summary evaluation of philips policies
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How did Philip’s religious policies impact on the Catholic Church and
Spain?
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Impact
Maintain authority and control over
the church
Eradicate heresy
Church revenue
Doctrine
Papal Supremacy
Spread Catholicism
Defend Catholicism
Increase Catholic worship
Reform the Church
organisationMaintain relations with the Pope
Assessment Criteria
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Key areasPhilip IIUse of the inquisition and Auto de fesLimpiezaDoctrinal UniformityStudents recalled from aboardIndexTridentine Decrees Moriscos RevoltNew WorldRelations with the PopeForeign Policy
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Tridentine DecreesKey to counter reformation and spearheaded by P2Accepted by Philip but not at the expense of his own
authorityProvincial Councils were tasked with removing
corruptionDissolved decaying monasteriesIncreased number of bishops some energetic e.g. 6 in
AragonSeminaries set up 20 by 1598Issued new prayer book and calendarEncouraged religious artEscorial – symbol of power and strengthInquisition monitored and reported on progress
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Other Policies1561 Limpieza (purity of bloody) Conversos
and Moriscos excluded from ChurchDoctrine uniformity enforced more
rigorously Mystics and humanists suppressed -
‘keeping silent out of fear’Students studying aboard recalledIndex created (censorship)Inquisition - Auto de fe
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ImpactRelied on local bishops and therefore
implementation variedOnly 20 seminaries est by 1598Didn’t expel all non-Christian practices e.g. Bull
fighting on holy daysRural Spaniards – still semi paganFestivals and ceremonies remainedSuperstitionsMany non-Christian practices endured into 17th
Century in rural / remote areas
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ImpactRole of inquisition - did not process the
resources to enforce prohibitions and censorship controls e.g. 45 inquisitors for population of 8 million.
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ImpactMore effective church? More Christianised?Overall difficult to measureToledo and Cuenca – inquisitional records
show ability of laity to recite Lord’s Prayer increased from 40% 1555 to 82% 1600
100 years after Trent – missionary in remote Pyrenees reported ‘a very great need there to teach doctrine, because even the adults were like children in their knowledge and were ignorant of the most fundamental things’.
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Historians – disappointing picture of progress made by the Catholic Reformation
Kamen concluded that Spain was barely more Christianised by 1600 that it had been in 1500, for all the efforts of the King, Inquisition and the Counter-Reformation