sumanta kumar sahu -project report

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A Project Report (Draft)

On

Evaluation of Potential & Feasibility of Pivots & Hose Reel Irrigation System in Anantapur

District, Andhra Pradesh

Under the guidance

Of

Dr. J.S. Yadav

CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER

PREMIUM FARM FRESH PRODUCE LIMITED

SUBMITTED BY:

SUMANTA KUMAR SAHU

(PGDM ABM: 2014-2016)

SUBMITTED TO:


MAY, 2015

CENTRE FOR MANAGEMENT EDUCATION

VAIKUNTH MEHTA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF COOPERATIVE

MANAGEMENT, PUNE-411007

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DECLARATION

This is to declare that I, Sumanta Kumar Sahu, a student of Post Graduate Diploma Programme in Agri-Business Management (2014-2016), VAMNICOM, Pune, have given original data, information and maintained full confidentiality to the best of my knowledge in the project report titled “Evaluation of Potential & Feasibility of Pivots & Hose Reel Irrigation System in Anantapur” and that, no part of this information has been used for any other assignment but for the partial fulfilment of the requirements towards the completion of the said project.

SUMANTA KUMAR SAHU

PGDM ABM: 2014-2016

VAMNICOM, Pune

Date:

Place:

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CERTIFICATE

Date:

This is to certify that Mr. Sumanta Kumar Sahu has completed his Summer Internship from 7th April, 2015 to 7th June, 2015 and prepared a Project Report titled on “Evaluation of Potential & Feasibility of Pivots & Hose Reel Irrigation System in Anantapur” under my supervision and guidance.

Dr. J.S. Yadav

CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER


(Project Guide)

Date:

Place:

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CERTIFICATE

Date:

This is to certify that Mr. Sumanta Kumar Sahu has completed his Summer Internship from 7th April, 2015 to 7th June, 2015 and prepared a Project Report titled on “Evaluation of Potential & Feasibility of Pivots & Hose Reel Irrigation System in Anantapur” under my supervision and guidance.

Prof Dr. Subhash Bhave

(Faculty Guide)

Date:

Place:

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This acknowledgement is not merely a catalogue of names but an expression of a deep sense

of gratitude to all those who helped us in this project directly or indirectly.

I would like to extend my thanks to Er. Sanjeev Patjoshi (Director,VAMNICOM), Dr.

R.N.Reddy (Program Director), Dr. D. Ravi (Joint Program Director), PGDM, VAMNICOM,

Pune for providing necessary guidance, advice and kind support throughout the project.

I would like to express my earnest gratitude and thanks to Mr. V.Sudhir (Placement Director)

for his encouragement and kind blessings.

I am also thankful to my faculty guide Prof Dr. Subhash Bhave for his guidance, valuable

suggestions and cooperation throughout the project.

I feel immense pleasure in expressing my sincere and profound sense of gratitude to the

Management Team- Premium Farm Fresh Produce Limited and project guide Dr. J.S. Yadav

(Chief Operating Officer, Premium Farm Fresh Produce Limited.) For his inspiring and

affectionate guidance, unending benevolence, and constant encouragement during the course

of summer project. This study would not have achieved the final shape without their support.

I would like to express my earnest gratitude and thanks to Ms. Kavita Sharma (Premium Farm

Fresh Produce Limited.) For her valuable suggestions and encouragement throughout the

project.

I would also like to express my gratitude to all Farmers and Agriculture Department who had

given me their valuable time and cooperation to materialize my survey work.

Indeed words fail to express my profound sense of gratitude and heartfelt indebtedness to my

beloved parents.

I am also thankful to all of them who are directly or indirectly involved in driving this project

to a success.

Sumanta Kumar Sahu

VAMNICOM, PUNE

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

SL .No. Name of the Chapter Page No.

01 Executive Summary 08

02 Objectives 08-09

03 Analytical work 09-12

04 Scope of the Project 12

05 Limitation of the Project 12

06 Introduction 13-31

07 Company Profile 13-31

08 Results and Interpretation 32-46

09 Findings and Suggestion 47-54

10 Annexure 55-60

11 Literature review 61-62

12 Bibliography 63-64

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LIST OF TABLE

Table No. Name of the Table Page No.

01 Sampling size (respondents list) 11

02 Pivots, flood and drip irrigation comparison 24 03 Land Utilization in Anantapur 27 04 Source of irrigation in Anantapur 28

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No Name of the Figure Page No.

01 Hose reel Machine 17 02 Hose reel manual 17 03 Hose reel model ST 1 19 04 Hose reel model ST 1.1 19 05 Hose reel model ST 2 19 06 Pivots irrigation system 20 07 Centre Pivots 21 08 Lateral Pivots 21 09 Centre Pivots Irrigation-field 21 10 Root level irrigation by centre pivots 22 11 Pivots system on Farm 23 12 Water distribution by central pivots 23 13 Map of Anantpur 25 14 Soil Status 26 15 Land holding 27 16 Source of Irrigation 29 17 GPS Machine 32 18 Lands of Anantpur 33 19 Layout 01 34 20 Land of Layout 01 35 21 Land of Layout 01 35 22 Layout 02 35 23 Layout 03 36 24 Layout 04 37 25 Layout 05 38 26 Land of Layout 05 39 27 Land of Layout 05 39 28 Land of Layout 05 39 29 Layout 06 40 30 Layout 07 41 31 Layout 08 42 32 Layout 09 43 33 Analysis of irrigation sources at Anantapur 44 34 Analysis of Soil 44 35 Irrigation Method in Anantpur 45 36 Soil Fertiity- pH 47 37 Available Phosphorus status 48 38 Organic Carbon status 49 39 Electrical Conductivity(EC) 50 40 Potassium status 51

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

I. Title : “Evaluation of Pivots & Hose Reel Irrigation System in

Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh”

II. Organization : PREMIUM FARM FRESH PRODUCE LIMITED

III. Reporting Guide : Dr. J. S. Yadav

IV. Faculty Guide : Prof. Dr. Subhash Bhave

V. Student’s Name : Sumanta Kumar Sahu (PGDM ABM: 2014-2016)

The report covers an analysis of current agro climatic conditions of Anantapur district of

Andhra Pradesh which includes soil fertility, rain fall, groundwater status, crop pattern

(agricultural/horticultural crop), farmer’s profile and land utilization by agriculture, land sizes,

irrigation sources and present irrigation methods. Lindsay is a technology based irrigation

manufacturing company and the company want to introduce the effective irrigation method in

the district will be a help to the farmers and the economy of the region, so the project is under

taken by PREMIUM FARM FRESH PRODUCE LIMITED under guidance of Dr.J S. Yadav,

Chief operating officer.

The project report also cover an analysis of the crop wise return of investment and irrigation

(traditional, drip, sprinkle) charges of the land. Also mapping out of land coordinates to make

a proposal plan for “Pivot and Hose reel” irrigation in the Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh.

Objectives of Project

1. Working out the propose route map and chart with mapping of large/medium farmers

towards introducing Hose reel in Anantapur district, village/block wise/taluka wise and

identification of clusters, viable size of fields for the project in Anantapur district for

establishment of modern irrigation system (The Hose reel).

2. Understanding of project site with respect to soil, resource availability, topography,

water requirements and fixing dimensional coordinates of individual sites selected for

implementation.

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3. Mapping out the land size by the help of GPS machine to identify the land dimension

and coordinates, which will help to installation of the “Pivot and Hose reel irrigation

system”.

4. Experimenting water saving (catch-can experiment method), yield measurement,

amount of time required to irrigate the field and testimonial of crop selection on pilot

basis.

5. Differential analysis of return of investment (ROI) with respect to distance of water

availability, transport, source of water and crop-wise and working out economics of

irrigation system to identify the share of irrigation in cost of cultivation and propose

new effective irrigation methods.

6. Follow up and coordination with stakeholders(farmers/Government of India

officials/company persons/NGO/other business partner –IL&FS )

7. Understanding Farmers’ perception and mind-set to develop a suitable strategy for

influencing farmer /government agencies towards favourable new irrigation

technology.

8. Presenting a potential plan before Govt. officials for implementation of proposed

Irrigation Project with potential subsidy.

Analytical Framework

In order to fulfil the objectives of the project following methodology will be adopted:

a) Research Design

Research design is the systematic way for the project to accomplishment within stipulated time

duration. There are many ways to classify research designs, like descriptive vs. analytical

research, applied vs. fundamental, quantitative vs. qualitative and conceptual vs. empirical. As

per this project, empirical research methodology will be the tool for the survey.

Empirical research

For the purpose of this project empirical research methodology will be followed.

Research will be based on observed and measured phenomena and derives knowledge from

actual experience rather than from theory. Focus will be to identify key characteristics to look

for experimental status of the Hose reel irrigation system in the field.

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b) Sampling Plan

Sampling is concerned with the selection of individual from the population to estimate of the

whole population and sampling plan will give a clear idea about the sample size with respect

to the market size. It will help to gathering information about the population. In this project

farmers of Anantapur district are the total size of population and need to identify potential

farmers by using different sampling technique for the project need.

i. Sampling Technique

The method used to draw samples from whole population usually in such a manner that the

sample will facilitate determination of the some hypothesis concerning the population. Usually,

the population is too large to survey. A small, but carefully chosen sample can be used to

represent the population.

Several kinds of sampling techniques are used to identify the sample, those are random

sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, judgemental sampling, snowball sampling

and quota sampling. The following sampling techniques are useful for this project

Judgemental sampling: It is a non-probability sampling technique. The researcher selects the

sample based on judgment. This is usually and extension of convenience sampling. By

identifying and interviewing potential farmers of Anantapur district, will help to evaluate the

“Hose reel” performances.

Stratified sampling: The population can be divided into known groups, and each group

sampled using a systematic approach. The number sample in each group should be in

proportion to its known size in the parent population.

For this project, need to classify the farmers in to groups according to the land holding capacity

to identify the needs and approach towards Hose reel irrigation system. Gathering information

from the classified sample will give a concrete data related to Hose reel irrigation system.

ii. Sampling design

As per requirement of the project, need to do experiments of irrigation system on the

field of farmers to check the performance of Hose reel irrigation system. Experiments include

checking quality of irrigation, functionality of the machine and cost of the irrigation process.

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For the same proposed sample size will be 8 to 10 potential farmers (marginal farmers, large

farmers, small and medium farmers).

The following table gives an idea related to the working area and number of respondents for

the project.

Sampling Units Number of Respondents for the Hose reel experiment

Marginal Farmers 3

Large Farmers 2

Small and medium farmers 4

Total 9

(Table: 01)

c) Data Source

To fulfil the objectives of the project, we need to generate data by both Primary and secondary

sources.

a. Primary Source

Primary source is the major area to know the perception of the farmers about the Hose reel

irrigation system and it will give the concrete evaluated data related to the irrigation system.

Primary data will be collected based on structured questionnaire and formal interaction

(interview) with the farmers.

The questions in the questionnaire are proposed to be both open ended and close ended question

to know the technical aspect of the Hose real irrigation and the perception study of the farmers

related to the machine which will help us to draw a projection about the Hose reel irrigation

system.

b. Secondary Source

Secondary data will be required to know more about Anantapur district (soil, rainfall, and

groundwater and irrigation methods) and Hose reel irrigation system. Secondary data will helps

to accumulation of primary data.

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The various secondary data sources are;

a. Literature and manuals provided by Lindsay Irrigation.

b. Data from web portal of Department of agricultural (Andhra Pradesh).

c. Data from official web portal of Statistical data from Directorate of Economics and

Statistics, Government of Andhra Pradesh.

d. Official web portal of Anantapur district: www.anantapur.gov.in

Area of Study

Anantapur district (Andhra Pradesh)

Scopes of Project

1. By practising “Hose Reel Irrigation System” small and marginal farmers will be

benefitted with modernized and effective technology and large farmers will get benefits

by “Pivots irrigation method”.

2. Using Hose reel and Pivots in the farm will help to enhance the productivity.

3. Utilisation of less man-power therefore saving labour cost and using that labour for

other critical operations like weeding etc.

4. Minimization of water wastage & increasing irrigation efficiency.

5. Having modernized irrigation technology like “Pivots/Hose reel” in the farm will

always add a productivity value to the farmers.

Limitations of the Project

i. Unawareness about effective “Hose reel irrigation technology” in the Indian

market.

ii. Incorrect feedback/inputs from the farmers may harm the project.

iii. Unavailability of secondary data related to the current status of the area of study.

iv. Collected information from secondary source (as per the project requirements). So,

authenticity of the data tends to high accuracy level of the project.

http://www.anantapur.gov.in/

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CHAPTER 1

Introduction

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Introduction to Project

Water is one of the most vital natural resources on earth. The availability and quality

of water always have played an important role in human life. At global level, utilization of

water is 70 percent in agriculture from the whole water resources. As the agriculture production

increases year by year, water needs to be managed effectively with modernised irrigation

technology. So, Lindsay Irrigation is working with a mission to provide effective irrigation

systems to farmers with best water management system.

Company Profile

About Premium Farm Fresh Produce Limited

Premium Farm Fresh Produce Limited is a company of THE SURI GROUP – promoted by

Late Mr. Lalit Suri. Premium Farm Fresh Produce intends to be the pioneer in Modern

Wholesale markets in India and to become the one of the biggest and best service provider for

fresh produce across the globe. The company has already pioneered in exporting fruits and

vegetables from India to different countries in the World. In 2007 it exported 700 tonnes of

Onions, 500 tonnes of Grapes, 200 tonnes of Kinnows, 10 Tonnes of Yellows Onions (Pioneer

in exporting Yellow Onions for the first time from the country, Assorted vegetables,

pomegranates, Mangoes etc to United Kingdom, Germany and many Gulf Countries, trading

of agro-commodities like Soybeans, Gram, Cardamom, Cumin. The company is engaged in

providing premium quality fresh produce to the markets worldwide and promotes world class

standards for agricultural marketing practices, progressive farming techniques, identification

and adoption of appropriate technologies.

Premium Farm Fresh Produce Ltd is now proposing to build world-class market infrastructure

network for efficient delivery of produce. The company’s key focus area is the development of

Modern Wholesale Markets in India. India’s first Private Wholesale Market by Premium Farm

Fresh is already being pilot tested in Nasik. Along with this it is the only private organization

which has been granted 11 licences for setting up modern wholesale markets in different

locations of India in the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka & Punjab.

The Modern Wholesale markets would provide

‘Hub & Spoke’ format of market wherein collection centres would be located in locations

easily accessible to farmers;

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Multiple choices for sale of produce to the farmers including electronic auction facility

and direct sale to buyers;

Infrastructure for storage to market participants.

Real Time transactional agricultural banking facilities.

Extension and advisory needs of farmers.

No intermediary in purchase process

Tie up with International processing firms so as to do value addition in the comparatively

low grade left out material, which amounts up to 25-30% of the total volume and Waste

Management Facilities.

Facilitate interaction between Importers and Exporters of Various Commodities.

About Lindsay Corporation

Lindsay Irrigation is world largest irrigation technology based company which deals with

irrigation machinery/equipment and it is a major market player in irrigation equipment

manufacturing. The company manufacture end to end irrigation machinery. From pumping

systems to soil moisture sensors, advanced controls to GPS positioning, there’s a product for

every grower and every field. Lindsay having various product ranges to fulfil the farmers need

and “Pivots system” and “Hose reel” are the premium and flagship products of the Lindsay

irrigation.

As a Nebraska-based company, Lindsay is strong and dependable – much like the small town

roots that the company originated from. Tough, dependable Zimmatic by Lindsay irrigation

systems have been the choice of the world’s irrigators for over fifty years. The company’s

success comes from finding a better way to irrigate almost any crop on varied terrain and soils

to increase yields and better utilize natural resources.

Services and support given by Lindsay irrigation solution include Irrigation engineering design,

Feasibility study/Master Plan, Pump station, pipeline and booster design, Systems

optimization, Water and energy Conservation Plan, Water resources development,

Groundwater, wells, Canals, Soil moisture monitoring, Energy usage monitoring.

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About Hose Reel irrigation system

“Hose-reel” is ideal irrigation system (equipment) for odd-shaped fields, corners or

fields that are not adjacent to each other. These systems have been designed to be easy to move

and easy to operate. They are designed and built at Lindsay Europe and incorporate more than

35 years of irrigation experience in their quality construction and materials.

For the testing of Hose reel irrigation system and to provide effective and efficient technology,

Lindsay chosen Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh as a project site as per the climatic

conditions and availability of resources. There are three series of available from Lindsay

Europe:

TR10, TR20 and TR25

PE pipe length – 280 – 450 m

Flow Rate – 15 to 70 m³/h

Irrigated width – 54 – 84 m

TR30, TR35, TR40 and TR45


Flow Rate – 25 – 80 m³/h


TR50, TR55, TR60, TR70 and TR80


Flow Rate – 34 – 107 m³/h


Hose reel have various characteristic like designed to grower needs, automatic gun carriage

spick-up with stabilizers and mechanical rotation, hydraulic gun carriage pick-up and hydraulic

rotation, drum rotates up to 320° on chassis, automatic drum brake, hydraulic controls on

turntable frame for easy and precise operation, strong anchoring with two independent

stabilizers etc.

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(Hose Reel machine) Fig: 01

(Manual Operator Point) Fig: 02

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Lindsay Irrigation introduced three different category in efficient Hose reel system as per the

land dimension/size, those are ST 1, ST 1.1, and ST 2. All machine have different features and

efficiency level. Hose reel ST 1 model have capacity to irrigate 1 to 2.3 hectare at a time and

ST 1.1 and ST 2 have capacity to irrigate 0.8 to 1.6 and 1.5 to 2.9 respectively. ST 1.1 and ST

2 connected to turbine with 4 – speed gearbox for increased efficiency at optimal speeds and

in other hand ST 1.1 connected to single speed gearbox with automatic drive disengagement.

A standard Hose reel equipment includes all the following parts with 1 year warranty on all

models.

1. Speed controller

2. Efficient turbine drive and gearbox

3. High resistant “medium density” PE-hose

4. Self-propelled turbine for automatic operation

5. Safety devices for PTO and rewinding out of the drum

6. Sprinkler set with 3 nozzles

7. Automatic drum brake

8. Hot galvanized chassis

9. Strong anchoring with 2 independent stabilizers

10. Pressure gauge and hour’s meter

11. Automatic and manual by-pass

12. Automatic gun carriage pick-up with stabilizers and mechanical rotation (all models)

13. Hydraulic gun carriage pick-up and hydraulic rotation (model ST1.1 only)

14. Heavy duty galvanized chassis and frame

15. Chain-driven timing carriage

16. Designed to grower needs

17. Hydraulic controls on turntable frame for easy and precise operation

All three model have different in terms of weight and dimension, and the comparison is given

below

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(Hose reel Model ST 1) Fig: 03

(Hose reel Model ST 1.1) Fig: 04

(Hose reel Model ST 2) Fig: 05

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As comparison with ST 1 and ST 1.1, ST 2 have more working efficiency as per features and

size of the model.

About zimmatic

Zimmatic by Lindsay center pivot irrigation systems are designed for both small and large

fields. Their modular design allows Lindsay to custom configure longer systems to save system

cost and special heights for taller crops like sugar cane or tree crops. Each pivot is designed

for specific climatic, topographical and cropping conditions. Zimmatic systems operate in

deserts, on flood plains, on flat land and rolling hills, and on a variety of crops.

Center and Lateral Pivots Irrigation System

Center pivot and lateral irrigation systems are the leading method of crop irrigation in many

agricultural zones around the world due to their simplicity, longevity, efficiency, and return on

investment. Proper irrigation management minimizes yield loss due to crop water stress,

optimizes yields, and promotes good management practices. Without quality center pivot and

lateral irrigation, the stakes are much higher and the outcomes are unpredictable.

(Pivots System) Fig: 06

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(Center Pivot) Fig: 07 (Lateral Move) Fig: 08

(Irrigation done by Central Pivots) Fig: 09

Zimmatic dealers offer:

Genuine Lindsay Parts - Quality parts will keep your system running smoothly year after

year. Parts distribution centres are strategically located to reduce downtime.

Replacement components for any system - Zimmatic components are the preferred after-

market choice when repairing or converting irrigation systems from other manufacturers

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Service when you need it - from the initial pre-sale planning and customization to routine

maintenance and emergency in-field repairs, certified Zimmatic technicians are always

available to keep your system up and running.

Certified support - after completing certification, Zimmatic dealers receive ongoing training

to keep them up-to-date with the latest trends in irrigation technology and service.

Customer training - you'll receive hands-on training sessions and field demonstrations to

make the most of your equipment

(Irrigation done by Pivot System in root level) Fig: 10

Advantage of Pivots irrigation system

Pivots irrigation system have ability to hedge against all kind of weather (dry years, Spotty or

sporadic moisture patterns).The irrigation can be done in both day and night by regulation of

chemicals/fertilizer treatments. As the pivots irrigation is fully mechanized and operates in

automatic way. So, inputs and labour cost is less and timely application of all needed nutrients

managements done through single points of operational model.

Efficient use of water done by this method and demand of higher yield year by year with less

maintenance cost as Lindsay Irrigation assure more than twenty years of life span for Pivots

Irrigation system.

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(Central Pivots irrigation System in farm) Fig: 11

Watering uniformityThe proper sprinkler package and sprinkler selection is critical to

efficient irrigation. Your Zimmatic dealer can help you select the best package for your crop

and local conditions. He has the design tools and support from Lindsay experts to select the

best package for a new pivot/lateral or to upgrade an existing package. Zimmatic machines can

apply water with high total soluble salt. Because the machine applies less water than flood or

other sprinkler methods salt accumulation in the root zone is substantially reduced. Mechanical

move irrigation has the ability to flush the soil by designing a leaching factor into the

application rate. Also water can be better applied to different type of soils by Zimmatic controls

Varying the depth or amount of water can be set at the machine. By applying proper water

requirements at different stages of growth the grower can provide the proper amount of water

for maximum crop yield. A flood irrigator would find it difficult to achieve the same precision

without wasting water.

(Effective water distribution/ well-defined irrigation) Fig: 12

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Irrigation System Comparison

Lindsay Irrigation have done comparison between Pivots & Laterals irrigation method with

other and they found that, pivot or lateral system is a better return on investment and cost less

per acre(ha) to install which is shone on the above table.

Service & support

Growers around the world rely on Zimmatic's innovative solutions supported by a network of

knowledgeable dealers. These certified dealers are trained to customize, install and service the

entire range of Lindsay systems.

Background Study of Anantapur (AP):

Anantapur is the southern-most district of the Rayalseema region of Andhra Pradesh. While

agriculture remains the most important economic activity of the District. Being located in the

rain-shadow region of Andhra Pradesh, the district is drought-prone.

The population of the district is 40.83 lakhs. There are 7.79 lakhs households in the

district. About 8.0 lakhs farmers and 6.71 lakhs agricultural labourers are there in the

district. In all, 30% of the total population constitutes agricultural labour and cultivators.

Climatic Condition: Anantapur is the lowest rainfall receiving district in the state with a mean

rainfall of 553 mm. The rainfall intensity, frequency, pattern and distribution is highly erratic.

The dry spells and drought are very common. The district has sustained 7 years continuous

drought since 2000-01. The soils are being very shallow with low moisture holding capacity,

can’t support the crops even during short dry spells resulting in drastic reduction in yields.

The farmers experience coupled with the research findings indicate Groundnut is the sole crop

which can withstand the harsh climate of Anantapur.

Table: 02

Pivots & Laterals Flood Drip

Field Size All sizes All sizes Small and Medium

Slope 0-30% 0-3% Relatively Flat

Labour Low High Medium

Efficiency 85-95% 25-70% 85-95%

Soil Limitations None Light and sandy Light and sandy

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(Map of Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh) Fig: 13

Therefore Groundnut is the predominant crop grown in an area of 8.5 lakh hectares. To mitigate

the effect of drought, the dry land technology like soil moisture conservation, watershed

management, drought management is being practiced in the district.

Soil Status: In the Anantapur district majorly two types of soil found that are red soil and black

soil, the percentage found respectively 78% and 20% and others is 2%. The soils can be

classified as sandy loams (31%), clay (24%) loamy sands (14%), sandy clay loams (13%)

and rocky lands (12%) in texture.

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(Soil status) Fig: 14

Soil fertility status: Soil is poor in organic content. 88 percent soils analysed in the area are

low in Nitrogen, 75 percent soils are medium to high in phosphorus content and 94 percent

soils are medium to high in potassium content.

Normal rainfall for the south west monsoon period is 388mm which forms about 61.2 percent

of the total rainfall for the year. The rainfall for the north east monsoon period is 156mm which

is forms about 28.3 percent of annual rainfall (Oct-Dec). Normally March, April and May are

warm and dry on the region. Average temperature of the area is around 29-42 0c.

According to the above climatic condition (soil, temperature and water resources),

groundnut is the sole crop which can be stand harsh climatic condition of Anantapur.

Crop Patten: The cropping pattern of the district varies due to different Agro- climatic

conditions and rainfall. The major crops in Kharif season are groundnut, redgram, paddy,

sunflower, jowar, cotton and castor and in Rabi season are bengalgram, sunflower, groundnut

and paddy. There are several horticulture crops are also cultivated at the region like banana,

sweet orange, watermelon, tomato, chilli, curry leave, peanuts.

Land holding: There are four different category of farmers found in Anantapur district with

respect to the land size (land holding capacity). These are marginal farmer (below 1Ha), small

farmer (1-2 Ha), medium farmer (2-10 Ha) and large farmer (more than 10Ha) and percentage

wise 34.62%, 31.67%, 32.53% and 01.18% respectively as per the land holding.

78%

20%2%

Soil Status of Anantapur

Red soil

Black Soil

Other

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(Land Holding by farmers) Fig: 15

By the analysis of land holding capacity of farmers in Anantapur district(AP), marginal

and medium farmers percentage are more as compared to small and large farmers, their land

holding capacity is 1 Ha to 10 Ha.

Land Utilisation

Sl. No. Category Hectares

1 Forests 196978

2 Barren & Uncultivable Land 183451

3 Land Put To Non-Agricultural Uses 119810

4 Cultivable Waste 52819

5 Permanent Pastures And Other Grazing Lands 8951

6 Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops & 9652

Groves Not Included In Net Area Sown

7 Current Fallows 143126

8 Other Fallow Lands 84254

9 Net Area Sown 1113965

10 Total Geographical Area 1913000

35%

32%

32%

1%

Land Holding by farmers

Marginal Farmers

Small Farmers

Medium Farmers

Large Farmers

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11 Total Cropped Area 1187766

Table: 03

Source of Irrigation: As per the water source availability in Anantapur district, irrigation is

done through various methods like canals, tanks, tube well and filter points and others. But

majorly the irrigation has done through tube wells and filter points as compared to other which

is 76.3 percent from total. So, for the better farming or to enhancing the productivity of farmers

there is a need of better and effective irrigation method.

S.NO SOURCE OF IRRIGATION Area in Hectares

1 CANALS 25363

2 TANKS 5403

3 TUBE WELLS & FILTER POINTS 103951

4 OTHER WELLS 14840

5 LIFT IRRIGATION 0

6 OTHER SOURCES 537

Table: 04

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(Source of irrigation) Fig: 16

Method of irrigation: According to the climatic condition and groundwater availability, in

Anantapur district majorly seasonal crop are cultivated by farmers and they are doing the

farming by traditional, drip and sprinkle method but drip irrigation method is commonly used

by them as subsidy provided by Government is 90%.

Groundwater status: In the present water year 2014-15, (During June-2014) the State has

received 54% deficit rainfall over the normal rainfall and resulted in a marginal net rise of

0.15m. From June-13 to

June-14 water levels. During this water year2014-2015(during June-14), 2 districts received

normal rainfall, 6 districts deficit rainfall and 5 districts received scanty rainfall in the State.

Coastal Andhra region received 65% deficit against normal rainfall during June-2014 where as

it was 12% Excess during the same period in the previous water year resulted in a net fall of

0.20m from June-13 to June-14 water levels.

17%

4%

69%

10%0%0%

Source of Irrigation in Anantapur

CANALS TANKS

TUBE WELLS & FILTER POINTS OTHER WELLS

LIFT IRRIGATION OTHER SOURCES

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Rayalaseema region received 18% deficit against the normal rainfall during June-14 whereas

it was -15% deficit during the same period in the previous water year and as a result a net rise

of 0.95m is observed when compared the water levels of June-2014 with June-2013.

As per study of the Anantapur district by the help of secondary data availability, it is shown

that groundwater available in between 10m to 20m in the district area which is deeper as

compared to other areas of Andhra Pradesh.

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CHAPTER 2

Results and Interpretation

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1. As per requirements of the project towards “Pivots and Hose reel irrigation system”, finding

out the coordinates of allotted land in various region of Anantapur district by the help of

GPS machine. GPS machine help to mapping out the coordinates of the land, size of the

land and location as well.

GPS machine:

(GPS machine) Fig: 17

The GPS machine is a product of Garmin India, helps to finding out the lands coordinate, land

sizes and working length as shown in the above figure.

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(Land of Anantapur) Fig: 18

Layout locations and sizes

Layout No Location of Land Land size in Acres Irrigation methods

Layout 1 Suryapalli and Kadavakallu 223.555 Drip

Layout 2 Kadavakallu 93.749 Manual(Seasonal crop)

Layout 3 Kummalamalla 155.836 Drip and manual

Layout 4 Kummalamalla 26.031 Manual(Seasonal crop)

Layout 5 Kummalamalla 83.904 Manual(Seasonal crop)

Layout 6 Kadavakallu and Chervapalli 179.399 Drip and manual

Layout 7 Narayanreddypalli 38.807 Manual(Seasonal crop)

Layout 8 Narayanreddypalli 5.254 Manual(Seasonal crop)

Layout 9 Kadavakallu 51.771 Drip and manual

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Layout 1:

Fig: 19

The above land parcel is belongs to Suryapalli and Kadavakallu village which area of 223.555

acres. They have cultivated tomato and banana in 2-3 acres with drip irrigation technology and

normally they cultivate seasonal crops like cotton, Bengal gram. The land having two tube

wells for the irrigation purpose. Some electric pools are there in the land which may be a

huddles for the pivots irrigation system.

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Fig: 20 Fig: 21

Layout 2

The land parcel is belongs to Kadavakallu village which area of 93.749 acres. Normally they

cultivate seasonal crops like cotton, Bengal gram, jowar.

Fig: 22

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Layout 3

Fig: 23

The above land parcel is belongs to kummalamalla village which area of 155.836 acres.

Normally they cultivate seasonal crops like cotton, Bengal gram (50%) with drip irrigation

system or manual. The land having one tube wells for the irrigation purpose. The shape of the

land is very odd which may be a huddles for installation of pivots system.

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Layout 4

Fig: 24

The above land parcel is belongs to kummalamalla village which area of 26.031 acres. They

have cultivated eukaliptas from last several years. The land is having one well for the irrigation

purpose and it is a cannel a side land. The cannel may add an additional value to irrigation

method. The shape of the land is good but size is less. They have add black soil to the land

from outside for better productivity.

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Layout 5

Fig: 22

The above land parcel is belongs to kummalamalla village which area of 83.904 acres. They

have cultivated eukaliptas in some areas from last several years. The land is having three tube

wells one well for the irrigation purpose and it is a cannel a side land. The cannel may add an

additional value to irrigation method. Some electric pools are there in the land which may be a

huddles for the pivots irrigation system.

Layout 4 and Layout 5 are the side by side land by divide with cannel.

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Fig: 26

Fig: 27 Fig: 28

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Layout 6

The land parcel is belongs to kadavakallu and chervapali village which area of 179.399 acres.

Normally they cultivate seasonal crops like cotton, Bengal gram, jowar with drip and manual

irrigation method. The land having two tube wells for the irrigation purpose. The land shape is

very odd which may be a huddles for installation of pivots system.

Fig: 29

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Layout 7

Fig: 30

The above land parcel is belongs to narayanreddypalli village which area of 38.807 acres.

Normally they cultivate seasonal crops like cotton, Bengal gram, and sweet corn with manual

irrigation method. The size of the land is good but small in area.

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Layout 8

Fig: 31

The above land parcel is belongs to narayanreddypalli village which area of 5.254 acres.

Normally they cultivate seasonal crops like cotton, Bengal gram. The area of the land is very

small.

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Layout 9

Fig: 32

The above land parcel is belongs to kadavakallu village which area of 51.771 acres. Normally

they cultivate seasonal crops like cotton, Bengal gram, jowar, coriander with drip and manual

irrigation methods. The land having three tube wells for the irrigation purpose.

Water source:

Majorly the farmers are using tube wells as a water source. All above lands and other land

parcel of that area having good water source. As the farmers are doing seasonal crops in their

land, so they are much depends on rain fall rather than groundwater level. The farmers also use

cannel as a water source for some land like Layout 4 and Layout 5.

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Fig: 33

As shown in the above chat, tube wells and filter points is the major source of irrigation in

Anantapur followed by canals, tanks, other wells and through other sources. (Information

collected by Agriculture Department, Tadipatri, Anantapur).

Soil Status:

Fig: 34

253635403

103951

148400 537

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

CANALS TANKS TUBE WELLS& FILTERPOINTS

OTHERWELLS

LIFTIRRIGATION

OTHERSOURCES

Source of Irrigation in Anantapur

Series1

78

20

20

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

RED SOIL BLACK SOIL OTHER

Soil analysis of Anantapur

Series1

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Red soil commonly found in the district which is 78 percent and black soil and other soil

found 20 and 2 percent respectively.

Irrigation method used in Anantapur

Fig: 35

As per the survey regarding to irrigation methodology followed by farmers in Anantapur, most

of them are using drip irrigation that is 69 percent and sprinkler and traditional/other is 20 and

11 percent respectively. Most of crop grown by drip irrigation method as subsidy provided by

the government to them in economical way.

69%

20%11%

Irrigation method

Drip irrigation

Sprinkle

Traditional

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CHAPTER 3

Finding and Suggestions

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Findings

Analysis of Anantapur with respect to various agro-climatic conditions

This analysis was used to understand to check the installation feasibility of Pivots and Hose

reel irrigation system in Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh.

Soil fertility

The soil fertility data collected from agriculture department Tadipatri, Anantapur.

Fig: 36

The above picture shown that, soil of the particular region is slightly alkaline in nature which

is 7.4 to 7.8 pH range and this much pH content is good for the crop.

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Fig: 37

The above picture shown that, phosphorus is high in major region and some part is having

medium phosphorus in nature. The availability of phosphorus, will make a productivity value

for some plant.

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Fig: 38

The above figure shown that, content of organic carbon is low in that region which is not

good for plant growth in terms of production ration.

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Fig: 39

The above figure shown that, soil content electrical conductivity (EC) is normal in that region

which leads to good plant growth.

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Fig: 36

The above figure shown that, potassium content by soil is high in that region. As potassium is

a quality nutrients that helps to give proper affects the plants in terms of shape, size, colure,

taste and healthy produce plant.

Water source

The farmers of that region mostly using tube wells and filter points as an irrigation source and

apart from that they are using cannel, tanks and others as an irrigation source. As per collected

data from agriculture department Tadipatri, Anantapur, the most tube wells are not working

because of decrease in groundwater level year by year i.e. 65 percent. The farmers are using

tube wells as a major irrigation source because unviability of other source.

Irrigation methodology

As per the agro climatic condition concern of Anantapur, the farmers are majorly cultivate

seasonal crops and done there irrigation through traditional method (depends on rain fall), a

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part from that, they are using Drip irrigation as a major irrigation method as government of

Andhra Pradesh provide 90 percent subsidy to them, some farmers are also using sprinkle

irrigation as per crop demand.

The farmers are able to avail subsidy by paying 13000 Rs. only for 1 Ha land and they are

getting all the material required for the same land area.

Electricity

Major land of that region having good electricity facility as windmill are running to help the

farmers with very low cost.

Farmer mind-set regarding to irrigation method

As discussed with farmers, they are happy with the recent irrigation methodology which is

majorly Drip method because of low cost/ maintenance and subsidy provided by the

government of Andhra Pradesh.

Suggestions

For introduction Pivots and Hose reel irrigation system, the first important thing that

company should focus on large farmers (land holding) to penetrate the effective irrigation

system in Indian market.

As pivots system need big working space to operate, so the company need to find out bigger

land parcel which will easy for installation of the machine.

The farmers satisfied with technique of drip irrigation and cost of the installation, so need

to create awareness regarding to new effective irrigation methods and install a demo setup

of pivots and hose reel (if possible) which will help to understand the irrigation method by

the farmers.

The farmers are getting subsidy for drip irrigation system by government, so they are

adopting the same technology because of cost effectiveness/ less installation charges. So,

the company need to convince the Government to introduce the effective irrigation method

in India by providing evidence of cropping method by both (Pivots and Hose reel) and also

should try for getting subsidy for the method which will easily accepted by the farmers.

For the Pivots, need to have bigger size of land parcel with good shape but Hose reel don’t

need such criteria as the machine is built for odd shape land with easily moveable from one

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place to another. So, the company should focus on small and medium size of farmers to

introduce Hose reel irrigation method.

To introduce the irrigation method in Anantapur, the company should focus on best water

management method which will help to minimization of water wastage.

The company need to create awareness of Pivots and Hose reel irrigation method upon drip

and sprinkler as the present market using more drip followed by sprinkler.

As, Indian market is more price sensible the company should focus on cost vs. productivity

value of the irrigation system which will help to convince the Agriculture department of

India as well as end-user (farmers) to get the approval of the new technology.

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CHAPTER 4

Annexure

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QUESTIONNAIRE FOR FARMER

Group “A”

1.1 GENERAL INFORMATION:

(Please fill the details in the bellow table/ tick in the appropriate box/options)

Name

Address

Contact no. Age group 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 Above 60

Education Post graduate Graduate 12th 10th Below 10th

Family type Nuclear Joint Family size 3 to 4 4 to 6 6 to 8 8 to 10 More than 10

Annual income Up to 2 lakh 2 to 3 lakh 3 to 4 lakh 4 to 5 lakh Above 5 lakh Size of holding Up to 1 Acre 1-2 Acre 2-5 Acre 5-10 Acre Above 10

Acre Social status (member of

organizations)

1) Member of panchayat

2) Member of cooperative

3) Member of self-help group (SHG)

4) Member of block samiti

5) Other (please specify)

1.2 Which of the following irrigation facilities are available for your farming?

Flood Furrow Drip Irrigation

Sprinkle irrigation

Tube wells Others

Others :

1.3 What is your satisfaction level of current performance of your irrigation method (basis of Performance)?

Poor Average Good Very Good

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1.4 What are the problems faced by current irrigation system?

(Please tick in the appropriate box/options) Water resources Regular maintenance No. of Labour Quality of product Electricity consumption Quality of irrigation

1.5 Existing status of irrigation system with respect to crops wise cultivation.

Kharif season

(Crops)

No. of irrigation

Water source

Irrigation system

Rabi season

(Crops)

No. of irrigation

Water source

Irrigation system

Tube well, canal, other (please specify)

Flood, Furrow, Drip, Sprinkle irrigation


Flood, Furrow, Drip Sprinkle irrigation

















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1.6 How much subsidy is available to purchase the irrigation equipment (in percentage/absolute term)?

Subsidy provider Sprinkler

irrigation

Drip irrigation Other irrigation

State Government

subsidy

Central Government

subsidy

Any other (please

specify)

Group “B”


As per the experiment of Hose reel (irrigation method)

1.1 Give your opinion about “Hose Reel irrigation system” with respect to following parameters?

SL. No Parameters (Only running cost per Acre) (Please tick in the appropriate

box/options) Cost incurred (In Rs.) on account of “Hose reel”

1 Water Consuming Less Average More Can't say

2 Power consuming Less Average More Can't say

3 Fuel charges Less Average More Can't say

4 Irrigated time period Less Average More Can't say

5 Cost of Labour Less Average More Can't say

6 Manpower requirement Less Average More Can't say

7 Maintenances charges Less Average More Can't say

1.2 What is your perception about labour utilization in “Hose Reel irrigation system” as compared with other irrigation system? (Less/More)

If, more than comparatively, what is labour requirement for other irrigation systems.

Number of labour requirement Sprinkle irrigation Drip irrigation Others irrigation

No. of Labour Cost per month/day No. of Labour

Cost per month/day No. of Labour

Cost per month/day

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1.3 Do you need the following parameters, for better service of “Hose Reel irrigation system”?

Parameters (Please tick in the appropriate box/options)

On- farm display of machine Yes No Operational demonstrations Yes No Advertisement Yes No Awareness camps Yes No Maintenance & after sales service Yes No Helpline No. Yes No Any other (please specify)

1.4 Will you recommend the “Hose Reel irrigation system” to other? (Yes / No)

If yes, please elaborate at least 4 reason-

If no, please elaborate at least 4 reason-

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Group “C”


1.1 What is your cost of cultivation as per different crops?

Sl. No Particulars Crop 1 Crop 2 Crop 3 Amount/Month Amount/Season

Crops Name:

1 Operational Cost

Human Labour

Animal Labour

Machine Power

Seed

Fertilizers

Plant Protection Charges

2 Irrigation charges

Electricity charges

Fuel charges

Water source

Transportation charges

Maintenance and repair

3 Total Cost (1+2)

1.2 How much your harvest in present year with respect to the last year?

Crops In terms of quantity In terms of amount / quintal

Total

1

2 3 4

5

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CHAPTER 5

Literature Review

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Review of Literature

A report of the ICAR expert team on Agricultural situation of Anantapur district, Andhra

Pradesh (2012) pointed out overall scenario of geography and climatic condition of the district.

In addition to the report, they discussed soil, water resources, crops and cropping system, lands

uses and major farming situation of the region also the report analysed on the production and

productivity of the crops with respect to the climatic condition and seasonality. They have

focused upon irrigation methodology and availability of groundwater in the district.

A report of Department of Agricultural (2013), Anantapur gave a direction towards rainfalls

and cropping methodology of the district. They mentioned crops wise production and yield

status with respect to the availability of the resources. As groundnut is the major crop of the

district as per climatic situation, the Department of Agricultural mentioned about cultivation

technique.

Department of Economics and Statistic, Andhra Pradesh (May 2014), stressed upon statistical

data of land utilization and farmers size of the district also the articles pointed out percentage

wise production and demand of agricultural products. An additional report on agricultural

statistic at a glance, Andhra Pradesh (2011-2012), pointed out crop-wise, season-wise irrigated

and un-irrigated area of the district.

Groundwater scenario of Andhra Pradesh (2014), the articles published under Department of

Ground water, Andhra Pradesh. The report pointed out the availability of the groundwater in

the district with comparison of average depth to water levels and rainfall of June 2013 to 2014.

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CHAPTER 6

Bibliography

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1) ICAR expert team, March 2012, to study agricultural situation in Anantapur district.

2) 2010-2011, District hand book of Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh.

3) 2011-2012, a report of Directorate of Economics and Statistics (to study the climatic

scenario of district) (http://www.apdes.ap.gov.in).

4) K. Venu Gopal, July 2014, report on groundwater level scenario in Andhra Pradesh

based on water levels recorded from piezometers.

5) May 2014, Statistical Abstract for the analysis of land utilization based on the different

crop.

6) Kothari C.R, 2004, Research Methodology (methods and techniques), second revised

edition.

7) V. Young Pauline, Scientific Social Surveys and Research (research methodology).

http://www.apdes.ap.gov.in/

sumanta kumar sahu -project report

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