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2012Directorate: Sustainable Aquaculture Management
Summary of the
Environmental
Integrity
Framework for
Marine
Aquaculture
Summary of the Environmental Integrity Framework for Marine Aquaculture 2012
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 1
SUMMARY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL INTEGRITY FRAMEWORK FOR MARINE AQUACULTURE
Department of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries 2012
Summary of the
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Summary of the
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Summary of the
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Summary of the
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Summary of the
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Summary of the
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Summary of the
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Summary of the
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Summary of the
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Summary of the
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Summary of the
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Summary of the
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Summary of the
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Summary of the Environmental Integrity Fram
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Environmental Integrity Fram
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Environmental Integrity Fram
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Environmental Integrity Fram
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Environmental Integrity Fram
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Environmental Integrity Fram
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Environmental Integrity Fram
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Environmental Integrity Fram
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Environmental Integrity Fram
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Environmental Integrity Fram
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Environmental Integrity Fram
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Environmental Integrity Fram
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
PREPARED FOR:
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Private Bag X2 Roggebaai, 8001Tel: +27 (0)21 402 3911 Contact persons: Ms F. Samodien / Mr A. Njobeni
ORIGINALLY
Enviro22 Somerset StreetGrahamstown, 6140 Tel: +27 (0)46Fax: +27 (0)46Email: Contact person: Prof P
REVIEWED
AquaEco PO Box 76245Lynnwood Ridge, 0401 Tel: +27 (0)12Fax: +27 (0)12Email: Contact person:Mr E
Edited and Reviewed Fisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Report should be cited as: Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Summary of the A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheriesproduced by Enviro
Environmental Integrity Fram
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
PREPARED FOR:
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Private Bag X2 Roggebaai, 8001Tel: +27 (0)21 402 3911 Contact persons: Ms F. Samodien / Mr A. Njobeni
ORIGINALLY
Enviro22 Somerset StreetGrahamstown, 6140 Tel: +27 (0)46Fax: +27 (0)46Email: Contact person: Prof P
REVIEWED
AquaEco PO Box 76245Lynnwood Ridge, 0401 Tel: +27 (0)12Fax: +27 (0)12Email: Contact person:Mr E
Edited and Reviewed Fisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Report should be cited as: Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Summary of the A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheriesproduced by Enviro
Environmental Integrity Fram
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
PREPARED FOR:
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and
Private Bag X2 Roggebaai, 8001Tel: +27 (0)21 402 3911
Contact persons: Ms F. Samodien / Mr A. Njobeni
ORIGINALLY
Enviro22 Somerset StreetGrahamstown, 6140
Tel: +27 (0)46Fax: +27 (0)46Email:
Contact person: Prof P
REVIEWED
AquaEco
PO Box 76245Lynnwood Ridge, 0401 Tel: +27 (0)12Fax: +27 (0)12Email:
Contact person:Mr E
Edited and Reviewed Fisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Report should be cited as:
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Summary of the A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheriesproduced by Enviro
Environmental Integrity Fram
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
PREPARED FOR:
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and
Private Bag X2 Roggebaai, 8001Tel: +27 (0)21 402 3911
Contact persons: Ms F. Samodien / Mr A. Njobeni
ORIGINALLY
Enviro22 Somerset StreetGrahamstown, 6140
Tel: +27 (0)46Fax: +27 (0)46Email:
Contact person: Prof P
REVIEWED
AquaEco
PO Box 76245Lynnwood Ridge, 0401
Tel: +27 (0)12Fax: +27 (0)12Email:
Contact person:Mr E
Edited and Reviewed Fisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Report should be cited as:
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Summary of the A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheriesproduced by Enviro
Environmental Integrity Fram
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
PREPARED FOR:
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and
Private Bag X2 Roggebaai, 8001Tel: +27 (0)21 402 3911
Contact persons: Ms F. Samodien / Mr A. Njobeni
ORIGINALLY
Enviro22 Somerset StreetGrahamstown, 6140
Tel: +27 (0)46Fax: +27 (0)46Email:
Contact person: Prof P
REVIEWED
AquaEco
PO Box 76245Lynnwood Ridge, 0401
Tel: +27 (0)12Fax: +27 (0)12Email:
Contact person:Mr E
Edited and Reviewed Fisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Report should be cited as:
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Summary of the A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheriesproduced by Enviro
Environmental Integrity Fram
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
PREPARED FOR:
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and
Private Bag X2 Roggebaai, 8001Tel: +27 (0)21 402 3911
Contact persons: Ms F. Samodien / Mr A. Njobeni
ORIGINALLY
Enviro22 Somerset StreetGrahamstown, 6140
Tel: +27 (0)46Fax: +27 (0)46Email:
Contact person: Prof P
REVIEWED
AquaEco
PO Box 76245Lynnwood Ridge, 0401
Tel: +27 (0)12Fax: +27 (0)12Email:
Contact person:Mr E.
Edited and Reviewed Fisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Report should be cited as:
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Summary of the A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheriesproduced by Enviro
Environmental Integrity Fram
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
PREPARED FOR:
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and
Private Bag X2 Roggebaai, 8001Tel: +27 (0)21 402 3911
Contact persons: Ms F. Samodien / Mr A. Njobeni
ORIGINALLY
Enviro22 Somerset StreetGrahamstown, 6140
Tel: +27 (0)46Fax: +27 (0)46Email:
Contact person: Prof P.
REVIEWED
AquaEco
PO Box 76245Lynnwood Ridge, 0401
Tel: +27 (0)12Fax: +27 (0)12Email:
Contact person: Hinrichsen
Edited and Reviewed Fisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Report should be cited as:
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Summary of the A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheriesproduced by Enviro
Environmental Integrity Fram
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
PREPARED FOR:
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and
Private Bag X2 Roggebaai, 8001Tel: +27 (0)21 402 3911
Contact persons: Ms F. Samodien / Mr A. Njobeni
ORIGINALLY
Enviro-Fish Africa (Pty) Ltd22 Somerset StreetGrahamstown, 6140
Tel: +27 (0)46Fax: +27 (0)46Email: [email protected]
Contact person: Britz
REVIEWED
AquaEco
PO Box 76245Lynnwood Ridge, 0401
Tel: +27 (0)12Fax: +27 (0)12Email: [email protected]
Contact person:Hinrichsen
Edited and Reviewed Fisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Report should be cited as:
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Summary of the A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheriesproduced by Enviro
Environmental Integrity Fram
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
PREPARED FOR:
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and
Private Bag X2 Roggebaai, 8001Tel: +27 (0)21 402 3911
Contact persons: Ms F. Samodien / Mr A. Njobeni
ORIGINALLY
Fish Africa (Pty) Ltd22 Somerset StreetGrahamstown, 6140
Tel: +27 (0)46Fax: +27 (0)46
Contact person: Britz
REVIEWED
AquaEco
PO Box 76245Lynnwood Ridge, 0401
Tel: +27 (0)12Fax: +27 (0)12
Contact person:Hinrichsen
Edited and Reviewed Fisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Report should be cited as:
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Summary of the A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheriesproduced by Enviro
Environmental Integrity Fram
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
PREPARED FOR:
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and
Private Bag X2 Roggebaai, 8001Tel: +27 (0)21 402 3911
Contact persons: Ms F. Samodien / Mr A. Njobeni
ORIGINALLY
Fish Africa (Pty) Ltd22 Somerset StreetGrahamstown, 6140
Tel: +27 (0)46Fax: +27 (0)46
Contact person: Britz
REVIEWED
AquaEco
PO Box 76245Lynnwood Ridge, 0401
Tel: +27 (0)12Fax: +27 (0)12
Contact person:Hinrichsen
Edited and Reviewed Fisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Report should be cited as:
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Summary of the A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheriesproduced by Enviro
Environmental Integrity Fram
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
PREPARED FOR:
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and
Private Bag X2 Roggebaai, 8001Tel: +27 (0)21 402 3911
Contact persons: Ms F. Samodien / Mr A. Njobeni
ORIGINALLY
Fish Africa (Pty) Ltd22 Somerset StreetGrahamstown, 6140
Tel: +27 (0)46Fax: +27 (0)46
Contact person: Britz
REVIEWED
PO Box 76245Lynnwood Ridge, 0401
Tel: +27 (0)12Fax: +27 (0)12
Contact person:Hinrichsen
Edited and Reviewed Fisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Report should be cited as:
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Summary of the A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheriesproduced by Enviro
Environmental Integrity Fram
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
PREPARED FOR:
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and
Private Bag X2 Roggebaai, 8001Tel: +27 (0)21 402 3911
Contact persons: Ms F. Samodien / Mr A. Njobeni
ORIGINALLY
Fish Africa (Pty) Ltd22 Somerset StreetGrahamstown, 6140
Tel: +27 (0)46Fax: +27 (0)46
Contact person: Britz
REVIEWED
PO Box 76245Lynnwood Ridge, 0401
Tel: +27 (0)12Fax: +27 (0)12
Contact person:Hinrichsen
Edited and Reviewed Fisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Report should be cited as:
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Summary of the A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheriesproduced by Enviro
Environmental Integrity Fram
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
PREPARED FOR:
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and
Private Bag X2 Roggebaai, 8001Tel: +27 (0)21 402 3911
Contact persons: Ms F. Samodien / Mr A. Njobeni
ORIGINALLY
Fish Africa (Pty) Ltd22 Somerset StreetGrahamstown, 6140
Tel: +27 (0)46Fax: +27 (0)46
Contact person:
AND REVISED
PO Box 76245Lynnwood Ridge, 0401
Tel: +27 (0)12Fax: +27 (0)12
Contact person:Hinrichsen
Edited and Reviewed Fisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Report should be cited as:
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Summary of the A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheriesproduced by Enviro
Environmental Integrity Frame
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
PREPARED FOR:
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and
Private Bag X2 Roggebaai, 8001Tel: +27 (0)21 402 3911
Contact persons: Ms F. Samodien / Mr A. Njobeni
ORIGINALLY PREPARED BY:
Fish Africa (Pty) Ltd22 Somerset StreetGrahamstown, 6140
Tel: +27 (0)46 622 8241Fax: +27 (0)46
Contact person:
AND REVISED
PO Box 76245 Lynnwood Ridge, 0401
Tel: +27 (0)12 807 5190Fax: +27 (0)12
Contact person:Hinrichsen
Edited and Reviewed Fisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Report should be cited as:
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Summary of the A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheriesproduced by Enviro
ework
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
PREPARED FOR:
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and
Private Bag X2 Roggebaai, 8001Tel: +27 (0)21 402 3911
Contact persons: Ms F. Samodien / Mr A. Njobeni
PREPARED BY:
Fish Africa (Pty) Ltd22 Somerset StreetGrahamstown, 6140
622 8241 622
Contact person:
AND REVISED
Lynnwood Ridge, 0401
807 5190 807 4946
Contact person: Hinrichsen
Edited and Reviewed Fisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Report should be cited as:
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Summary of the A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheriesproduced by Enviro
work
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
PREPARED FOR:
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and
Roggebaai, 8001 Tel: +27 (0)21 402 3911
Contact persons: Ms F. Samodien / Mr A. Njobeni
PREPARED BY:
Fish Africa (Pty) Ltd22 Somerset StreetGrahamstown, 6140
622 8241622
Contact person:
AND REVISED
Lynnwood Ridge, 0401
807 5190807 4946
Hinrichsen
Edited and Reviewed Fisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Report should be cited as:
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Summary of the Environmental Integrity FrameworkA report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheriesproduced by Enviro
work
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
PREPARED FOR:
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and
Tel: +27 (0)21 402 3911
Contact persons: Ms F. Samodien / Mr A. Njobeni
PREPARED BY:
Fish Africa (Pty) Ltd22 Somerset StreetGrahamstown, 6140
622 8241622
AND REVISED
Lynnwood Ridge, 0401
807 5190807 4946
Edited and Reviewed Fisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Report should be cited as:
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Environmental Integrity Framework
A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheriesproduced by Enviro
work
PREPARED FOR:
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and
Tel: +27 (0)21 402 3911
Ms F. Samodien / Mr A. Njobeni
PREPARED BY:
Fish Africa (Pty) Ltd22 Somerset Street Grahamstown, 6140
622 8241622
AND REVISED
Lynnwood Ridge, 0401
807 5190807 4946
Edited and Reviewed Fisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Report should be cited as:
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Environmental Integrity Framework
A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheriesproduced by Enviro-
work for
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and
Tel: +27 (0)21 402 3911
Ms F. Samodien / Mr A. Njobeni
PREPARED BY:
Fish Africa (Pty) Ltd
Grahamstown, 6140
622 8241 7950
AND REVISED
Lynnwood Ridge, 0401
807 5190807 4946
Edited and Reviewed Fisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Report should be cited as:
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Environmental Integrity Framework
A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries-Fish Africa (Pty.) Ltd. and revi
for
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and
Tel: +27 (0)21 402 3911
Ms F. Samodien / Mr A. Njobeni
PREPARED BY:
Fish Africa (Pty) Ltd
622 82417950
AND REVISED
Lynnwood Ridge, 0401
807 5190807 4946
Edited and Reviewed Fisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Report should be cited as:
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Environmental Integrity Framework
A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and FisheriesFish Africa (Pty.) Ltd. and revi
for
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and
Tel: +27 (0)21 402 3911
Ms F. Samodien / Mr A. Njobeni
PREPARED BY:
Fish Africa (Pty) Ltd
622 82417950
AND REVISED
Lynnwood Ridge, 0401
807 5190807 4946
Edited and Reviewed Fisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Report should be cited as:
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Environmental Integrity Framework
A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and FisheriesFish Africa (Pty.) Ltd. and revi
for Marine Aquaculture
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and
Tel: +27 (0)21 402 3911
Ms F. Samodien / Mr A. Njobeni
PREPARED BY:
Fish Africa (Pty) Ltd
622 82417950
AND REVISED
Lynnwood Ridge, 0401
807 5190807 4946
Edited and Reviewed Fisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Report should be cited as:
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Environmental Integrity Framework
A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and FisheriesFish Africa (Pty.) Ltd. and revi
Marine Aquaculture
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and
Tel: +27 (0)21 402 3911
Ms F. Samodien / Mr A. Njobeni
PREPARED BY:
Fish Africa (Pty) Ltd
622 8241 7950
AND REVISED
807 5190 807 4946
Edited and Reviewed bFisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Report should be cited as:
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Environmental Integrity Framework
A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and FisheriesFish Africa (Pty.) Ltd. and revi
Marine Aquaculture
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and
Ms F. Samodien / Mr A. Njobeni
PREPARED BY:
Fish Africa (Pty) Ltd
AND REVISED
byFisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Report should be cited as:
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Environmental Integrity Framework
A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and FisheriesFish Africa (Pty.) Ltd. and revi
Marine Aquaculture
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and
Ms F. Samodien / Mr A. Njobeni
PREPARED BY:
Fish Africa (Pty) Ltd
AND REVISED
y Fisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Environmental Integrity Framework
A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and FisheriesFish Africa (Pty.) Ltd. and revi
Marine Aquaculture
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and
Ms F. Samodien / Mr A. Njobeni
PREPARED BY:
Fish Africa (Pty) Ltd
AND REVISED
Fisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Environmental Integrity Framework
A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and FisheriesFish Africa (Pty.) Ltd. and revi
Marine Aquaculture
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and
Ms F. Samodien / Mr A. Njobeni
PREPARED BY:
Fish Africa (Pty) Ltd
BY:
theFisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Environmental Integrity Framework
A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and FisheriesFish Africa (Pty.) Ltd. and revi
Marine Aquaculture
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and
Ms F. Samodien / Mr A. Njobeni
PREPARED BY:
BY:
theFisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Environmental Integrity Framework
A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and FisheriesFish Africa (Pty.) Ltd. and revi
Marine Aquaculture
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and
Ms F. Samodien / Mr A. Njobeni
PREPARED BY:
BY:
the Fisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Environmental Integrity Framework
A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and FisheriesFish Africa (Pty.) Ltd. and revi
Marine Aquaculture
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and
Ms F. Samodien / Mr A. Njobeni
BY:
Fisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Environmental Integrity Framework
A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and FisheriesFish Africa (Pty.) Ltd. and revi
Marine Aquaculture
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and
Department of AgricultureFisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Environmental Integrity Framework
A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and FisheriesFish Africa (Pty.) Ltd. and revi
Marine Aquaculture
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and
Department of AgricultureFisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Environmental Integrity Framework
A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and FisheriesFish Africa (Pty.) Ltd. and revi
Marine Aquaculture
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and
Department of AgricultureFisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Environmental Integrity Framework
A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and FisheriesFish Africa (Pty.) Ltd. and revi
Marine Aquaculture
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and
Department of AgricultureFisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Environmental Integrity Framework
A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and FisheriesFish Africa (Pty.) Ltd. and revi
Marine Aquaculture
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and
Department of AgricultureFisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Environmental Integrity Framework
A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and FisheriesFish Africa (Pty.) Ltd. and revi
Marine Aquaculture
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and
Department of AgricultureFisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Environmental Integrity Framework
A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and FisheriesFish Africa (Pty.) Ltd. and revi
Marine Aquaculture
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and
Department of AgricultureFisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Environmental Integrity Framework
A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and FisheriesFish Africa (Pty.) Ltd. and revi
Marine Aquaculture
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and
Department of AgricultureFisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Environmental Integrity Framework
A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and FisheriesFish Africa (Pty.) Ltd. and revi
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and
Department of AgricultureFisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Environmental Integrity Framework
A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and FisheriesFish Africa (Pty.) Ltd. and revi
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Department of AgricultureFisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Environmental Integrity Framework
A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and FisheriesFish Africa (Pty.) Ltd. and revi
Fisheries
Department of AgricultureFisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Environmental Integrity Framework
A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and FisheriesFish Africa (Pty.) Ltd. and revi
Fisheries
Department of AgricultureFisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Environmental Integrity Framework
A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and FisheriesFish Africa (Pty.) Ltd. and revi
Fisheries
Department of AgricultureFisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Environmental Integrity Framework
A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and FisheriesFish Africa (Pty.) Ltd. and revi
Fisheries
Department of AgricultureFisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Environmental Integrity Framework
A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and FisheriesFish Africa (Pty.) Ltd. and revi
Fisheries
Department of AgricultureFisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Environmental Integrity Framework
A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and FisheriesFish Africa (Pty.) Ltd. and revised
Fisheries
Department of AgricultureFisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Environmental Integrity Framework
A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheriessed
Fisheries
Department of AgricultureFisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. Environmental Integrity Framework for Marine Aquaculture
A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheriessed
Fisheries
Department of AgricultureFisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. for Marine Aquaculture
A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheriessed
Department of AgricultureFisheries and the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012. for Marine Aquaculture
A report for the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheriessed by AquaEco.
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Summary of the Environmental Integrity Framework for Marine Aquaculture 2012
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 3
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This summary of the more comprehensive Environmental Integrity Framework (EIF) for Marine
Aquaculture has been compiled as a tool with which government officials, sector participants and the
public can rapidly access basic information related to the environmental frameworks and approach to
monitoring of marine aquaculture. This summarised version is supported by a more comprehensive EIF
that can be obtained from the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF).
The EIF is based on principles of “sustainable development”, requiring the optimisation of human
beneficiation and equity from the use of natural resources, while maintaining biological diversity and
protecting ecosystem function. To achieve this, it is necessary to identify potential impacts, assess their
potential of occurrence and consequence, and to formulate mitigation and management measures.
The EIF identifies the legislative frameworks within which sustainable marine aquaculture development
can be practiced. This is followed by an identification of the environmental management procedures
that are typically used in South Africa to both meet the legislative requirements and to achieve
sustainability in the sector. These procedures include Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA),
Stategic Environmental Assessments (SEA), Risk Assessments, Norms and Standards, Marine
Aquaculture Guidelines, Programmes and Permits, Objectives, Indicators, Quality Standards /
Performance Measures and Environmental Monitoring.
This summary of the EIF identifies the potential environmental threats risks posed by each of the main
marine aquaculture species, while the more comprehensive EIF contains more in-depth details of
assessment of these impacts, as well as the mitigatory measures that can be taken.
As intergovernmental and stakeholder cooperation is key to the successful implementation of this
environmental integrity framework, the government departments involved in marine aquaculture are
identified, while a list of other stakeholders is included.
Summary of the Environmental Integrity Framework for Marine Aquaculture 2012
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 4
CONTENT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... 3
ACRONYMS ...................................................................................................................... 5
1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 7
2. LEGISLATION, CONVENTIONS AND POLICY ............................................................. 8
3. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES .................................................... 11
3.1. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) ................................................................... 11
3.2. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) ............................................................... 12
3.3. Risk Assessments ................................................................................................... 12
3.4. Norms and Standards .............................................................................................. 12
3.5. Marine Aquaculture Guidelines, Programmes and Permits .......................................... 13
3.6. Objectives, Indicators, Quality Standards / Performance Measures .............................. 14
3.7. Environmental Monitoring ......................................................................................... 14
4. POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF MARINE AQUACULTURE .................................................. 16
4.1. Abalone Culture ....................................................................................................... 17
4.2. Mussel Culture ........................................................................................................ 18
4.3. Oyster Culture ......................................................................................................... 19
4.4. Seaweed Culture ..................................................................................................... 20
4.5. Marine Finfish .......................................................................................................... 21
5. POSITIVE IMPACTS OF MARINE AQUACULTURE ..................................................... 22
6. ORGANISATIONAL ARRANGEMENTS..................................................................... 23
6.1. Coordination between Government Departments ........................................................ 24
6.2. Provincial Departments ............................................................................................ 24
6.3. National Departments .............................................................................................. 25
6.4. Key Parastatal and Non-Government Stakeholders .................................................... 25
7. CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................... 26
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ACRONYMS
AU African Union
AIF Aquaculture Intergovernmental Forum
AVCRF Aquaculture Value Chain Roundtable Forum
PBC’s Polychlorinated Biphenyl
BCLME Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem
CA Competent Authority
DEA Department of Environmental Affairs
DEAT Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism
DEA&DP Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning
DEDEA Department of Economic Development and Environmental Affairs
DED&T Department of Economic Development and Tourism
DAFF Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
DoH Department of Health
DST Department of Science and Technology
DTI Department of Trade and Industry
DWAF Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
ECDC Eastern Cape Development Corporation
ECPB Eastern Cape Parks Board
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EIF Environmental Integrity Framework
EMPr Environmental Management Programme
FAO Food & Agriculture Organization
GESAMP Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection
HACCP Hazard Analysis & Critical Control Points
ICES International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
ICMA Integrated Coastal Management Act (No. 24 of 2008)
IDP Integrated Development Plan
ISO International Standards Organization
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature
KZN KwaZulu-Natal
MAIL Marine Aquaculture Industry Liaison
MAWG Marine Aquaculture Working Group
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MLRA Marine Living Recourses Act (No. 18 of 1998)
MOM Modelling - Ongrowing fish farms - Monitoring
NASF National Aquaculture Strategic Framework
NAMC National Agricultural Marketing Council
NEM:BA National Environmental Management Biodiversity Act (No.10 of 2004)
NEM:WA National Environmental Management: Waste Act (No. 59 of 2008
NEMA National Environmental Management Act (No. 107 of 1998)
NEPAD New Partnership for Africa's Development
NRCS National Regulator for Compulsory Specifications
NWA National Water Act (No. 36 of 1998)
OIE Office International des Epizooties
ORI Oceanographic Research Institute
PAIF Provincial Aquaculture Intergovernmental Forum
SA South Africa
SAAMBR South African Association for Marine Biological Research
SADC Southern African Development Community
SAIAB South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity
SANBI South African National Biodiversity Institute
SANPARKS South Africa National Parks
SANCOR South African Network for Coastal and Oceanic Research
SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment
SDF Spatial Development Framework
SDP Spatial Development Framework
TNPA Transnet National Ports Authority
WCADI Western Cape Aquaculture Development Initiative
WCPSDF Western Cape Provincial Spatial Development Framework
WHO World Health Organisation
WWF-SA World Wide Fund for Nature South Africa
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1. INTRODUCTION
“Sustainable development”1 entails the optimal use of natural resources, while protecting biological
diversity and ecosystem function. This is central to South Africa’s environmental policies and in the
context of marine aquaculture, it informs the National Aquaculture Strategic Framework (DAFF, 2011),
which aims to accelerate environmentally sustainable sector development. Furthermore, principals of
equality determine that use of natural resources must be based on the equitable distribution of benefits
and socio-economic upliftment.
Marine aquaculture can impact on the environment, and consumer demands for safe products have
resulted in the determination of production and product standards, which increasingly require
demonstration of environmental sustainability.
This summary of the Environmental Integrity Framework (EIF) for Marine Aquaculture reflects the core
topics related to responsible environmental management and monitoring for marine aquaculture. The
EIF however does not represent either an environmental risk assessment template or a project specific
Environmental Management Programme (EMPr).
The EIF aims to be applicable in a number of manners, including:
• As a decision support system for planning marine aquaculture initiatives
• As a tool to assist in the Environmental Impact Assessment process
• As a source of information for new applicants
• As a proactive indicator of certain opportunities and constraints
• As a source of information that can be used by consumers
In the EIF each of the primary marine aquaculture sub-sectors in South Africa is identified in context to
the relevant environmental matters that are important in each case. The EIF is sensitive to
environmental matters at industry (national), regional and project specific level.
1 FAO (1988) defines “Sustainable Development” as: "the management and conservation of the natural resource
base and the orientation of technological and institutional change in such a manner as to ensure the attainment
and continued satisfaction of human needs for present and future generations. Such development conserves
land, water, plant and genetic resources, is environmentally non-degrading, technically appropriate, economically
viable and socially acceptable".
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2. LEGISLATION, CONVENTIONS AND POLICY
South Africa’s marine aquaculture sector is subject to various laws, policies and international
agreements. The Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) is mandated to formulate
policy, guidelines and protocols related to aquaculture. Where necessary, the DAFF works
cooperatively with other government authorities whose legislative mandates may affect aquaculture.
The foremost laws and conventions that determine the environmental management requirements in
marine aquaculture are summarised below.
Legislation or Aspect Key content related to marine aquaculture
The Constitution (1996) The Constitution entrenches the right of all South African to an
environment that is not harmful and which is protected.
The National
Environmental
Management Act (No.
107 of 1998) (NEMA)
Among others, the Act deals with the duty of care that each person has
towards maintenance of a sustainable environment. NEMA also outlines
the principles for integrated environmental management, including the
EIA Regulations. A number of marine aquaculture activities trigger the
need for an EIA. More detail related to such EIA’s can be found in the EIA
and Environmental Management Guideline for Aquaculture in South
Africa (Dept. of Environmental Affairs, Pretoria, 2012).
National Environmental
Management:
Biodiversity Act (No.10
of 2004) (NEM:BA)
NEM:BA influences marine aquaculture as it prescribes procedures for
the management and culture of exotic organisms (in terms of the Alien
and Invasive Species Regulations) and the protection and restrictions
pertaining to the farming of endangered or threatened species (in terms
of the Threatened and Protected Species Regulations).
The National
Environmental
Management: Integrated
Coastal Management Act
(No. 24 of 2008) (ICMA)
The ICMA provides for integrated coastal management, including norms,
standards and policies to promote conservation of the coast and to ensure
that development and use of this zone is socially and economically
justifiable and ecologically sustainable.
The ICMA has repealed the Sea Shore Act (No.21 of 1935), although not in
its entirety. Access to sea space (including lease of sea space) is still
dealt with in terms of the Sea Shore Act, with due consideration that
access in port areas is subject to the Transnet National Ports Authority
and the National Ports Act (No. 12 of 2005).
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Legislation or Aspect Key content related to marine aquaculture
National Environmental
Management: Waste Act
(No. 59 of 2008)
(NEM:WA)
Amongst other aspects, the Act deals with waste minimisation, recovery,
re-use, recycling, treatment, disposal and integrated management. A
number of listed waste management activities have been promulgated
and require authorisation.
The Marine Living
Resources Act (No. 18
of 1998) (MLRA)
The MLRA provides for the granting of a “right” to engage in marine
aquaculture. Permission to exercise such a “right” is granted by means of
a permit.
Comprehensive guidelines, programmes and permit frameworks have
been developed by the DAFF in terms of the MLRA to assist with
compliance in the marine aquaculture sector.
National Water Act (No.
36 of 1998) (NWA)
Although the NWA does not apply to the extraction of water from the sea,
authorisation is necessary for the storage of water (regardless of origin),
discharging waste or water containing waste into a water resource
(including discharge into the sea) and others.
Animal Diseases Act
(No. 35 of 1984)
Marine aquaculture is recognised as an agricultural activity and hence the
State Veterinary Services have a mandate to protect the industry in terms
of the Animal Diseases Act.
The Fertilizers, Farm
Feeds, Agricultural
Remedies and Stock
Remedies Act (No. 36 of
1947)
This Act requires that all processed animal feeds and stock remedies
(therapeutants) meet certain specifications.
South African Health
Legislation
The processing of fishery products and shellfish is governed by:
• The DAFF (under the MLRA)
• The Department of Health (under the National Health Act)
• Local authorities (under the Municipal Structures Act) in cooperation
with the National Regulator of Compulsory Specifications (NRCS),
who is the appointed body for administering the various Compulsory
Standard Specifications for fishery products in South Africa
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Legislation or Aspect Key content related to marine aquaculture
Export Standards:
HACCP and ISO
The NRCS is accredited as the competent authority to audit the
application of standards (mainly HACCP and ISO) for the export of
products to the European Union and other countries. It also issues health
certificates for products such as abalone, which are exported to Asian
countries.
The NRCS has negotiated an auditable aquaculture CODEX of on-farm
practices acceptable to the European Union, which it applies to HACCP
systems in marine aquaculture.
Land Use Planning Land use planning and zoning is a provincial mandate. The planning and
development of land based marine aquaculture may require authorisation
or rezoning in terms of these provincial laws. The Communal Land Rights
Act (No. 112 of 2004) may also affect coastal aquaculture development in
certain areas where communal land rights exist.
International Obligations The following international codes and conventions have a direct effect on
marine aquaculture in South Africa.
• FAO and related Codes of Conduct, including amongst others
o The FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
(Aquaculture Development) (1995); and
o The FAO Technical Guideline on Aquaculture
Certification (2011)
• Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)
• The OIE Aquatic Animal Health Code (2010)
• ICES Codes of Practice on the Introduction and Transfer of
Marine Organisms (2004)
• SADC Protocol on Fisheries (2008)
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In addition to the legal frameworks indicated in the table above, a number of frameworks and codes are
directly relevant to marine aquaculture.
Framework / Code Key aspects related to marine aquaculture
National Aquaculture
Strategy Framework
(NASF)
The NASF sets out interventions for government and the private sector
towards achieving an enabling environment for an equitable, diverse,
viable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture sector.
South African National
Industrial Policy
Framework
The Department of Trade and Industry’s (DTI) National Industrial Policy
Framework is intended to provide incentives to priority sectors. A new
set of sector specific support measures is being developed for
aquaculture by the DTI in collaboration with the DAFF.
Code of Conduct for the
Aquaculture Industry in
South Africa
This Code is intended to provide guidance for marine aquaculture in the
interests of promoting ecologically and economically sound and
sustainable practices and assurance of product quality.
3. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES
Government departments make use of Integrated Environmental Management to give effect to their
legislative mandates. Such integrated measures should be applied to manage ecological, social or
economic effects of aquaculture - whether positive or negative. This section, briefly describes these
integrated measures, followed by identification of the primary impacts associated with marine
aquaculture.
3.1. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
South Africa has well developed EIA regulations and procedures. The EIA evaluates the positive and
negative impacts (social, economic and ecological) of a project/development and solicits inputs from
interested and affected parties. It incorporates the consideration of alternatives and the development of
mitigation measures [through an environmental management programme (EMPr)], so that authorities
can take an informed decision regarding the allowance of development. More information related to the
EIA processes for marine aquaculture can be obtained from the EIA and Environmental Management
Guideline for Aquaculture in South Africa (Department of Environmental Affairs, Pretoria, 2012).
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3.2. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)
While EIA’s focus on individual projects, there are a number of strategic decisions that are typically
made at planning, programming and policy level that influence the nature of development. In this
regard, Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is used to determine the implications of policies,
plans and programmes. In using SEA, decision makers can proactively determine the most suitable
development type for a particular area, before development proposals are formulated.
A primary cause of environmental impact and resource conflict is ad hoc development. The use of
SEA’s enables a pro-active, strategic approach to aquaculture development and can predetermine
suitable sites (nodes or zones) in which resource conflicts are likely to be low.
3.3. Risk Assessments
The draft Alien and Invasive Species Regulations (in terms of the NEM:BA), determine the need for
biodiversity risk assessment before exotic species are used in aquaculture. This involves the
determination and prioritisation of impacts and the mitigation measures that will be required.
Information on the standard risk assessment framework can be found in the EIA and Environmental
Management Guideline for Aquaculture in South Africa (Department of Environmental Affairs, Pretoria,
2012).
3.4. Norms and Standards
Section 24(2)(d) of the NEMA includes an enabling provision that allows for the exclusion of activities
requiring environmental authorisation based on norms or standards, while Section 24(10) of the Act
includes an enabling provision for the development of such norms and standards. As South African
aquaculture develops and industry based norms and standards are developed, the opportunity will arise
to have such norms and standards officially recognised, which may lead to less onerous authorisation
processes. Norms and standards for aquaculture were being drafted at the time of publication of the
EIF.
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3.5. Marine Aquaculture Guidelines, Programmes and Permits
To promote sustainability, the DAFF has published comprehensive guidelines, programmes and permit
frameworks for the sector (www.nda.agric.za/doaDev/fisheries/03_areasofwork/social.html#AEC).
These are updated regularly and include:
• Guidelines
- Guidelines & Requirements on applying for a Marine Aquaculture Right
- Guidelines for Aquaculture Better Management Practices in South Africa
- Guidelines for Marine Finfish Farming in South Africa
- Guideline for Ornamental Fish Farming in South Africa
- Guidelines for Marine Ranching and Stock Enhancement in South Africa
- Guidelines & Potential Areas for Marine Ranching and Stock Enhancement of Abalone
(Haliotis midae) in South Africa
• Food Safety Programmes
- South African Molluscan Shellfish Monitoring and Control Programme
• Permits
- Permit for the local sale of undersized cultured abalone
- Permit to operate a marine aquaculture fish processing establishment
- Import & export permits for marine aquaculture fish and fish products & marine
ornamentals
- Permit to engage in a marine aquaculture activity
- Permit to collect & possess broodstock for marine aquaculture
- Permit to undertake marine aquaculture scientific investigations & practical
experiments
- Permit to transport marine aquaculture products
- Permit to seed abalone for ranching
- Permit to harvest ranched abalone
The permits above are issued subject to the meeting of a number of site and permit specific conditions.
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3.6. Objectives, Indicators, Quality Standards / Performance Measures
To demonstrate that aquaculture is environmentally sustainable, it is necessary to monitor performance
against well-defined and measurable objectives, suitable indicators and quality standards or
performance measures (GESAMP, 1996; Fletcher et. al., 2004). The following briefly defines these:
• Environmental Quality Objectives; are measurable management instruments used to
provide for the equitable use of the aquatic resource and to safeguard the natural environment
• Environmental Indicators; for each objective, an indicator/s needs to be identified. This can
be a direct measurement of performance or a surrogate (e.g. production levels as surrogate for
measuring economic benefit)
• Environmental Quality Standards / Performance Measures; are the levels of the indicators
that ensure the objectives are not compromised
In all instances the operational objective, indicator and performance measure must remain linked to
remain effective.
3.7. Environmental Monitoring
Monitoring is the recording of the standards and performance measures indicated above. Monitoring
should focus on impacts that are significant, uncertain or not well understood. The following should be
considered in all aquaculture monitoring programmes:
• Consideration must be given to aquaculture type and the environmental setting, farm locality
and receiving environment
• Any monitoring effort should be related to the scale of the perceived impact
• Where aquaculture effluents are monitored, consideration must be given to the “mixing zone”.
A mixing zone consists of an area of impact in cases where dilution is necessary before water
quality standards are achieved
• Reference stations can be used to compare levels of environmental change
• A monitoring programme must be able to detect ecological change
• Monitoring intensity must depend on operation size and environmental sensitivity
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• Monitoring of effluent concentrates on point source. However, as the objective is environmental
protection, the receiving waters could be monitored in conjunction with point source monitoring
• Particular emphasis must be given to simplicity, flexibility and affordability in order to facilitate
acceptance and enforcement
• Consultation and participation of interested and affected parties in the formulation of monitoring
programmes is important
Although the conditions of authorisations and permits may prescribe specific monitoring requirements,
monitoring procedures recommended for the South African marine aquaculture sector, include:
Site Specific or Farm Level Monitoring
• Incident logging: Farms should maintain an incident register for recording all events arising
from the farming activities or the presence of the farm
• Incident reporting: More serious events must be reported immediately
• Farm records: All substances that may have an impact must be recorded. These include
substances such as antibiotics, potentially harmful cleaning agents and hydrocarbon fuels
• Farm reports: Routine monitoring should be reported to the relevant competent authority (CA)
• Annual farm production returns: In order to quantify sector growth, data on production,
product value and employment is required
• Databases: The relevant CA should set up the necessary database(s) to record marine
aquaculture environmental monitoring data
• Environmental monitoring audits: Performance on farms should be audited against permit
conditions, monitoring and reporting requirements
• Sampling: Marine aquaculture farms may be required to undertake sampling of farmed
animals, health status, imported seed, water, sediments etc.
• Environmental Management Programmes (EMPr’s): EMPr’s are prescribed as part of the
EIA process and used to manage environmental impacts. The content of EMPr’s is contained
in the EIA Regulations (Government Notice R 543 of 18 June 2010)
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Regional or Industry Wide Monitoring:
• Surveys: The CA should conduct surveys, which could include effluent pipeline surveys,
baseline surveys of disease, environmental carrying capacity studies, spread of exotic species,
wild population genetics etc.
• Routine sampling: The CA will conduct sampling in an area associated with a group of farms
4. POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF MARINE AQUACULTURE
Aquaculture is increasingly supplementing harvest fisheries as a major source of the world’s seafood
products. However, aquaculture has certain unavoidable, but manageable impacts. In order to manage
impacts, an understanding of these impacts is required, including an evaluation of the threats caused
by the impacts and a corresponding prioritisation in monitoring. To prioritise the environmental impacts
of marine aquaculture, an assessment methodology was adapted from work in Australia (Fletcher et al.,
2004) and from work by Coastal Environmental Services in South Africa. In this, relative scores were
allotted to the temporal nature, spatial nature, degree (severity) and likelihood (probability) of each
potential impact. By taking the sum of these scores the relative threat associated with each impact was
determined to provide guidance on the degree of management, mitigation and monitoring. This overall
scoring is depicted in the appended tables by species and shown in greater detail in the more
comprehensive EIF document.
The South African marine aquaculture sector is a small sector, but with prospects for expansion.
However, in view of the growth potential of aquaculture in the multi-use coastal environment, careful
management of these potential impacts is important.
The following sections highlight the nature of the primary impacts per species (with reference to the
main species that are cultured in marine aquaculture). The appended tables provide more detail
pertaining to the evaluations that were done for each impact, while the comprehensive EIF contains in-
depth details in this regard.
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4.1. Abalone Culture
Abalone is the mainstay of aquaculture in South Africa. The primary environmental threats related to
abalone culture are indicated below with further details in Appendix A.
Environmental Threat Explanatory Notes
Destruction of indigenous
vegetation and habitat
loss
Abalone farm sites are typically cleared, levelled and surfaced to a
working platform. This can result in loss of rare fynbos and other species.
Consequence of clearing can vary depending on the ecological sensitivity.
Impact on public amenity
value
Due to the “industrial” appearance of abalone farms, the perceived public
amenity and aesthetic value of an area may be diminished.
Public safety Pipelines across the shoreline and the discharge of large volumes of
water can be a potential hazard to public use of coastal areas. The intake
suction poses a potential threat to divers or swimmers.
Genetic impacts – shore
based abalone culture
As abalone is selected for favourable production characteristics and as
limited broodstock numbers are used, the genetic profile of farmed
abalone may differ from that of wild populations.
Genetic impacts -
ranching
The genetics of ranched abalone requires management as hatchery
reared spat may not be genetically different from natural populations2.
Effluents Farms produce diluted effluent containing low levels of waste feed, faeces
and nutrients. As farms are generally located in high energy coastal zones
with high water displacement, mixing and dispersal of nutrients is rapid.
Effluents are unlikely to exceed the DWAF water quality criteria3 for
coastal marine waters beyond the mixing zone.
Kelp Harvest Fresh kelp fronds are harvested to feed abalone. Despite growing abalone
production, the annual harvest of kelp has levelled off.
Disease Abalone farming and stock translocation can increase the risk of disease
transmission – both between farms and from farm to wild stocks.
2 Note that the approach to genetic management in abalone ranching differs from the East and the West Coast.
Certain West Coast ranching areas also fall outside of the natural distribution area for abalone.
3 DWAF (1995) water quality targets for coastal marine waters state that: “Waters should not contain
concentrations of dissolved nutrients that are capable of causing excessive or nuisance growth of algae or other
aquatic plants or reducing dissolved oxygen concentrations below the target range indicated for dissolved
oxygen” and that total suspended solids should be less than a 10% increase above ambient levels.
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4.2. Mussel Culture
The primary environmental threats related to mussel culture are indicated below with further details in
Appendix B.
Environmental Threat Explanatory Notes
Enrichment of sediments
with organic matter
Mussel culture results in the deposition of faecal matter on the sediment
below mussel raft or long-line cultures. Studies in Saldanha Bay showed
that this caused a localised change in the benthic community, but did not
compromise ecosystem function or the health of the mussels (Stenton-
Dozey et al., 1998).
Reduction of available
phytoplankton
Mussels remove plankton and particulate matter from the water, to the
extent that the growth of naturally occurring filter feeders may be
depressed due to limited food availability. As it has been established that
the capacity of areas such as Saldanha Bay is much higher than the
culture biomass, no monitoring is required.
Spread of exotic Spanish
mussels
The raft structures provide an artificial habitat for the already present
exotic Spanish mussel, potentially increasing the population’s reproductive
and recruitment potential. However, fluctuations in the abundance of the
Spanish and indigenous mussels indicate that environmental factors
determine which species is dominant at any point in time.
Exclusive spatial use Mussel culture requires the zoning of public waters for exclusive use. The
industrial appearance of mussel rafts may negatively affect coastal real
estate development, recreational activities and aesthetic perception.
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4.3. Oyster Culture
Both estuarine and marine environments are utilised for oyster culture, while spat is generally imported.
The primary environmental threats related to oyster culture are indicated below with further details in
Appendix C.
Environmental Threat Explanatory Notes
Nutrient dynamics Although oysters filter feed, the production of faecal matter is relatively low
and therefor potential benthic enrichment is limited.
Spatial use Oysters grown in multi-use estuaries or bays and require exclusive areas
that could preclude other activities. While it is an industrial type activity,
which may be regarded as having a negative aesthetic appearance, the
activity may also contribute to tourism.
Establishment of feral
oyster populations
With the widespread culture of exotic Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas)
in southern Africa, some self-perpetuating wild populations have become
established.
Introduction of diseases
and parasites
Oyster spat and fresh oysters are routinely imported. Therefore there is a
threat in that new Molluscan pathogens and parasites could be imported
with such stocks, which should be mitigated by imports from pathogen
free sources.
Accidental introduction of
pest species
The import of oyster spat introduces the possibility of the accidental import
of other organisms which could potentially become established as feral
and invasive species.
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4.4. Seaweed Culture
There is growing interest in seaweed culture (Gracilaria and Ulva). The primary environmental threats
related to seaweed culture are indicated below with further details in Appendix D.
Environmental Threat Explanatory Notes
Exclusive Spatial Use Although not common, rope or raft culture of seaweed can only be carried
out in sheltered or semi-sheltered bays, placing it in competition with
many other activities.
Genetic Impacts The genetic characteristics of Gracilaria and Ulva species are largely
unknown, however there is evidence of regional variation (Kandjengo,
2002); hence the importance to understand the impact that seaweed
culture could have on wild stocks.
Terrestrial Impacts Shore based culture of seaweed is conducted in shallow ponds.
Therefore, the culture of seaweed requires land in the coastal zone. This
may require the destruction of sensitive and/or indigenous flora. As
seaweed culture is often associated with abalone farming, the comments
on the terrestrial impacts of abalone farming (Section 5.2.1) apply here
also.
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4.5. Marine Finfish
Finfish production systems are mainly pump-ashore and re-circulatory technologies, while interest has
been shown in sea based cage culture. The Guidelines for Marine Finfish Farming (DAFF, 2012)
recommend procedures for mitigating and managing potential impacts. The primary environmental
threats related to finfish farming are indicated below with further details in Appendix E.
Environmental Threats Explanatory Notes
Feed waste and fish
faeces
Finfish feeding results in nutrient input in the environment. In cage culture
nutrients enter the ecosystem without treatment, while in-land based
facilities a portion of the nutrients may be stripped. South African coastal
waters are well-mixed with high light penetration, and are less sensitive
than most northern hemisphere aquaculture sites.
Anti-fouling products for
cages
In marine cages anti-fouling products are required to prevent or minimise
bio-fouling.
Medication, antibiotics
and pesticides
Medicines and therapeutants are necessary in aquaculture, but generally
have a low potential for negative impacts if correctly applied.
Genetic impact of
escapees on wild
populations
Captive breeding is required in production and to alleviate pressure on
wild stocks. Escape could lead to a change in the genetic makeup of wild
stocks given that farmed fish may be genetically different.
Pathogens and parasites Pathogens from farms may be transferred to wild fish. The greatest threat
lies in the introduction of new pathogens, or existing pathogens that have
mutated. For naturally occurring parasites and pathogens the potential of
farming causing disease impacts in wild stocks, is low.
Interaction with large
marine fauna – cage
culture
Large fauna may be attracted to cages and cage debris may be ingested
and can prove fatal. Due to improvements, little threat is posed in terms of
entanglement (Nash et al., 2005).
Social and spatial
conflicts related to cages
Cage farms exclude other users (recreational boating, fishing, shipping)
from farm sites. This may impact on tourism, aesthetics and limit
investment potential.
Human health issues Product quality may be affected by toxins, the prevalence of certain
diseases, the handling of aquaculture products, contamination or through
the presence of chemical residues.
Summary of the Environmental Integrity Framework for Marine Aquaculture 2012
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 22
5. POSITIVE IMPACTS OF MARINE AQUACULTURE
Sustainable development requires aquaculture to be practised within the capacity of the environment
and to generate a net social and economic benefit. In light of the decline in global fish supply, the
potential benefits of aquaculture are substantial. The EIA process must identify and quantify both the
positive and negative impacts of aquaculture, so that decision makers have a rational basis for
approving or declining marine aquaculture developments. Therefor the following positive impacts
should be integrated into the evaluation, assessment and determination of management and
monitoring requirements.
The primary positive impacts of marine aquaculture are:
• Increased Supplied of Fish
National and global wild fish supplies have effectively levelled off. It is generally accepted that
the only manner to maintain the per capita supply of fish in the face of population growth is
through aquaculture. Against this backdrop there is an economic and political imperative to
increase the supply of fish from marine aquaculture, provided this can be done in a socially,
economically and environmentally sustainable manner.
• Economic Growth
A key reason for promoting aquaculture is its potential to promote economic development.
Marine aquaculture has the potential to contribute both to local and national economies and
could be particularly beneficial in stimulating economic activities in rural coastal communities.
• Black Economic Empowerment
As aquaculture is a growth industry, it provides opportunities for the promotion of equity
through black economic empowerment and transformation.
• Reduced imports and outflow of currency
Aquaculture has the ability to reduce the reliance on imports of seafood, reducing the outflow
of currency and promoting local economic growth and skills development.
• Alleviate pressure on wild stocks
The potential of aquaculture to alleviate fishing pressure exists and could be used if natural
fisheries resources are concurrently well managed.
Summary of the Environmental Integrity Framework for Marine Aquaculture 2012
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 23
• Stock enhancement, restocking and sea ranching
Aquaculture provides a means to augment wild fish populations using hatchery reared seed for
restocking. Stock enhancement, restocking and ranching are increasingly practised as a
means of increasing production and rehabilitating wild populations. The DAFF has published
guidelines for marine ranching and stock enhancement (DEAT, 2008b)4.
• Enhances local productivity
The nutrients and structures provided by aquaculture operations can enhance local productivity
that could result in ecological and social benefits.
• Associated economic activity
Aquaculture generates significant associated economic activities in the form of various supply
and service enterprises, including tourism.
• New Skills and Technology Development
Aquaculture development often leads to the establishment of new human skills and innovative
technologies.
6. ORGANISATIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
The following key structures will be used to coordinate implementation of the EIF:
• The Marine Aquaculture Working Group (MAWG) for matters requiring coordination within the
DAFF and between the DAFF, the DEA and industry
• The Aquaculture Intergovernmental Forum (AIF) for higher level policy issues or inter-
departmental matters
• The Provincial Aquaculture Intergovernmental Forum (PAIF) for coordination and alignment of
aquaculture activities between the DAFF and provinces
• The Aquaculture Value Chain Roundtable Forum (AVCRT) for value chain issues
• Industry liaison and other matters requiring interaction with industry will be raised through the
Marine Aquaculture Industry Liaison (MAIL) forum and Aquaculture SA (the national producer
organisation)
4 Note that these and other guidelines are references as DEAT documents as marine aquaculture was
previously mandated under the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT). This
mandate has been taken over by the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF).
Summary of the Environmental Integrity Framework for Marine Aquaculture 2012
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 24
6.1. Coordination between Government Departments
Implementation of the EIF will require intergovernmental coordination amongst government
departments which are responsible for various aspects of aquaculture development. As the principle of
“sustainable development” requires optimisation of the social benefits of aquaculture in an
environmentally sustainable manner, joint coordination and planning between the DAFF and
departments responsible for economic development and environmental management is essential.
6.2. Provincial Departments
The EIF must remain sensitive and used in support of provincial policies and plans in each of the
coastal provinces. In this regard, linkages must be established between the EIF and all Provincial (and
Municipal) Spatial Development Frameworks (SDF’s), Integrated Development Plans (IDP’s) and
Spatial Development Plans (SDP’s), so that marine aquaculture planning, zoning and investment, can
be done in a coordinated manner. The following key matters pertain to each of the coastal provinces.
Northern Cape:
• The Department of Finance, economic development and tourism is responsible for sector proportion
• The Department of Environmental Affairs and Nature Conservation is the mandated EIA authority
Western Cape:
• The Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning (DEA&DP) is responsible for
environmental development planning and administration of the EIA process
• The Department of Economic Development and Tourism (DED&T), who integrate aquaculture into
the province’s economic strategy
• The Western Cape Aquaculture Development Initiative (WCADI) is an aquaculture development
agency in the Western Cape comprising business, labor, civil society and government
• The Department of Agriculture, who is active in support to small farmer development initiatives and
veterinary services
• Cape Nature is a public institution with a statutory responsibility for biodiversity conservation
• Other Western Cape policies linked to aquaculture include the Western Cape Provincial Spatial
Development Framework (WCPSDF) and the The Western Cape Provincial Aquaculture
Development Strategy
Summary of the Environmental Integrity Framework for Marine Aquaculture 2012
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 25
Eastern Cape:
• The Department of Economic Development and Environmental Affairs (DEDEA) is responsible for
administration of the EIA process
• The promotion of aquaculture development is undertaken by the Eastern Cape Development
Corporation (ECDC), which is a parastatal body
• Eastern Cape Parks Board (ECPB) is responsible for best practice management as well as to
promote the sustainable utilization of natural resources
KwaZulu-Natal
• The Department of Agriculture and Environmental Affairs is responsible for aquaculture development
in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) and act as the mandated provincial custodians of the EIA process
• Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife is assigned the responsibility of ensuring the long-term conservation of
biodiversity and the province’s natural resources
6.3. National Departments
The following national departments have mandates which include aspects of marine aquaculture
development or management:
• The Department of Science and Technology (DST)
• The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)
• The Department of Environmental Affairs
• The Department of Health (DoH): Directorate: Environmental Health
• The Department of Transport who oversees Transnet (Portnet)
• The Department of Water Affairs
• The Department of Public Works
6.4. Key Parastatal and Non-Government Stakeholders
Key non-government stakeholders that play a role in the implementation of the EIF include:
• The NEPAD Secretariat for Fisheries and Aquaculture
• The National Agricultural Marketing Council (NAMC)
• The National Regulator for Compulsory Specifications (NRCS)
Summary of the Environmental Integrity Framework for Marine Aquaculture 2012
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 26
• Tertiary institutions, including:
o University of Stellenbosch, Aquaculture Division
o Rhodes University, Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science
o The University of Cape Town
o The University of the Western Cape, Botany Department
o The University of KwaZulu-Natal
o The Elsenburg Agricultural College
• Aquaculture SA (previously the Aquaculture Association of Southern Africa)
• The World Wildlife Fund South Africa (WWF-SA)
• Other stakeholders in the marine aquaculture sphere include:
o The international Office International des Epizooties (OIE)
o The Southern African Development Community (SADC)
o The Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem (BCLME)
o The African Union (AU)
o The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
o The South African National Parks Board (SANPARKS)
o The South African Network for Coastal and Oceanic Research (SANCOR)
o The Oceanographic Research Institute (ORI) (a division of the South African
Association for Marine Biological Research (SAAMBR))
o The South African Institute of Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB) (a division of the South
African National Biodiversity Institute / SANBI)
7. CONCLUSION
This summary version of the EIF serves as a point of access to the more comprehensive EIF, which
should be consulted and used as a reference tool in designing environmental management and
monitoring frameworks for individual projects, regional marine aquaculture development and to assist
with the expansion of an environmentally sustainable sector.
Appendix A: Abalone Aspect Relative Score Objective Mitigation Monitoring
Requirement Indicator Standard / Frequency Responsibility
• Destruction
of
indigenous
vegetation
and habitat
loss
• 12 (High) • Minimize impact
on terrestrial
habitat
• Rehabilitate or
mitigate where
possible
• EIA procedure to determine suitability of
the site and provide alternatives
• EMPr for on-going monitoring and
mitigation
• Competent authority to verify compliance
with EIA conditions and EMPr
• Site specific
procedures as per EIA
and EMPr
• May involve monitoring
of rehabilitation and
recovery of disturbed
areas
• As prescribed EIA
conditions and EMPr
• As prescribed EIA
conditions and
EMPr
• Farmer to meet conditions of
authorisations
• The CA to verify compliance
• The DAFF could facilitate
SEA’s
• Impact on
Public
Amenity
Value of
the Coast
• 9 (Moderate) • Abalone farms
should have
minimal impact on
the public amenity
value of the coast
• The DAFF to facilitate Strategic
Environmental Assessments to zone
sufficient land for abalone farms in
appropriate areas
• EIA process to recommend mitigation /
alternatives
• Screening of activities by trees / walls or
topography
• Monitoring is limited as
the process to site and
mitigate amenity value
impacts take place in
the planning stage
• Public complaints and
inputs
• Keep register of
complaints and
inputs
• Farmer to meet conditions of
authorisations
• The CA to verify compliance
• The DAFF could facilitate
SEA’s
• Public
Safety
• 8 (Moderate) • No danger to
public safety as a
result of abalone
farm infrastructure
or operations
• Use of best practises by the farmer • Incidence reporting and
annual safety
inspection
• Details of any incidents
reported with actions
taken
• Safety of conditions
• Adequate
documentation of
incident in farm
incident log
• Results of annual
safety audit
• Farmer to meet public safety
measures
• Coastal authorities could
verify safety
• Genetic
Impact –
Shore
Based
Culture
• 8 (Moderate) • Farmed abalone
should not
measurably alter
the genetic profile
of natural stocks
• Use of best practises by the farmer • Incident report in the
event of a mass
escape.
• Escape events
• Estimate number and size
of escaped abalone
• Adequate
documentation of
escape incidents
in farm incident log
• Farmer to meet conditions of
authorisations
• The CA to verify compliance
• The DAFF could be involved
in nationally important
research
Aspect Relative Score Objective Mitigation Monitoring
Requirement Indicator Standard / Frequency Responsibility
• Genetic
Impact -
Ranching
• 11 (Moderate) • Genetic profile of
seeded abalone
should not differ
significantly from
receiving
population
• Service providers/the DAFF to formulate
Abalone broodstock management
programmes in terms of the Abalone
Ranching Guidelines and conditions of
allocated ranching rights
• Management and inspection capacity to
administer requirements of broodstock
programme
• Due diligence
inspection (DAFF) to
verify broodstock were
drawn from the
receiving population
• A genetic management
and monitoring
programme must be
approved by the DAFF.
Responsibility: The
abalone rancher with
assistance from the
DAFF
• Broodstock collection,
housing and records
• Evidence that broodstock
and spat are kept separate
• Compliance with genetic
management programme
• Baseline genetic profile of
wild population
• Two additional samples of
seed and wild stock at 5
year intervals
• Similarity between wild stock
and seed using known
haplotypes
• As required in the
broodstock
management
programme and
conditions of the
ranching right
• Abalone rancher to meet
conditions of a ranching
right with assistance from
DAFF
• The DEA (Oceans and
Coast Branch) responsible
for ICMA matters
• The DAFF could be
involved in nationally
important research
• Effluents • 8 (Moderate) • Farm effluents
should not cause
detectable
ecological change
beyond the mixing
zone and aim to
reduce the
footprint of the
mixing zone
• Survey the impact of effluents based on
discharge permit requirements
• Environmental management capacity to
administer an effluent monitoring
programme
• Survey of effluent
characteristics and
impacts on receiving
waters
• Report on status of
effluent pipelines every
3 years (ICMA)
• Intertidal and sub tidal
benthos
• Sedimentation
• Dissolved organic nutrients
(ammonia, nitrate, nitrite
and phosphate), total
suspended solids and
biological oxygen demand in
effluent and receiving
waters
• Compliance with
DWAF water
quality targets for
coastal marine
waters
• Initial survey then
every 3 years
• Farmer to meet conditions
of authorisations
• The DEA (Oceans and
Coasts Branch) and other
CA’s to verify compliance
• The DAFF could facilitate
SEA’s
Aspect Relative Score Objective Mitigation Monitoring
Requirement Indicator Standard / Frequency Responsibility
• Kelp
Harvest
• 7 (Low) • Sustainable kelp
harvest that does
not compromise
kelp bed ecology
• Research on ecological effects on kelp
beds
• Recommendations on level of sustainable
harvest
• Administration of kelp concessions and
permits
• On-going kelp bed
surveys and research
by the DAFF scientists
• Recovery of kelp after
harvest and effects on
associated fauna and
flora using comparative
methods
• To be determined • Farmer to meet conditions of
authorisations
• The DEA (Oceans and Coasts
Branch) and other CA’s to
verify compliance
• The DAFF involved in kelp bed
ecology and harvest research
• Disease • 10 (Moderate) • Minimise the effect
of pathogens from
farms impacting
measurably on
natural
populations
• Abalone industry health management
programme. Responsibility: Farmers and
the DAFF
• Incidence reporting to the DAFF of new
disease outbreaks and abnormal
mortalities. Responsibility: Farmers
• Database of disease and farm health
status. Responsibility: The DAFF or
Veterinary Authority
• Research on priority disease issues
Responsibility: The DAFF and Universities
• Recognition of abalone under the Animal
Health Act to enable quarantine/
destruction of diseased abalone.
Responsibility: The DAFF
• Implementation of biosecurity measures:
Farmers
• Regulations governing the movement of
abalone between farms. Responsibility:
The DAFF
• Minimise the likelihood
and consequence of
pathogens from farms
impacting measurably
on natural stocks and
between farms
On farm:
• Obligatory participation
in industry health
programme
• Incidence reporting to
the DAFF on new
disease outbreaks and
abnormal mortalities in
quarterly reporting
Natural population:
• Database of disease
and abalone farm
health status
• Research on the status
of priority disease
issues
• Baseline monitoring of
the disease status of
wild abalone,
particularly in vicinity of
farms and ranching
projects.
• On farm parasite
and disease
prevalence and
intensity
• Treatment of
diseased abalone
• Natural population
parasite and
pathogen
prevalence
• Farmer to meet conditions of
authorisations and implement
on farm measures (1, 2)
• The DAFF (State Veterinarian)
to verify compliance
• The DAFF monitors and
researches disease in natural
populations (3, 4, 5)
Appendix B: Mussels Aspect Relative Score Objective Mitigation Monitoring
Requirement Indicator Standard / Frequency Responsibility
• Enrichment of Sediments with Organic Matter
• 7 (Low) • Organic
sedimentation
below mussel rafts
should not
compromise
ecosystem
function
• Research to provide advice on current
impacts
• Moving or rotation of rafts
• Once off benthic survey
to update earlier data
collected by the DAFF
• Benthic and sediment
analysis
• Method must allow
comparison with
previous work
• Once off (re)
survey to assess
objectives
• Future monitoring
to be determined
by results of
survey
• Farmer to meet conditions of
authorisations
• The DEA (Oceans and Coasts
Branch) and other CA’s to
verify compliance
• Reduction of Available Phytoplank-ton
• 4 (Low) • The carrying
capacity of
Saldanha Bay for
mussel raft culture
should not be
exceeded
• None • Not required • Not applicable • Not applicable • The DAFF could facilitate
research into carrying
capacities
• Spread of
Exotic
Spanish
Mussels
• 9 (Moderate) • Mussel farming
should not
promote the
further spread of
exotic mussels
• None • Not required • Not applicable • Not applicable • The DAFF could facilitate
research spread of mussels
• Exclusive Spatial Use
• 10 (Moderate) • Equitable allotment
of mussel culture
in Saldanha and
other suitable
areas, promoting
socio-economic
benefits
• Equitable zoning system for mussel culture • Socio-economic
benefits
• Social conflicts around
marine aquaculture
• Employment, wage and
salary income,
production tonnage,
turnover
• Incident reporting
• Data can be
extracted from
annual farm
returns to the
DAFF
• Incident reports of
conflicts arising
• Press reports
• Frequency: on-
going
• The TNPA to see to equitable
allotment in port areas
• The DEA (Oceans and Coasts
Branch) to see to equitable
allotment in other coastal areas
consultation with the DAFF
• The DAFF to report on
equitability based on data from
farmers
Appendix C: Oysters Aspect Relative Score Objective Mitigation Monitoring
Requirement Indicator Standard / Frequency Responsibility
• Nutrient dynamics
• 4 (Low) • Sustainable
phytoplankton use
to the extent that
ecosystem
function is
unhindered
• Not required • None • Not applicable • Not applicable • The DAFF could facilitate
research into nutrient
dynamics
• Spatial Use • 9 (Moderate) • Equitable
allotment of oyster
culture in bays,
promoting socio-
economic benefits
• Coordinated planning between the DAFF
and the TNPA, relevant provincial, port and
municipal authorities
• Socio-economic
benefits
• Social conflicts around
aquaculture
• Employment, wage and
salaries, production
tonnage, turnover
• Incident reporting
• Data can be
extracted from
annual farm
returns to the
DAFF
• Incident reports of
conflicts arising.
Press reports.
• Frequency: on-
going
• The TNPA to see to equitable
allotment in port areas
• The DEA (Oceans and Coasts
Branch) to see to equitable
allotment in other coastal areas
consultation with the DAFF
• The DAFF to report on
equitability based on data from
farmers
• Establishment of Feral Oyster Populations
• 9 (Moderate) • Minimise the
possibility of
cultured oysters
establishing feral
populations
• Research into locality and spread of feral
oyster populations and possible mitigation
measures to be developed
• Monitor the status and
distribution of feral
populations
• Recommendations on
monitoring and
management
• Identify localities where
C. gigas has
established
• Determine approximate
extent of habitat
occupied
• Initial distribution
survey
• Future mitigation
needs to be
determined by
results of the initial
survey
• The DAFF could facilitate
research into feral
establishment and advise the
DEA
Aspect Relative Score Objective Mitigation Monitoring
Requirement Indicator Standard / Frequency Responsibility
• Introduction of Diseases and Parasites
• 12 (High) • Zero incidence of
disease and
parasites with
imports or
translocation of
live oysters
• Capacity for routine screening of imported
oysters
• Compulsory to source spat from disease
free sources
• Institute quarantine measures for imported
oysters
• Routine screening of spat
and standing stock
• The DAFF to compile list
of acceptable disease
free sources in
consultation with
countries
• Incidence and
prevalence of
parasites and other
possible disease
causing organisms
• OIE screening
standard that has
90% probability of
detecting diseases
and parasites
• Sampling
frequency to be
determined
following initial
screening and
advice from an
aquatic health
professional
• Farmer to meet conditions of
authorisations, import
conditions and on farm
measures
• The DAFF (State Veterinarian)
to inspect imports and verify
compliance
• The DAFF to compile list of
disease free sources in
consultation with countries
• Accidental Introduction of Pest Species
• 10 (Moderate) • Import of oysters
shall not cause
introduction of
associated
species
• Capacity for routine screening of imported
oysters
• Routine screening of each
batch of imported live
oysters
• Incidence of live non-
target organisms
• OIE screening
standard that has
90% probability of
detecting non-
target species
• Sampling
frequency to be
determined
following initial
screening
• Farmer to meet conditions of
authorisations, import
conditions and on farm
measures
• The DAFF to inspect imports
and verify compliance
Appendix D: Seaweed Aspect Relative Score Objective Mitigation Monitoring
Requirement Indicator Standard / Frequency Responsibility
• Exclusive Spatial Use
• 9 (Moderate) • Seaweed culture
should not detract
from the beneficial
use of marine
waters
• Planning and zoning for marine aquaculture
should include the possibility of seaweed
culture
• None • Not applicable • Not applicable • The DEA (Oceans and Coasts
Branch) to see to equitable
allotment in consultation with
the DAFF
• The DAFF to report on
equitability based on data from
farmers
• Genetics impacts
• 10 (Moderate) • Seaweed culture
should not
measurably alter
the genetic profile
of natural
seaweed stocks
• Research on seaweed genetics
• Not at present • Not applicable • Not applicable • The DAFF could facilitate
research into seaweed
genetics
• Terrestrial impacts
• 12 (High) • Minimal impact on
the terrestrial
habitat
• Rehabilitation and
mitigation where
possible
• EIA procedure to determine if impact to the
site is acceptable
• EMPr for on-going monitoring/ mitigation of
matters identified in the EIA
• Competent authority to verify compliance
with EMPr
• Site specific procedures
as per EIA and EMPr
• May involve monitoring of
rehabilitation and
recovery of disturbed
areas
• As prescribed by the
conditions of the
environmental
authorisation and the
EMPr
• As prescribed by
the conditions of
the environmental
authorisation and
the EMPr
• Farmer to meet conditions of
authorisations
• The CA to verify compliance
• The DAFF could facilitate
SEA’s
Appendix E: Marine Finfish Aspect Relative Score Objective Mitigation Monitoring
Requirement Indicator Standard / Frequency Responsibility
• Feed waste and fish faeces (CAGES)
• 8 (Moderate) • Fish farm effluent
must be managed
so as to limit the
scale and scope of
beatific impacts
• An environmental management programme
that will emanate for an EIA and be
contained in an approved EMPr
• Environmental compliance inspection
capacity
• Benthic impact
assessment as part of the
EIA or SEA
• Water quality impact
assessment as part of the
EIA or SEA
Indicators of environmental
change;
• Epi-benthic macro
fauna and substrate
appearance (video
and visual
inspection)
• Benthic infauna and
meiofauna
• Sediment organic
content and redox
potential
• Water quality:
oxygen, N, P, redox
potential and
chlorophyll
• Further indicators
may be prescribed
by authorities
depending on the
site characteristics,
tonnage and degree
of change expected
or observed
• Performance
standard using
MOM guidelines
• Sampling protocol
must have
statistical power to
detect and
quantify the effects
in space and time
• For new
operations in new
sites, recommend
baseline
assessment
before farming
starts, every six
months until full
production
reached, then
every one to two
years depending
on the sensitivity
of the site and
scale of operation
• Farmer to meet conditions of
authorisations
• The DEA (Oceans and Coasts
Branch) and other CA’s to
verify compliance
• The DAFF could facilitate
SEA’s
Aspect Relative Score Objective Mitigation Monitoring
Requirement Indicator Standard / Frequency Responsibility
• Feed waste and fish faeces (SHORE BASED)
• 8 (Moderate) • Fish farm effluent
must be managed
so as to limit the
scale and scope of
beatific impacts
• An environmental management programme
that will emanate for an EIA and be
contained in an approved EMPr
• Environmental compliance inspection
capacity
• Inter-tidal and sub tidal
benthic impact
assessment
• Water quality impact
assessment
• Recommend video
transect and visual
assessment of
benthos from the
outfall outward and
along the coast to
determine qualitative
nature
• Comparative
analysis to
equivalent adjacent
pristine areas
• Transect samples of
water quality from
point of discharge:
pH, total
phosphorous,
nitrogen, particulate
organic matter in
influent and effluent
• Sampling protocol
must have
statistical power to
detect and
quantify effects in
space and time
• Level of survey to
be determined
based on initial
survey findings
• Farmer to meet conditions of
authorisations
• The DEA (Oceans and Coasts
Branch) and other CA’s to
verify compliance
• The DAFF could facilitate
SEA’s
• Anti-fouling products for cages
• 6 (Low) • Anti-fouling
products should
have no
detectable effect
on non-target
organisms
• Promotion in the environmentally
responsible use of anti-foulants, which
should also be elaborated in the EMPr
• On-farm record of the use of all anti-fouling
agents and anti-fouling methods
• On-farm record of the use
(amount and frequency)
of all anti-fouling agents
• Type and amount of
anti-foulants used
• Adequate
documentation
indicating use of
anti-fouling
products
• Farmer to meet conditions of
authorisations
• The DEA (Oceans and Coasts
Branch) and other CA’s to
verify compliance
• The DAFF could list
acceptable anti-foulants
Aspect Relative Score Objective Mitigation Monitoring
Requirement Indicator Standard / Frequency Responsibility
• Medication, antibiotics and pesticide
• 6 (Low) • Use of
therapeutants may
not cause
detrimental effects
on the natural
environment
• Record the use of medications and
therapeutants (farmer)
• Implementation of a health management
programme (farmer and the DAFF)
• Database on disease occurrence and use
of therapeutants by industry (the DAFF)
• Record of use of
medications and
therapeutants
• Record stock and
usage of medications
and chemicals as per
the DAFF
requirement. Record
withdrawal periods
• Record when
therapeutants and
chemicals are
used
• Report to the
DAFF in monthly
return
• Farmer to meet conditions of
authorisations and implement
on farm measures in terms of
health management
programme recognised by
DAFF
• The DEA (Oceans and Coasts
Branch) and other CA’s to
verify compliance
• The DAFF could compile list of
acceptable substances
• Genetic Impact of Escapees on Wild Populations
• 9 (Moderate) • Finfish culture
should not
measurably alter
the genetic profile
of natural stocks
• Research on population genetics of wild
fish populations (the DAFF)
• Research into the production of sterile
offspring (the DAFF)
• Incidence reports of fish escapes (Farmer)
• Optimise cage and mooring systems to
minimise escapes (Farmer)
• Escaped fish should not
affect wild stock genetics
in a detectable manner
• No genetic
monitoring required
at present
• Incidence reports of
escapes
• Description of
event and cause
of escape
documented
• Farmer to meet conditions of
authorisations
• The DEA (Oceans and Coasts
Branch) and other CA’s to
verify compliance
• The DAFF could monitor
disease in natural populations
• The DAFF could facilitate
SEA’s
Aspect Relative Score Objective Mitigation Monitoring
Requirement Indicator Standard / Frequency Responsibility
• Pathogens and Parasites
• 12 (High) • The risk of
pathogen transfer
between farmed
and wild stocks
should be
minimised
• Broodstock health management
programme (Farmer)
• On-going on-farm health monitoring
(Farmer)
• Broodstock health
management programme
• Farm health monitoring
• Report on parasite
incidence and
treatment
• Report any rapid
increases in mortality
rates
• Parasite incidence
and intensity, fish
internal and external
condition, tissue
samples for histology
to detect pathogens
of concern
• Sampling
frequency and
protocol as
prescribed in
broodstock health
management
programme or by
veterinarian
• Monthly or as
prescribed in
broodstock farm
management
programme or by
veterinarian
• Annual sampling
number and
location to be
determined by
aquatic health
expert
• Farmer to meet conditions of
authorisations and implement
on farm measures in terms of
health management
programme recognised by
DAFF
• The DAFF (State Veterinarian)
to verify compliance and
receive quarterly health status
reports from farmers
• The DAFF could research
disease matters and maintain
database of disease and
therapeutants
• The DAFF could monitor
disease in natural populations
• Interaction with Large Marine Fauna – Cage culture
• 8 (Moderate) • Negative impacts
of interaction
between cage
culture operations
and fauna should
be avoided
• Incidence reporting. Responsibility: the
farmer
• Incidence reporting of
interactions when this
becomes a problem
• Record event,
frequency,
circumstances,
duration, actions
taken and outcomes
• Adequate
documentation of
the event when it
occurs
• Farmer to meet conditions of
authorisations
• The DEA (Oceans and Coasts
Branch) and other CA’s to
verify compliance
• The DAFF could facilitate
SEA’s
Aspect Relative Score Objective Mitigation Monitoring
Requirement Indicator Standard / Frequency Responsibility
• Social and Spatial Conflicts Related to Cages
• 10 (Moderate) • The zonation of
areas for sea
based aquaculture
should result in
socio-economic
benefits
• Capacity to undertake a strategic
environmental assessment (SEA)
• Socio-economic benefits
• Resolve social conflicts
around aquaculture
• Employment, wage
and salary income,
production tonnage
and turnover
• Incident reporting
• Data can be
extracted from
annual farm
production returns
to the DAFF
• Documentation of
incidents around
conflicts arising
• Press reports
• The DEA (Oceans and Coasts
Branch) to see to equitable
allotment in consultation with
the DAFF
• The DAFF could facilitate
SEA’s
• The DAFF to report on
equitability based on data from
farmers
• Human Health Issues
• 12 (High) • Aquaculture fish
and shellfish
products should
pose a minimal
health risk to
consumers
• Shellfish monitoring and control
programme
• Fish product health monitoring and
certification
• Shellfish: Safety of both
the culture environment
and harvested shellfish
• Fish: Safety of processed
fresh fish Work towards
including monitoring to
meet WHO/FAO CODEX
standard
• Environmental and
product safety
including: HAB
occurrence and
toxicity tests, heavy
metals and
microbiological
agents, pesticides,
PCB’s and
radionuclides
• Product safety of
fresh fish as per
NRCS compulsory
standard for finfish
• No environmental
monitoring at present
but objective for
future
• As per South
African Molluscan
Shellfish
Monitoring and
Control
Programme
• As per NRCS
compulsory
standard for finfish
• Farmer to meet conditions of
authorisations and implement
on farm measures in terms of
health management
programme recognised by
DAFF
• Farmers (assisted by DAFF)
must meet the standards of the
National Regulator of
Compulsory Standards
(NRCS)