summary of english grammar

8/12/2019 summary of english grammar

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Pronouns (Zamirler)

Person SubjectPronoun

ObjectPronoun

PossessivePronoun

ReflexivePronoun

PossessiveAdjective

First person

singular(1 te!il "a#$s)

% (ben) &e (beni'bana) &ine(benim!i)

& self(!endimi)

& (benim)

Second personsingular( te!il "a#$s)

*ou (sen) *ou (seni'sana) *ours (senin!i) *ourself(!endini)

*our (senin)

+#ird personsingular(, te!il "a#$s)

-e's#e'it (o) -im'#er'it(onu' ona)

-is'#ers'its(onun!i)

-imself'#erself 'itself(!endisini)

-is'#er'its(onun)

First person plural(1 .o/ul "a#$s)

0e (bi ) 2s (bi i'bi e) Ours (bi im!i) Ourselves(!endimi i)

Our (bi im)

Second person plural( .o/ul "a#$s)

*ou (si ) *ou (si i'si e) *ours (si in!i) *ourselves(!endini i)

*our (si in)

+#ird person plural(, .o/ul "a#$s)

+#e (onlar) +#em(onlar$'onlara)

+#eirs(onlar$n!i)

+#emselves(!endilerini)

+#eir (onlar$n)

I am married My 3ife4s name is 5ulie S#e calls me ever da

She is a doctor Her office is at t#e cit center % send # er flo3ers ever daWe #ave a son Our son is 16 ears old His name is 5o#n He is ver naug#t 0e love him. -e#ugs us ever nig#tOur neig#bors #ave a dog Its name is 7lac! It bar!s all nig#t % can4t stand it8They live upstairs Their #ouse is ver big 0e usuall visit them at t#e 3ee!end0#at about ou9 0#o are you9 0#at is your favorite movie9 :an % join you9

& brot#er and % ; 3e *our brot#er and ou ; ou 5a!e and 5oe ; +#e


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% sometimes tal! to m self (7a en !endimle !onu"urum ) -e sa3 #imself in t#e mirror ( )

+#e band call t#emselves ?@ire Straits? ( rup !endine ?@ire Straits? di or ) -e s#ot #imself (


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WO$% O$%&$

' & * !+, &M * &S & * & /$T&0 * !&$ * 1M1


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8ommon mistakes1 %n Hnglis#' ever sentence must #ave a verb Some students 3rite sentences 3it# no verb% ver #ungr ;M Im very hungry& brot#er in #is bedroom ;M My brother is in his bedroom.

Some students 3rite Luestions incorrectlS#e is our sister9 ;M %s s#e our sister9

%emonstrative a9:e4tives2seG+#isG 2se this to tal! about somet#ing 3#ic# is near ou How much is this bag?

+#eseG 2se these to tal! about t3o or more t#ings 3#ic# are near ou

Are these your keys?+#atG 2se that to tal! about one t#ing 3#ic# is far from ou Is that your house?

+#oseG 2se those to tal! about t3o or more t#ings 3#ic# are far from ou Who are those children over there? 2se This; That; These and ThoseG

7efore t#e verb be

This is my sister Those are my children.

7efore a nounG

That cake looks delicious! These bags are e"#ensive!

&a!e Luestions t#is 3a G Is this that your sister?

Are these those your children?

*ou can contract is after thatThat is my dad. ;M Thats my dad.

7ut do not contract is after this Thiss my dad. ;M This is my dad.

@o not contract are after +#ese J +#ose :ommon mista!esAl3a s use a verb in sentences 3it# this; that; these and those+#is lovel bag ;M This is a lovely bag This bag is lovely.

Sim


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2seGAdverbs can be used to describe verbs +#e describe -O0 ou do somet#ingHxamplesG S#e 3al!s >ui4klyN -e sings ni4elyFormG1) *ou can ma!e man adverbs b adding l to an adjective

slow $% slowly& loud $% loudly%f an adjective ends in K B' c#ange it to an KiBheavy $% heavily& funny $% funnilyAdd Kall B to adjectives ending in KicB

'hysical $% #hysically& energetic $% energetically

) Some adverbs are irregular' and do not end in ly +#ese includeGgood DM7ell (he dances well.#ard DMhar9 He works hard.fast DM=ast He runs fast.late DMlate He arrives late.,a) 2suall ' t#e adverb goes after t#e verb it describes(he talks )uietly IO+ (he )uietly talks.

He runs fast. IO+ He fast runs.

,b) %f t#e verb #as a direct object 0%+-O2+ A PRHPOS%+%OI t#e adverb s#ould go after t#eobject*ou sang that song nicely. IO+ *ou sang nicely that song.

He did the +ob well. IO+ He did well the +ob.

,c) %f t#e verb is follo3ed b a preposition and an object' ou can put t#e adverb in different places He quickly walked to the sho#. He walked quickly to the sho#. He walked to the sho# quickly .

) Adverbs are IO+ used to describe t#e follo3ing verbs +#ese verbs use adjectives7e I am )uiet. IO+ I am )uietly.Seem It seems strange. IO+ It seems strangely.Qoo! That looks nice. IO+ That looks nicely.Smell That smells good. IO+ That smells well.Sound That sounds great. IO+ That sounds greatly.Feel That feels funny. IO+ That feels funnily.

) Some 3ords end in Kl B but t#e are not adverbs ?rien9ly is an example Friendl is an

adjective 0e can sa KS#e is friendl B but not KS#e tal!s friendl B +#ere is no adverb for friendl ' but 3e can sa KS#e tal!s in a friendl 3a B &l9erly and lonely are also adjectives' not adverbs,in9ly and early are adjectives and adverbs

8om


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tall ;M taller nice ;M nicer t#ic! ;M t#ic!er late ;M later

) %f an adjective ends in one vo7el an9 one 4onsonant' 3rite t#e consonant again' t#en 3rite er7ut never 3rite a 7 t3ice

big ;M bigger ne3 ;M ne3er (IO+ ne33er) t#in ;M t#inner slo3 ;M slo3er (IO+slo33er) slim ;M slimmer

My brother is thinner than me.

,) %f an adjective #as t3o s llables and ends in y' c#ange t#e to i and add erfunn ;M funnier sill ;M sillierWhich of these books is funnier?

) Some adjectives #ave irregular superlative forms +#ese are listed belo3good ;M better

bad ;M worsefar ;M further

Add t#an after a comparative adjective to compare one t#ing 3it# anot#er -o3ever' t#is is not

al3a s necessar My house is smaller than yours. My house is smaller than yours.

Su


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Its the most interesting book Ive ever read.

) Some adjectives #ave irregular superlative forms +#ese are listed belo3 good ;M the "est bad ;M the 7orst far ;M the =urthest

) a) In is often (but not al3a s) used after a superlative adjective to describe 3#ere t#isstatement is true on9on is the "i55est 4ity in &n5lan9. &verest is the hi5hest mountain in the 7orl9. My "rother is the tallest


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@seASu4h also means ver Su4h is used before an a9:e4tive an9 noun.They are such nice children.

?ormA1 D an; if necessar ' go a=ter suc#' not before+#atBs a suc# prett dress ;M +#atBs suc# a prett dress8Qi!e So; Su4h can be used 3it# a that clause' to s#o3 a result of t#e first clause

I was such a nice day that we decided to go to the #ark.

:ommon mista!es

1) Some students use too 3it# a positive meaning 7ut use so or very #ere Its too hot! I love the summer! ;M Its so hot! I love the summer!

) Some students 3rite enoug# in t#e 3rong place 1o we have sugar enough? ;M 1o we have enough sugar?

,) Some students use so J suc#Ut#at incorrectl It was so hot that the sun was shining.+#is sentence is not correct because Kt#e sun 3as s#iningB is not a direct result of K%t 3as so #otB+#e #ot da did not cause t#e sun to s#ine

Possessive Es2seGPossessive adjectives after a name and before a noun+#e tell ou 3#o o3ns somet#ing+#is is Johns coat%s t#isTinas bag9@onBt useEs after t#ings% clean t#e gardenBs pond ever 3ee! ;M % clean t#e pond in t#e garden ever 3ee!0#atBs t#e boo!Bs name9 ;M 0#atBs t#e name of t#e boo!9

*ou can usuall use Es after organisations and groups of people%tBs t#e5overnments decision OR %tBsthe 9e4ision o= the 5overnment. +on is t#e 4om


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%f somet#ing belongs to t7o or more


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t#e 3orld Its the highest building in the world.

mountains and valle s They have a cottage in the mountains in a valley.

buildings (he works in a bank.

3ater 1ont swim in the sea the river the lake.

t#e middle J centre He lives in the middle of 'aris in the city centre.

boo!s J films J ne3spaper Which film was that actor in? I read about it in the news#a#er.

On is also used in t#ese situationsG

3alls' ceilings' doors' floorG (he hung the #icture on the ceiling the wall the door.

surfaces Theres a dirty mark on the #age table

t#e front J sideJ bac! Theres a label in on the bo" bottle

left J rig#t The school is on the left.

Floors 2ims office is on the second floor.

lists J menus Whats on the menu? 1id you buy everything on the list?

roads I live on 2ackson street. The nearest gas station is on the motorway.The #ost bo" is on the way to work.

natural lines and borders He lives on the coast. 4ondon is on the -iver Thames.

1t is also used in t#ese situationsG

t#e top J bottom (of a page) (ign your name at the to# bottom.

@irectionsG Turn left at the traffic lights roundabout end of the street.

Position (next to somet#ing) Wait at the traffic lights corner tree.

t#e front J t#e bac! I wrote my name at the front back of the book.

t#e beginning J t#e end What ha##ened at the beginning end of the film?

events I met him at a #arty conference football match

buildings Ill meet you at the air#ort the station home


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8ommon mistakesA

1 Some students miss out part of t#e prepositional p#rases% live next a small s#op ;M I live ne"t to a small sho#.

% par!ed t#e car in front t#e building ;M I #arked the car in front the building.

Some students add a second preposition 3#ere it is not necessar*our bag is be#ind of t#e *our bag is behind the door.

Pre


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Dont sit there!

) 0ritten instructions on signs often use %o not' not %ont Do not cross this line.

,) 0#en giving instructions to a friend' ou can soften t#e order b using K ouB -o3ever't#is is usuall onl done in spo!en Hnglis#

3irst you #ut the mi"ture into a bowl0 and then you add two eggs. Then you whisk it.) Some 3ritten signs use &ust J &ust not

All visitors must wear a badge. 'assengers must not talk to the driver.

Iotice #o3 plural nouns ( visitors #assengers ) are generall used in signs

8ommon mistakesA1) Some students use to after @onBt J &ust@onBt to go in t#at door ;M 1ont go in that door.

Present Sim


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doesnBt li!e animals

s#e

it

3e donBt

t#e

Tuestions

@o%

li!e

animals9

ou

@oes

#e

s#e

it

@o 3e

t#e

S#ort ans3ers

*es'

% do

Io'

% donBt

ou ou

#e

does

#e

doesnBts#e s#e

it it

3e do 3e donBt

t#e t#e

Spelling Rules for ,rd person (#e J s#e J it)

%f a verb ends in 4onsonant * y' c#ange y to i and add es. I study 6nglish. He studies 6nglish.

%f a verb ends in t4h; ss; F; sh or #' add es


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(he watches television.(usan misses her family.

He fi"es the television. My dad washes the car on (undays.

Some verbs #ave irregular spellingsG

I go < he she it goes I do < he she it does I have < he she it has

:ommon mista!es1) Some students forget to add s for #eJs#eJit& mot#er li!e c#ocolate W & mot#er li!es c#ocolate

) Some students ma!e t#e negative form incorrectl+om no 3or! #ere W +om 9oesnt 3or! #ere+om isnBt 3or! #ere+om donBt 3or! #ere

,) Some students forget to use @o and @oes to ma!e Luestions*ou li!e t#is song9 W %o ou li!e t#is song9%s our fat#er 3or! #ere9 W %oes our fat#er 3or! #ere9


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Am%

verbVingAre ou

%s #e J s#e J it

Are 3e J t#e

Spelling RulesG

%f a verb ends in e' delete t#e e before ou add ing4ome CG Im 4omin5.have CG Hes havin5 lun4h.:ommon mista!es1) Some students forget t#e verb "e % 3atc#ing television ;M %Bm 3atc#ing television S#e not coming ;M S#eBs not coming

) Some students ma!e Luestions incorrectl S#e is 3or!ing9 ;M %s s#e 3or!ing9,) Some students ma!e spelling mista!es

%Bm studing la3 ;M %Bm stud ing la3

Past sim


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@id%' ou' #e ' s#e' 3e' t#e infinitive verb

kno7; see; 5o

8ommon mistakesASome students use t#e past verb in Luestions@id ou sa3 t#e film9 ;M @id ou see t#e film9

"e


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0ere 3e J t#e

S#ort ans3ers

*es' % J #e J s#e J it3as Io' % J #e J s#e J it 3asnBt

*es' ou J 3e J t#e 3ere Io' ou J 3e J t#e 3erenBt

:ommon mista!es1) Some students ma!e Luestions incorrectl*ou 3ere at t#e part 9 W 0ere ou at t#e part 9

) Some students use t#e 3rong verb0e 3as ver #app W 0e 3ere ver #app

8an D 8oul9

@seA1) 2se 4an D 4ant to tal! about our abilities no3

I can s#eak 6nglish. I cant s#eak =erman.

2se 4oul9 D 4oul9ntto tal! about abilities in t#e past I could s#eak 3rench when I was a child0 but I can>t now. I couldnt s#eak 6nglish when I was a child0 but I can now.

) 2se 4an and 4oul9 to ma!e reLuests :ould is more polite ;an you cook this evening #lease?

;ould you #ass me the salt?

2se can to repl to reLuests ;an I sit here? % *es0 you can. (orry0 you cant. ;an you cook this evening #lease? % *es0 I can. (orry0 I cant.

@OIB+ use 4oul9 in replies ;ould you lend me some money? *es0 I could. % *es0 sure! (orry0 I cant.

?ormA1) 8an and 4oul9 are t#e same for all persons% 4anD4oul9 spea! Hnglis#

ou 4anD4oul9 spea! Hnglis##e J s#e J it 4anD4oul9 spea! Hnglis#3e 4anD4oul9 spea! Hnglis#t#e 4anD4oul9 spea! Hnglis#

) +#e negative form of can is 4annot' or 4ant +#e negative form of 4oul9 is 4oul9nt,) +#ere is al3a s a ver" after 4an and 4oul9' and t#e verb is al3a s in t#e in=initive =orm (3it#out to) (ally can hel# you. @T (ally can hel#s you. (ally can to hel# you.

) &a!e Luestions b inverting 4an and t#e subject


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I can see you this afternoon. % ;an I see you this afternoon?*ou could hel# me. % ;ould you hel# me?

) 2se canJcanBt and couldJcouldnBt in s#ort ans3ers ;an your brother swim? % *es0 he can. o0 he cant.

;ould you do the test? % *es0 I could. o0 I couldnt.

8ommon mistakesA1) Some students ma!e Luestions incorrectl *ou can s#eak 6nglish? % ;an you s#eak 6nglish? I could sit here? % ;ould I sit here?

Woul9 likeD like

@seA1) Woul9 like means 7ant ' but it is more polite*ou can use it in sentences and Luestions

Id like a biscuit.Would you like some tea?

) *ou can also use it to tal! about our dreams and ambitions Id like to go to 2a#an. I wouldnt like to live here!

*ou can also use I9 love and I9 hate to tal! about dreams Id hate to live in the countryside. Id love to work with (imon.

?ormA1) 0ould li!e is t#e same for all persons

I would like some tea.*ou would like some tea.

He she 2ames would like some tea.We would like some tea.They our clients would like some tea.

) +o ma!e Luestions' invert the su":e4t and 7oul9. Would you 2ames your clients like some tea?

,) 2se 7oul9nt to ma!e t#e negative form I wouldnt like to work there.

) Woul9 like can be follo3ed b a noun or to * ver" nounG Would you like a biscuit? verbG Would you like to go to Malaysia?

) %n


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I like chocolate cake. Its my favourite food.2se 7oul9 like to tal! about t#ings ou 3ant no3' or at some time in t#e future Id like a cu# of coffee #lease. Id like to work in a chocolate factory.

%e=inite an9 in9e=inite arti4les

@seA1) 2se a before a singular noun %4ve gota brot#er and a sister2se an if t#e noun begins 3it# a vo3el %4ve gotan aunt in +exas

) 2se plural nouns or uncountable nouns to tal! about t#ings in general @on4t use an article #ere

I like cats . Dolphins are very intelligent.Crime is increasing.

,) 2se the to tal! about one particular t#ing' or a particular group of t#ings Books are interesting. The book on the table is interesting.Children are noisy. The children in this class are noisy.

) 2se a to introduce a ne3 t#ing or person 2se the 3#en ou alread !no3 t#is person or t#ingThere is a restaurant near my house. The restaurant serves good food.

) 2se the 3#en t#ere is onl one of t#ese t#ings The moon is very big tonight.

My dad is the only doctor in our village. 2oe is the best student in the class.

) 2se the 3#en t#ere are man t#ings' but it is clear 3#ic# one ou mean 4et>s go to the #ub! We need to go to the su#ermarket.

X) &ost 4general4 nouns do not use an article Life is not the same as it used to be @TB The lifeC

Health is im#ortant to everyone. @TB The healthC

We>re worried about pollution . @TB+#e pollutionU

7ut some general nouns use theGt#e environment 'eo#le are increasingly worried about the environment . t#e 3eat#er What>s the weather like today? t#e countr side I love walking in the countryside .t#e sea J ocean I>d love to live near the sea . t#e radio There>s an interesting #rogramme on the radio . t#e t#eatre J cinema We went to the theatre last night. t#e econom The economy is affecting everyone.

8ommon mistakesA

1) Some students use the 3#en t#e tal! about t#ings in general% love t#e romantic films8 ;M I love romantic films!


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) Some students use singular nouns 3it#out a or the% 3ant boo! about t#e 3eat#er ;M I want a book about the weather.

,) Some students use the 3#en t#e tal! about t#ings in general% 3ant t#e boo! about t#e 3eat#er ;M I want a book about the weather.

summary of english grammar

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