summary of "how computers change the way we think"
TRANSCRIPT
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Robert Bialecki
Professor Jones
English 247, Critical Writing
27 October 2009
The article I chose to summarize is called “How Computers Change the Way We Think.”
The article was written by Sherry Turkle, and it originally appeared in The Chronicle of Higher
Education on January 30, 2004. The single main idea of this article is that, as the title suggests,
computers change the way we think. Her article provides several examples to illustrate her main
point.
Turkle begins the article with an original quote. She then mentions that written language
is the most basic, predominant form of information technology there is. However, when we think
about how technology affects the way we think, the first thing that typically comes to mind is the
computer (Turkle 256). She then cites an example of her personal experiences with how
computers change the way we think. Her experience took place in the late 1970s, when she had
just joined the faculty at MIT. At this point in time, calculators were set to replace slide rules.
During a lunch with her colleagues, several professors argued that calculators had affected the
students’ ability to fully grasp the course material. When using a slide rule, a student had to
manually insert decimal points. In order to do this, a student needed to have a mental sense of
scale. However, the students who used calculators often made errors and seemed unable to
perform basic calculations without a calculator. Therefore, they lost a true understanding of the
course material (Turkle 256-257). In the 1980s, Turkle began studying in-depth how computers
change the way we think. She believes that the effects computers have on the way we think will
become even stronger in the next ten years. Turkle notes that beginning in elementary school,
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students are exposed to a wide variety of computer programs (e-mail, word processing, computer
simulations, virtual communities, PowerPoint software, etc.). Not only are they absorbing what
appears on their computer screens, but they are also discovering new ways to think about the
meanings of knowing and understanding (Turkle 257). Turkle then prepares us for her list of
ways in which she believes computers are facilitating changes in the way we think. She mentions
that it is not easy to label a particular change as good or bad. It’s open to interpretation. What’s
important is whether or not these changes lead us in a direction that helps us better serve our
human purposes. Turkle states that change isn’t determined by technology. Technology only
motivates us to take certain directions. Human choice is more easily exerted when those
directions are clear (Turkle 257-258).
Turkle’s first example pertains to privacy. She mentions that nearly everything we do on
the Internet leaves behind electronic traces. She believes that today’s generation of children
aren’t as familiar with the right to privacy as previous generations are and that they’re used to
electronic surveillance. Turkle notes that today’s adolescents and young adults willingly present
personal information on the Internet and don’t seem to care about privacy violations and
increased surveillance. She believes that in the next decade, students will need to be better
educated about the notion of privacy (Turkle 258).
Turkle’s next example deals with media that people use to express themselves online. She
mentions that these media are important to adolescents because it allows for personal
experimentation which is important in their development. However, the problem that arises is
that when people overuse these media, it may become difficult for them to portray their true
selves. They may become too inexperienced in sharing their true feelings with others. These
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media allow the illusion of friendship without the commitments of actual friendship (Turkle 258-
259).
Turkle’s third example pertains to the PowerPoint program. Turkle argues that
PowerPoint is more than just a means of transmitting content. It also influences the way we
think. With PowerPoint, presentation becomes just as important (if not more so) as content. She
mentions that we live in a culture where appearance is often more important than reality. She
calls it a culture of presentation. Turkle cites an excerpt from Edward R. Tufte, who feels that the
PowerPoint program makes bulleting and clear thinking look like the same thing, when they’re
not. Tufte also feels that PowerPoint encourages presentation as opposed to conversation. While
PowerPoint can be a beneficial tool for teachers, young students are more likely to be captivated
by the sounds, graphics, and fonts of the program. For young students, a PowerPoint slideshow is
more likely to detract from discussion rather than encourage it (Turkle 259).
Turkle’s next example focuses on word processing. Turkle feels that word processing has
its own psychology and can transform a hardworking student into a better writer. This is because
word processing makes experimentation easier. As opposed to writing on paper, word processing
makes it easier to revise text, rearrange paragraphs, and alter the shape and tone of a piece. She
notes that most professional writers would refuse to give up their computers. However, Turkle
contests that word processing can also worsen the abilities of bad writers, since one can quickly
fill a page with text without even thinking about what one is typing. Turkle feels that thinking
ahead is now an uncommon notion (Turkle 260).
Turkle’s fifth example deals with computers in general. Turkle assumes that people have
an expectation for computers to be easy to use, despite the fact that most people don’t actually
know a computer really works. She mentions that those who built and purchased the first
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personal computers knew exactly how they worked. She also mentions that computers have
become much more complex since then. While people know how to use computers, they don’t
know how they work. Turkle expects this trend to continue into the future (Turkle 260).
Turkle’s final example pertains to simulation. She notes that some thinkers feel that
epistemic opacity allows us to use simulation tools to experiment creatively. However, these
tools are beyond our understanding. Turkle believes it’s possible that passivity is a result of
epistemic opacity. Turkle mentions that simulation is a prominent part of our culture. Many
aspects of our culture utilize simulation technology. She predicts a substantial increase in the use
of simulation technology in the next decade. Because of this, Turkle suggests that a new form of
media literacy will need to be developed so that we better understand the culture of simulation.
Although simulation technology is becoming more complex, it still puts constrained choices on
its users, and the rules are clear. But that’s not always how the real world works (Turkle 261).
Turkle feels that in the next ten years, our culture should rebuild itself around information
technology. This culture should make it easier to see life as shades of gray, not just black and
white. Technology should better our lives, not detract from them. Turkle equates information
technology with identity technology. She feels that one of the next decade’s greatest challenges
will be to implant information technology in a culture where democracy, freedom of expression,
tolerance, diversity, and complexity of opinion prosper – and we must not fail (Turkle 262).
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Works Cited
Turkle, Sherry. “How Computers Change the Way We Think.” The Chronicle of Higher
Education. 30 January 2004. Kress, Anne and Suellyn Winkle. NextText Making
Connections Across and Beyond the Disciplines: pg. 256-262. 20 October 2009.