights shall be protected and gender equality promoted in all R&R efforts.


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Pathway to Recovery

Disaster Impact Critical Immediate Actions Short-/Medium-term Actions

Houses partially or totallydamaged

Housing kits, temporaryhousing

Construct permanent housingfor targeted groups

Public infrastructure damaged Rebuild/repair damagedroads, bridges, airports,ports, utilities with affordabledisaster resilient standards

Complete rebuilding

Education and health servicessuspended

Rebuild/repair and re-equipschools, clinic, health station;deploy incremental staff

Restore services to pre-disaster level with affordabledisaster resilient standards

Rural production systems andvalue chains interrupted

Provision of inputs, assets;cash grants for clearing

Rehabilitate irrigation; replantcoconuts; rebuild publicstorage facilities; re-establishsheries

Loss of income-earningopportunities

Short-term cash-for-workprograms; livelihood/trainingprograms

Transition to labor marketprograms, skills developmentSocial protection programs

Destruction of private assets Increase nancial sectorliquidity (e.g., repaymentholidays; incentives tomicronance institutions)

Transition back to market-based solutions

Source: Reconstruction Assistance to Yolanda (RAY)

Priority Interventions

Permanent housing for those living in the hazard areas. These should be accompanied withlivelihood options and social services. Urgent actions needed here would include identication ofcommunities to be relocated, relocation sites, land acquisition and development.

Relocation of establishmentsin danger zones to include ofces, stores/shops and other business

establishments, schools, hospitals/health centers, among other public structures to safe grounds.

Employment and livelihood. Jobs and alternative means of livelihood should be generated toprovide source of income to

sulhog (the eastern visayas yolanda reconstruction plan)

Documents