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SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–1Very Short AnswerAns. 1. Manuscripts are hand written book which were written on palm leaf. 1Ans. 2. Inscriptions are writings on hard surfaces such as stone or metal. 1Short AnswerAns. 1. It contained all kinds of subjects like religious beliefs and practices, the lives of kings,

medicine and science. It also contained poems, epics and plays. These were written in Sanskrit, Prakrit and Tamil. 2

Ans. 2. (a) It comes from the word Indus, called Sindhu in Sanskrit.The Greeks and the Iranians called it the ‘Hindos’ or the ‘Indos’ means, the land to the east of the river called India.

(b) The name Bharata was used by the people who lived in the Northwest. Later it was used for the country. 2

Long AnswerAns. 1. The scholars understand what is written in the inscriptions through the process

called decipherment. Most of these inscriptions were written several hundred years ago. The languages and the script used in the inscriptions have changed with time. One good example of decipherment is of the Rosetta stone found in Egypt which was used to decipher ancient Egyptian using Greek language. 3

Very Long AnswerAns. 1. Archaeologists and historians are scholars who study things that were made and used

in the past through the process of excavation. Manuscripts, inscriptions, tools, coins, monuments are the source of information used by these scholars to know about the past of the people. Once these sources are found, learning about the past becomes an adventure, and gradually history is reconstructed. That is why, historians and archaeologists use various sources to study about our past. 5

Value Based AnswerAns. 1. 1 : A script is used to write anything. It consists of letters and signs. 2 : This inscription was written in two different scripts and languages–Greek

and Aramaic. 3 : This inscription was written under the orders of a ruler named Ashoka. 4 : Kandahar is located in Afghanistan. 4

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–2Objective Type AnswerAns. 1. Match the following : 1. Narmada valley (b) Hunting and gathering 1 2.Magadha (a)Thefirstbigkingdom 1 3. Gora hills (d) Early agriculture 1 4.Indusanditstributaries (e)Thefirstcities 1 5. Ganga valley (c) Cities about 2500 years ago 1 Very Short AnswerAns. 1. People who study about the past using the information from manuscripts, inscriptions

and archaeology are called historians. 1

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Ans. 2. People who study about the remains of buildings made of stone and brick, paintings andsculpture.Theyexploretofindtools,weapons,ornaments,andcoins. 1

Ans. 3. ‘Past’ means what you have done or heard just a minute before or a year before. 1Short Answer People travelled from one part of the subcontinent to another due to the following

reasons :Ans. 1. (a) They moved in search of livelihood. (b) Men marched in armies to conquer the other lands. (c) Merchants travelled with caravans or ships to sell goods. (d) Some people travelled to discover new places. 2Ans. 2. Earlier people were known as skilled gatherers because : (a) They gathered food, collected roots, fruits from the forest. (b) They also hunted animals. 2Ans. 3. In the earlier times, writings were done on relatively hard surface such as stone or

metal. Since these objects were imperishable, therefore, writings usually survived for a long time. 2

Long AnswerAns. 1.Archaeologistsstudiedthebonesofanimals,birdsandfishtoidentifytheeatinghabits

of the people in the past. Although plant remains survive far more rarely. But if seeds of grains or pieces of woods would have been burnt, they would have survived in a charredform.So,findingcharredseedsgaveinformationthatearlymenusedtoeatplant produce also. 3

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–31. Fill in the blanks : (1 mark each)

1. Vindhyas 2. Tributaries

3. Son 4. Indus

5. Indus, Sindhu 6. Rig Veda

7. Hand 8. Manuscripts

9. archaeologist 10. Before Christ

11. Anno Domini 12. Rosetta

2. Choose the correct option : (1 mark each)

1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a)

3. Answer the following :

(i) Manuscripts are the books written by hand. (ii) Most of the manuscripts were written on perishable material. So with the passage of

time many of them were eaten away by insects while some of them were completely destroyed. Still many have survived.

(iii) These manuscripts are often preserved in temples and monasteries. (1 + 2 + 1)Project Work

Both the activities (1 and 2) will be done by the children by their own.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–41. Fill in the blanks : 1 Marks each 1. Hunter-gatherers chose to live in caves and rock shelters because they provided

shelter from the rain, heat and wind.

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2. Grasslands were developed around 12,000 years ago. 3. Early people painted on the walls of caves.

4. In Hunsgi, tools were made of limestone.

Very Short AnswerAns. 1. We use knife and cutter for cutting fruit. They are made of stainless steel and iron. 1Ans. 2. Around 12,000 years ago, due to relatively warm conditions there was a major change

in the climate of the world. This led to the development of the grasslands. 1Ans. 3. The Neolithic period began about 10,000 years ago. 1

Short AnswerAns. 1. The thinking brain, learnt to distinguish between edible and non-edible plants,

distinguish between waste land, crop land and forest land helped man to obtain mastery over his environment. 2

Long AnswerAns. 1. Humans invented stone tools to assist them in their day-to-day activities. These tools

were used to cut meat and bones from the dead body of an animal and also to scrape bark and animal skin. They were also used as weapons (arrowheads and spears), made after sharpening stones into desired shapes.

Stonetoolswerehandyinchoppingwoodthatwasusedasfirewoodandalsotomakehuts. These tools were the single most useful item for prehistoric men and could be used according to the situational needs of human beings. 3

Very Long AnswerAns. 1. Hunter gatheres moved from one place to another because of the following reasons:

(a) If they had stayed and one place for a long time, they would have eaten up all the available plant and animal resources. Therefore, they would have had to go elsewhere in search of food.

(b) Animals move from place to place either in search of smaller prey, or in the case of deer and wild cattle, in search of grass and leaves. That is why those who hunted them had to follow their movements.

(c) Plants and trees bear fruits in different seasons. So, people may have moved from season to season in search of different kinds of plants.

(d) People, plants and animals need water to survive; people living on river banks would have had to go in search of water during the dry seasons as some rivers are seasonal while others are perennial (possessed water throughout the year.) 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–5Very Short AnswerAns. 1. Traces of ash were found in the Kurnool caves. 1Ans. 2. Large quantities of ostrich egg shells were found at Patne in Maharashtra. Designs

were engraved on some pieces, while beads were also made out of them. 1Ans. 3. When the hunters followed the animals for hunting, they might have learnt about

their food habits and their breeding seasons. It is likely that this helped people to start thinking about herding and rearing of animals. 1

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Short AnswerAns. 1. Hunter-gatherersusedfireforthefollowingreasons.

(a) As a source of light

(b) To cook meat

(c) To scare away animals.

Wewouldusefiretocookfoodandlight. 2

Ans. 2. The early man was a hunter and a gatherer. He also made stone tools and painted on

cave walls. Till now it is not really known whether division of labour existed during

this time. However, there are at least two presumptions:

(i) It is presumed that both men and women might have done many of the things together.

(ii) At the same time, it is also possible that women did some tasks while others were done only by men. Moreover, different parts of the subcontinent must have followed different practices. 2

Long AnswerAns. 1. Stone tools found during the Mesolithic period are called Microliths. They were

generally tiny in size. The Mesolithic men probably stuck these stones on to the handles of bones or wood to make tools such as saws and sickles. These tools were used for digging the ground and stitching clothes. 3

Huntergatherersusedfireforthefollowingreasons

(i) These stone tools were used to cut meat and bone, scrape bark and hides, chop woodforfirewood,stitchclothes,digtheground,etc.

(ii) Stone tools were probably made using two different techniques that is, stone on stoneandpressureflaking.

(iii) In this technique, the core (stone from which the tool was to be made) was placed onthefirmsurface.Thehammerstonewasusedtostrikethecorestonetoremoveflakesthatcouldbeshapedintotools. 1+3=3

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–6

Fill in the Blanks (1 marks each)

1. Hunter gatherers 2. Sites 3. Factory sites 4. Kurnool caves 5. Grassland 6. Palaeolithic 7. Palaeo and Lithos 8. Palaeolithic period 9. Hunsgi 10. Middle Stone age 11. Neolithic Age 12. Mesolithic Age 13. Palaeolithic 14. Habitation-cum-factory sites.

Answer the following Ans. 1. Rock paintings are the paintings made on the walls of caves. They tell us that early

people lived in caves and many such caves have paintings made by them. 2

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Answer the followingAns. 1. (a) Habitation sites were the places where people lived. for example, rock and cave

shelters. 4

(b) People chose these natural caves for habitation because they provided protection from the rain, sun and wind.

(c) These rock and cave shelters are found in the Vindhyas.

(d) These rock shelters are close to the Narmada valley. 4

Project Work

Both the projects (1 and) will be done by the students by their own.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–7

Objective Type Answer

Ans. 1. Choose the correct option : 1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (b) (1 x 5)Ans. 1. Wheat, Rice and Barley. 1Ans. 2. Dogwasthefirstanimaltobetamed. 1

Short AnswerAns. 1. Because they found in the earliest level at this site revealing bones of wild animals.

In later level they found more bones of cattle’s i.e. sheep, goat, etc. suggesting that these were the animals kept by the people. 2

Ans. 2. Different plants grow in different conditions. For example, rice requires more water than wheat and barley. So it is grown in areas where plenty of water is available. 2

Ans. 3. People started using pots for cooking food. Grains like rice, wheat and lentils were cooked by them. These pots were also decorated sometimes. 2

Long AnswerAns. 1. (i) Mehrgarh is a site that is located in a fertile plain, near the Bolan Pass. This was

one of the most important routes into Iran.

(ii) Mehrgarh was probably one of the places where women and men learnt to grow barley andwheat and rear sheep and goats for the first time. It is one of theearliest villages that we know about. 3

Ans. 2. Agriculture brought about important changes. Man gave up his nomadic life and settled down at one place in selected areas. He could grow his own food. He no longer wasawandererorgathererandsettleddowninoneplace.Manputforwardthefirststep towards his development. 3

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–8Very Short AnswerAns. 1. A social group, linked by family ties, following traditional, customs, etc. is called

tribes. 1

Ans. 2. Mehrgarh, Mahagara, Hallur and Koldihwa. 1

Ans. 3. It is located on the hills near the Brahmaputra Valley. 1

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Short AnswerAns. 1.Man learnt to produce fire by rubbing two pieces of stone. That discoverywas an

accidentalinvention.Hestartedtousefireforcookingfood,forlightingheating,andfor scaring the wild animals. 2

Ans. 2. The Stone Age man lived in hilly areas by the side of rivers or a lake. In the beginning

he took shelter in the caves, rock shelters and later in mud-huts. He lived by the side

of lake or river to quench his thirst and for food i.e.animalandfish. 2

Very Long AnswerAns. 1

Palaeolithic Age Neolithic Age(i) The main tools of this period were

handaxe etc. They were crude. This age is also known as Old Stone Age.

(i) The main tools were arrow, etc. The tools of this period were smooth and polished. This age is also known as Stone Age.

(ii) There was no knowledge of wheel in this age.

(ii) Wheel was invented.

(iii) Men was unaware of agriculture. (iii) Men learnt agriculture and began to grow food.

(iv) They were nomadic and hunter-gatherers.

(iv) They were settled people and knew domestication of animals

Value Based Questions : 5(i) Mehrgarh is located in a fertile plain, near the Bolan Pass, one of the most

important routes into Iran.(ii) Remains of square and rectangular houses were found at Mehrgarh. Each house

was composed of four or more compartments, some of which may have been used for storage.

(iii) The evidence discovered at Mehrgarh proved that it was probably one of the places where women and men learnt to grow barley and wheat and rear sheep andgoatsforthefirsttimeinhumanhistory. 4

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–9Fill in the blanks : (1 mark each)

1. dog 2. domestication 3. gentle, breeding

4. Pit houses 5. 12,000 6. Neolithic age

7. Tribes 8. Mehrgarh 9. Burial

10. Mortars and pestles.

Choose the correct option 5

1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (a)

State whether true or false : 5

1. True 2. False 3. False 4. False 5. True

Project Work

All the project works will be done by the students by their own.

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SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–10Match the following

Ans. 1. 1. Copper (c) Rajasthan

2. Gold (d) Karnataka

3. Tin (b) Afghanistan

4. Precious stones (a) Gujarat. (1 x 4)

Very Short AnswerAns. 1. Gold, silver, bronze, copper, etc. 1

Ans. 2. Gujarat, Haryana, Rajasthan and Punjab in India. 1

Short AnswerAns. 1. (i) These are rectangular in shape.

(ii) Seals were made from stones. 2

Ans. 2. A Harappan city was a very busy place. There were people who planned the construction of special buildings in the city. People may have kept the most valuable objects, such as ornaments of gold and silver. People also traveled to distant lands. 2

Ans. 3. Substances that are either found naturally or produced by farmers and then processed tomakefinishedgoodsareknownasrawmaterials. 2

Long AnswerAns. 1. (i) Many of the Harappan cities had covered drains which were laid out in straight

lines.

(ii) Eachdrainhadagentleslopesothatwatercouldflowthroughit.

(iii) Very often, drains in houses were connected to those on the streets and smaller drains were led into bigger ones. 3

Very Long AnswerAns. 1. (i) While some of the raw materials that the Harappans used were available locally,

many items such as copper, tin, gold, silver and precious stones had to be brought from distant places.

(ii) The Harappans probably got copper from present day Rajasthan, and even from Oman in West Asia.

(iii) Tin, which was mixed with copper to produce bronze may have been brought from present-day Afghanistan and Iran.

(iv) Gold could have come all the way from present day Karnataka, and precious stones from present day Gujarat, Iran and Afghanistan. 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–11Very Short AnswerAns. 1. Scribes were those people who knew how to write. 1Ans. 2. Theycollectedfruits,caughtfishandhuntedwildanimalsliketheantelope. 1Ans. 3. A specialist is a person who is trained to do only one kind of work. 1Short AnswerAns. 1. The Great Bath was a very special tank found in Mohenjodaro. This was made of

bricks and coated with plaster. A layer of natural tar was used to make it water tight.It seemed that people took bath there at special occasions. 2

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Ans. 2. (i) Nearlyahundredandfiftyyearsago,whenrailwaylineswerebeinglaiddownforthefirsttimeinthePunjab,engineersstumbleduponthesiteofHarappainpresent day Pakistan.

(ii) To them, it seemed like a mound that was a rich source of readymade and high quality bricks.

(iii) Then, about eighty years ago, archaeologists found the site and realized that this was one of the oldest cities in the subcontinent. 2

Very Long AnswerAns. 1. (i) Seals are the clay tablets which have been found from various Harappan sites.

Theyhavefiguresofanimals,treesandcertainletterscarvedonthem.

(ii) Seals may have been used to stamp bags or packets containing goods that were sent from one place to another.

(iii) After a bag was closed or tied, a layer of wet clay was applied on the knot and the seal was pressed on it.

(iv) The impression of the seal is known as a sealing. If the sealing was intact, one could be sure that the goods had arrived safely. 5

Value Based 3

(i) The Kings of Egypt built huge tombs known as Pyramids.

(ii) When the kings died, their bodies were preserved and buried in these pyramids. A large number of objects were also buried with them. These included food and drink, clothes, ornaments, utensils, musical instruments, weapons and animals.

(iii) The carefully preserved dead bodies of the Egyptian kings were known as mummies.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–12Fill in the blanks (1 mark each) 1. Terracotta and faience 2. 1500 B.C. 3. Brahmi 4. Harappa 5. Hindu 6. Harappan Civilization 7. Raw materials 8. Seals 9. Mummies 10. Drainage System 11. Cotton 12. Plough 13. Seals 14. Dholavira 15. Harappa.Value Based (i) Important people (priests, rulers) took ritual baths in this tank. 2 (ii) The tank was lined with kiln burnt bricks, plaster of gypsum and bitumen was used

to make the tank water resistant. 1 (iii) Water was probably brought in from a well and drained out after use. 1

Project Work Both the projects will be done by the students by their own.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–13Match the followingAns. 1. 1. Sukta (a) Well-said (1 marks each) 2. Chariots (b) Used in battles 3.Yajna (c)Sacrifice 4. Dasa (d) Slave 5. Megalith (e) Stone boulder.

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Very Short Answer Ans. 1. Vedas are the oldest Hindu religious books. 1Ans. 2. (i) Rigveda (ii) Samveda (iii) Yajurveda (iv) Atharveda. 1Short AnswerAns. 1. Battles were fought to capture land, property, cattle which was important for pasture.

Some battles were fought on the issue of water and to make the people slaves. 2Ans. 2. Arya’s literal meaning is noble and exalted. Aryans came from outside and settled in

India. They lived in villages. Family was the basic unit of Aryan society. 2Long AnswerAns. 1. (i) There are many prayers in the Rigveda for cattle, children (especially sons), and

horses. (ii) Horses were yoked to chariots that were used in battles, which were fought to

capture cattle. (iii) Battles were also fought for land, which was important for pasture and for growing

hardy crops that ripened quickly, such as barley. 3Very Long AnswerAns. 1. (i) There are several ways of describing people in terms of the work they do, the

language they speak, the place they belong to, their family, their communities and cultural practices.

(ii) There are two groups who are described in terms of their work — the priests, sometimes called brahmins, who performed various rituals and the Rajas.The Rajas did not have capital cities, palaces or armies, nor did they collect taxes.

(iii) Two words were used to describe the people or the community as a whole. One was Jana and the other was Vish.

(iv) SeveralVishorJanaarementionedbyname.So,wefindreferencetothePurujana or vish, the Bharata Jana or Vish, the Yadu Jana or Vish, and so on. 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–14Very Short AnswerAns. 1. Rigveda 1Ans. 2. Megaliths were stone boulders used to mark burial sites. 1Ans. 3. Slaves were those persons who were treated as the property of their owners. 1Short AnswerAns. 1. Charaka was a famous ancient Indian physian. He wrote a book on medicine science known as ‘Charaka Samhita’. 2Ans. 2. Following are the importance of wheels : (i) Pottery making can be improved. (ii) Easier to draw water from wells. (iii) Heavy objects can be transferred on wheels. (iv) Spinning of threads. 2Ans. 3. The oldest Veda is the Rigveda which was composed about 3500 years ago. The

Rigveda includes more than a thousand hymns, called sukta or ‘well-said’. These hymns are in praise of various gods and goddesses. 2

Long AnswerAns. 1. (i) The stone boulders are known as megaliths (literally big stones). These were

carefully arranged by people, and were used to mark burial sites. (ii) The practice of erecting megaliths began about 3000 years ago and was prevalent

throughout the Deccan, South India, in the North-East and Kashmir. (iii) While some megaliths can be seen on the surface, other megalithic burials are

often underground. 3

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Value Based 4Ans. 1. (i) This manuscript is now preserved in a library in Pune and Maharashtra. (ii) This manuscript was written on birch bark. (iii) This manuscript has been found in Kashmir. (iv) This manuscript was used to prepare one of the earliest printed texts of the

Rigveda.

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–15Complete the sentences (1 mark each) 1. Slaves were used for all types of work. 2. Megaliths are found in Deccan, South India, North-east and Kashmir. 3. Stone circles or boulders on the surface were used to indicate that there are burials

beneath. 4. Port-holes were used for burial of the member of same family who died later in the

same place. 5. People at Inamgaon ate rice, wheat, pulses, barley, millets, peas, meat and fruits.Fill in the blanks (1 mark each) 1. Sukta or well said 2. Rig Veda 3. Historians 4. Horses 5. Brahmins, Rajas 6. Vish 7. Slaves 8. Megaliths 9. Charaka 10. Food and water 11. Sages(rishis).Fill the important dates (1 mark each) 1. About 3500 years ago. 2. About 3000 years ago. 3. Between 3600 and 2700 years ago. 4. About 2000 years ago.

Project Work Both the projects will be done by the students by their own.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–16Objective Type AnswerAns. 1. (1) True (2) False (3) False (4) False (5) True. (1 x 5)Very Short AnswerAns. 1. Ashvamedhameanssacrificeofhorse. 1Ans. 2. Vaishali is the capital of Vajji. 1Ans. 3. TheRajasthatperformedbigsacrificeswererecognizedasbeingRajasofJanapadas

rather than Janas. 1Short AnswerAns. 1. Features of republic system : (i) It was not hereditary. (ii) They had an army too. (iii) States were ruled by a chief called Ganapati elected by a group of people. (iv) The state was always located near hills. 2Ans. 2. Features of monarchial system : (i) States were ruled by kings. (ii) Kingship was hereditary. (iii) Tax collected from people was used by the king for army and roads. (iv) Kingdoms were always established near fertile areas, so they were quite rich. 2

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Long AnswerAns. 1. (a) Women, (b) Casas and (c) Kammakaras could not participate in the assemblies. 3Value based 4 Ans 1 : The books composed after the Rigveda are called Later Vedic books. Ans 2 : The Samaveda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda are the Later Vedic books. Ans 3 : These books were composed by the priests. Ans 4 : These books contained rules about the society.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–17Very Short AnswerAns. 1. The tax that was fixed at 1/6th of what was produced was known as bhaga or a

share. 1Ans. 2. With the help of iron plough, the heavy and clayey soil could be turned over better

than with a wooden ploughshare. This helped in the production of more grains. 1Short AnswerAns. 1. Some people including crafts persons, hunters and gatherers, as well as people who helpedperformburialsandcremationswereclassifiedasuntouchablesbythepriests and stated that contact with these groups was polluting. 2Ans. 2. (i) Use of iron ploughshares so that heavy, clayey soil could be turned over better

and more grain could be produced. (ii) Transplanting paddy, that is instead of scattering seed on the ground, from which

plantswouldsprout,saplingsweregrownandthenplantedinthefields.Thisledto increased production, as many more plants could survive. 2

Ans. 3. Forts were built by the Rajas in the following manner : (i) Building huge walls of the fort required a great deal of planning. Thousands of

bricks or stone had to be prepared. (ii) Thousands of men, women and children of the kingdom provided the enormous

labour for this task. 2Long AnswerAns. 1. (a) More than 2300 years ago, a ruler named Alexander, who lived in Macedonia in

Europe, wanted to become a world conqueror. (b) Though he couldn’t conquer the world, but he did conquer parts of Egypt and

West Asia, and came to the Indian sub-continent, reaching up to the banks of the river Beas.

(c) But when he tried to march further eastwards, his soldiers refused, as they were scared of the rulers of India who had vast armies of foot soldiers, chariots and elephants. 3

Very Long AnswerAns. 1. (a) Taxes on crops were the most important factors. This was because most people

werefarmers.Usually,thetaxwasfixedat1/6thofwhatwasproduced.Thiswasknown as bhaga or a share.

(b) There were taxes on craftspersons as well. These could have been in the form of labour. For eg., a weaver or a smith may have had to work for a day every month for the King.

(c) Herders were also expected to pay taxes in the form of animals and animal produce.

(d) There were also taxes on goods that were bought and sold through trade. (e) Hunters and gatherers also had to provide forest produce to the Raja. 5

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FORMATIVE ASSESSMET WORKSHEET–18Fill in the blanks (1 mark each) 1. Digha Nikaya 2. Rajagriha 3. Magadha 4. Alexander 5. Bhaga 6. Painted Grey Ware 7. Fortified 8. Chaityas 9. Bimbisara and Ajatasattu 10. Varnas 11. Rig Veda 12. Ashvamedha 13. Janapada 14. Alexander 15. Vaishali 16. Gana-sangha 17. Gana 18. Rajagriha (present day Rajgir).

Project Work The project work will be done by the students by their own.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–19Objective Type AnswerAns. 1. (i) False (ii) True (iii) False (iv) True (v) True. (1 mark each) Very Short AnswerAns. 1. Prakrit language or Vedic Sanskrit. 1Ans. 2. It means approaching and sitting near. 1Ans. 3. Followers of Mahavira were known as Jainas. 1Short AnswerAns. 1. Ashram is a stage of life. Four ashramas were recognized : Brahmacharya, Grihastha,

Vanaprasatha and Samnyasa. Brahmin, Kshatriya and Vaishyas were expected to lead simple lives. Generally, women were not allowed to study the Vedas and they had to follow the ashramas chosen by their husbands. 2

Ans. 2. Many of the thinkers felt that there was something permanent in the universe that would last even after death. They described this as the atman or the individual soul and the brahman or the universal soul. They believed that ultimately, both the atman

and the brahman were one. 2Ans. 3. Satyakama Jabala was named after his mother, the slave woman Jabali. He had

a deep desire to learn about reality and was accepted as a student by a brahmin teacher named Gautama, and became one of the best known thinkers of the time. 2

Long AnswerAns. 1. Men and women who joined the Sangha led simple lives. They meditated most of the

time,andwenttocitiesandvillagestobegforfoodduringfixedhours.Thatiswhythey were known as Bhikkhus (the Prakrit word for beggar) and Bhikkhunis. They

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performed the following functions : (a) They taught others and helped one another. (b) They also held meetings to settle any quarrels that took place within the

Sangha. 3Value basedAns 1 : The system of ashramas developed around the 6th century B.C. This was the time

when Jainism and Buddhism became popular.Ans 2 : The word ashrama means ‘a stage of life’.Ans 3 : There were four ashramas. They were ‘Brahmacharya, Grihastha, Vanaprastha and

Samnyasa.”

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–20Very Short AnswerAns. 1. They were followers of the Buddha who beg food for themselves. 1Ans. 2. Panini was a great grammarian. He prepared grammar for Sanskrit. He arranged the vowels and consonants in a special order and then used these to create formulae like those found in Algebra. 1Short AnswerAns. 1. The Buddha taught in the language of the ordinary people, Prakrit, so that everybody could understand his message. 2Ans. 2. ItwasdifficultforfarmerstofollowJainismbecausetheyhadtokillinsectstoprotect their crops, which was not allowed in Jainism. 2Long AnswerAns. 1. He was the most famous thinker of the Jainas. Vardhamana Mahavira also spread

his message around 2500 years ago. He was a Kshatriya prince of the Lichchhavis, a group that was the part of the Vajji Sangha. At the age of thirty, he left home and went to live in a forest. For twelve years he led a hard and lonely life, at the end of which he attained enlightenment. 3Very Long AnswerAns. 1. The Buddha taught that : 5 (a) Life is full of suffering and unhappiness. This is caused because we have cravings

anddesires(whichoftencannotbefulfilled). (b)Sometimes,even ifwegetwhatwewant,wearenotsatisfied,andwanteven

more (or want other things). The Buddha described this as thirst or tanha. He taught that this constant craving could be removed by following moderation in everything.

(c) He also taught people to be kind, and to respect the lives of others, including animals.

(d) He believed that the results of our actions (called karma), whether good or bad, affect us both in this life and the next.

(e) He also encouraged people to think for themselves rather than to simply accept what he said.

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–21

Fill in the blanks (1 mark each) 1. Gautama Buddha 2. Buddha 3. Sarnath

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4. Sakya gana 5. Viharas 6. Sardhamana Mahavira 7. Bodh Gaya 8. Satyakama Jabala 9. Prakrit 10. Jains 11. Bodh Gaya 12. Kusinara 13. Men (especially brahmins and rajas) 14. Sankaracharya 15. Lichchhavis 16. Prakrit 17. Vedic Sanskrit 18. Brahmins 19. Ahimsa 20. Thirty

Project WorkBoth the projects will be done by the students by their own.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–22Ans. 1. Complete the following sentences (1x5) 1. Officialscollectedtaxesfromtheareaunderthedirectcontroloftherulers. 2. Royal princess often went to the provinces as governors. 3. The Mauryan rulers tried to control roads and rivers which were important for

transport. 4. People in forestsprovided theMauryanofficialwith elephants, timber,honey

and wax. 5. Book written by Chanakya was Arthashastra.Very Short AnswerAns. 1. Big cities of an empire are known as provinces. Empires were divided into provinces

toadministerthemefficiently. 1Ans. 2. Chanakya wrote Arthashastra. 1Ans. 3. South India was important for its gold and precious stones. 1Short AnswerAns. 1. Emperors need more resources than kingdoms because empires are larger than

kingdoms, and need to be protected by big armies 2Ans 2. Following means were adopted by Ashoka to spread the message of Dhamma: 2 (i) HeappointedofficialsknownasDhammaMahamattawhowentfromplaceto

place teaching people about Dhamma. (ii) Hegothismessagestoinscribedonrocksandpillarsandinstructhisofficialto

read his messages to these who could not read them themselves. (iii) Ashoka also sent his messengers to spread ideas about Dhamma to other lands,

such as Syria, Egypt, Greece and Sri Lanka.Long AnswerAns. 1. (i) The empire that Ashoka ruled was founded by his grandfather, Chandragupta 3

Maurya, more than 2300 years ago. (ii) He was the first ruler who tried to take his message to the people through

inscriptions. Most of Ashoka’s inscriptions were in Prakrit and were written in the Brahmi script.

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(iii) He is the only king in the history of the world who gave up conquest after winning a war.

Value Based 4 Ans 1. Ashoka conquered Kalinga, eight years after becoming the king. Ans 2. About a lakh and a half people were captured and more than a lakh were killed in

the Kalingawar.ThisfilledAsokawithsorrow. Ans 3. Hegotthemessageinscribedforhissonandgrandsontogaveupfightingandthink

of methods of spreading the Dhamma. Ans 4 : AshokagaveupfightingaftertheKalingawar.

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–23Very Short Answer Ans. 1. Megasthenes was an ambassador who was sent to the court of Chandragupta by the

Greek ruler Seleucus Nicatar. 1Ans. 2. Ashoka’s inscriptions were in Prakrit and were written in the Brahmi script. 1Short AnswerAns. 1. Chandragupta Maurya was supported by a wise man named Chanakya or Kautilya.

Many of Chanakya’s ideas were written down in a book called the Arthashastra. 2Ans. 2. There were several cities in the Mauryan Empire. These included the capital

Pataliputra, Taxila, and Ujjain. Taxila was a gateway to the northwest, including Central Asia, while Ujjain lay on the route from north to south India. Merchants, officialsandcraftspersonsprobablylivedinthesecities. 2

Ans. 3. Kalinga is the ancient name of coastal Odisha. Ashoka fought a war to conquer Kalinga. However,hewassohorrifiedwhenhesawtheviolenceandbloodshedthathedecidednottofightanymorewars.Heistheonlykinginthehistoryoftheworldwho gave up conquest after winning a war. 2

Long AnswerAns. 1. Ashoka spread Dhamma through the following ways : 3 (i) Heappointedofficials,knownastheDhammaMahamattawhowentfromplace

to place teaching people about Dhamma. (ii) Ashokagothismessagesinscribedonrocksandpillars,instructinghisofficials

to read his message to those who could not read it themselves. (iii) Ashoka also sent messengers to spread ideas about Dhamma to other lands,

such as Syria, Egypt, Greece and Sri Lanka. Very Long AnswerAns. 1. Administration: We get an account of king Ashoka’s administration through his

own edicts and books written by Megasthenes and Chanakya. In Ashoka’s time the king was the head of the state and was assisted by ‘mantriparishad’ council of ministers. Their empire was divided into provinces and the provinces were divided into districts. Villages were the smallest units. City was the basic trade centre. The city administration is clearly illustrated in Arthashastra and Indika.

Patliputra: The capital city was administrated by the Chief-Nagarika with the city council of 30 members, who in turn had 6 boards. Each board is incharge of various functions. All cities were administered like Patliputra.

Education: It was fairly widespread and teaching was mainly a job of Brahmins. Buddhist monasteries were the educational institution. Famous educational centers were established in Taxila, Ujjain and Varanasi.

Revenue: The income for the empire came through taxes which were both in cash and kind levied on land holding and trade. Tax collection was very strict.

Army: The army was very huge and functioned under senapati who directly reported to the king. The soldiers were well equipped with swords, bows and arrows, spears and were looked after very well. Army was divided into six branches. They were :

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Cavalry, Infantry, Chariots, Elephants, Transport and Navy. Economy: The administer in Mauryan times was responsible to economic

development. The Greek author, Magasthenes had praised the system. The administrator helped villages by clearing forest area and starting new settlements. It also helped people start agriculture and animal husbandry.

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–24Fill in the blanks (1 mark each) 1. Heredity 2. Chandragupta Maurya 3. Arthashastra 4. Ashoka 5. Kalinga 6. Dhamma Mahamatta 7. Taxila 8. Ashoka 9. Megasthenes 10.Prakrit/Brahmi 11. Chanakya’s 12. Coastal Odisha 13. Brahmi 14. Patliputra 15. Lion capital of Ashoka.State whether true or false (1mark each) (1) False (2) False (3) False (4) True.

Project WorkAll the projects will be done by the students by their own.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–25Fill in the blanks 1. Landless labourers including slaves were known as Kadaisiyar and Adimai. 2. In the north India, the village headman was known as Grama-bhojaka. 3. The Grihapatis were independent farmers, mostly small landowners. 4. TheDasaKamakaraswerelandlesslabourers/farmers. 5. Sangam Literature was the earliest work in Tamil. It was called so because

Sangam meant the assemblies of poets held in Madurai. These learned men compiled all the poems into a literature called Sangam Literature.

6. Jataka tales were stories composed by ordinary people and then written by Buddhist. (1x 6)

Very Short AnswerAns. 1 : Jatakas were stories written and preserved by Buddhist monks in Sanghs.

However, these stories were composed by ordinary people.Ans. 2 : Associations of craftsperson and merchants were known as Shrenis. 1Short AnswerAns. 1 : Many of the sculptures were used for decoration purpose. Railway, pillars and

gateways of buildings were often decorated with the help of sculptures. 2Ans. 2 : NBPW is Northern Black Polished Ware. It got its name from the fact that it is generally found in the northern part of the subcontinent. It is usually black in

colourandhasafinesheen. 2Ans. 3 : The earliest coins which were in use for about 500 years were punch marked coins,.

They have been given this name because the designs were punched onto the metal — silver or copper. 2

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Long AnswerAns. 1 : There were at least three different kinds of people living in most of the villages in the

southern parts of the sub-continent. In the Tamil region : 3 (a) Large landowners were known as vellalar, (b) Ordinary ploughmen were known as uzhavar, and (c) Landless labourers, including slaves, were known as kadaisiyar and adimai.Value Based 3Ans. 1 : Merchants brought special gifts like vessels of silver, singing boys, beautiful women,

finewinesandfineclothfortheKing.Ans. 2 : Wine, copper, tin, lead, coral, topaz, cloth, gold and silver coins were imported into

Barygaza. While exports from the town included plants from the Himalayas, ivory, agate, carnelian, cotton, silk and perfumes.

Ans. 3 : Shipsweresteeredinbyskillfulandexperiencedlocalfishermen.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–26Very Short AnswerAns. 1. : Small land owners were known as grihapatis. 1Ans. 2. : Silver or copper. 1Ans. 3. : Some of the earliest literary words in a Tamil are known as sangam literature. 1

Short AnswerAns. 1. : In many earliest cities, archaeologists have found rows of pots, or ceramic rings

arranged one on top of the other. These are known as ring wells. These seem to have been used as toilets in some cases, and as drains and garbage dumps. These ring wells are usually found in individual houses. 2

Ans. 2. : (a) Some of the earliest works in Tamil, known as Sangam Literature, were com- posed around 2300 years ago.

(b) These texts were called Sangam because they were supposed to have been composed and compiled in assemblies (known as Sangams) of poets that were held in the city of Madurai. 2

Long AnswerAns. 1. : In the northern part of the country : (a) The village headman was known as the grama bhojaka. (b) The independent farmers were known as grihapatis, most of whom were

smaller landowners. (c) There were other men and women who did not own land, and had to earn a living

workingonthefieldsownedbyotherswereknownasdasakarmakara. 3

Very Long AnswerAns. 1. : (a) Mathura has been an important settlement for more than 2500 years. It was

important because it was located at the cross roads of two major routes of travel and trade i.e. from the northwest to the east and from north to south.

(b) Mathurawasalsoacentrewheresomeextremelyfinesculpturewasproduced. (c) Around 2000 years ago Mathura became the second capital of the Kushanas. (d) Mathura was also a religious centre there were Buddhist monastaries, Jaina

shrines. It was an important centre for the worship of lord Krishna. 5

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FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–27Choose the correct option (1 mark each)1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (b).Fill in the blanks (1 mark each) 1. Sangam 2. Jataka 3. Ring wells 4. Arikamadu 5. Mediterranean region 6. Vellalar 7. Slaves and hired workers 8. Uzhavar 9. Vella Lar 10. Ring Wells 11. Silver or Copper 12. Religious Center

Project Work Both the projects will be done by the students by their own.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–28Fill in the blanks (1 mark each) 1. Silk Route was the land route of the Chinese traders who took silk clothes from

China to the Central and West Asia. 2. Some kings wanted to control the Silk Route because the Chinese traders would

offer them their possessions as gifts, taxes and tributes. 3. In return of these, the kings would be protecting them from robbers while they

pass through their kingdoms. 4. Kushanas controlled the Silk Route. 5. The Kushanas were the earliest rulers in the Indian sub-continent to issue Gold

Coins. Very Short AnswerAns. 1. : Madurai was the capital of Pandyas. 1Ans. 2. : Kushanas 1Short AnswerAns. 1. : Muvendar is a Tamil word which means three chiefs, used for the heads of three

ruling families of South India. They were cholas, cheras and pandyas who became powerful around 2300 years ago. 2

Ans. 2. : Bodhisattvas were the persons who had attained enlightenment. Once they attained enlightenment, they could live in complete isolation and meditate in place. But mostly they remained in the world to teach and help other people. 2

Long AnswerAns. 1. : Somekingstriedtocontrollargeportionsoftheroutebecausetheycouldbenefit

from taxes, tributes and gifts that were brought by traders travelling along the route. In return, they protected the traders who passed through their kingdoms from attacks of robbers. 3

Value Based 4Ans. 1. : The word Bhakti is derived from a Sanskrit word ‘bhaj’, which means ‘to divide or

share’.Ans. 2. : Bhagvat means God. It also means one who possesses and shares bhaga.

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Ans. 3. : The devotee shares an intimate, two-way relationship with the deity.Ans. 4. : The devotee, known as the bhakta or the bhagavata, shares the bhaga of his or her

chosen deity.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–29Very Short AnswerAns. 1. : Kushanas were the best known rules who ruled over Central Asia and North West

India around 2000 years ago. 1Ans. 2. : Pepper was particularly valued in the Roman Empire, so much so that it was known

as black gold. 1Ans. 3. : Dakshinapatha, literally means the route leading to the south, which was also used

as a name for the entire southern region. 1Short AnswerAns. 1. : The pilgrims who came to visit India left an account of their journey. They wrote

about the dangers they had to face during their travels. They also had explained about the countries and the monasteries that they had visited, and the books they had carried back with them.

Ans. 2. : Main features of Bhakti are follows : 2 (i) It emphasised the worship of a God or Goddess by an individual. (ii) Itdiscardedtheperformanceofyajnaandsacrifices,etc. (iii) It emphasised at the purity of heart. (iv) It grants permission to all, whether rich or poor, high or low caste, men or

women to follow the path of Bhakti. 2Ans. 3. : (a) Around 200 years later a dynasty known as the Satavahanas became powerful

in western India. 2 (b) The most important ruler of the Satavahanas was Gautamiputra Shri

Satakarni. He and other Satavahana rulers were known as lords of the dakshinapatha. 2

Long AnswerAns. 1. : The best-known of the rulers who controlled the Silk Route were the Kushanas,

who ruled over central Asia and north-west India around 2000 years ago. During their rule, a branch of the Silk Route extended from Central Asia down

to the seaports at the mouth of the river Indus, from where silk was shipped westwards to the Roman Empire.

The Kushanas were amongst the earliest rulers of the sub-continent to issue gold coins. These were used by traders along the Silk Route. 3

Very Long AnswerAns. 1. : (a) Bhakti is a person’s devotion to his or her chosen deity. Anybody, whether rich

or poor, belonging to the so-called ‘high’ or ‘low’ castes, man or woman, could follow the path of Bhakti.

(b) Those who followed the system of Bhakti emphasised devotion and individual worshipofaGodorGoddess,ratherthantheperformanceofelaboratesacrifices.

According to this system of belief, if a devotee worships the chosen deity with a pure heart, the deity will appear in the form in which he or she may desire. 5

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–30Match the following (1 mark each) 1. Muvendar (e) Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas 2. Lords of Dakshinapath (c) Satavahana rulers 3. Ashvaghosha (b) Buddhacharita

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4. Bodhisattva (a) Mahayana Buddhism 5. Xuan Zang (d) Chinese pilgrim.Fill in the blanks (1 mark each) 1. Lord Krishna to Arjun 2. Hindu 3. The Arabs and Iranians 4. Muvendar 5. Satavahana rulers 6. Ashvaghosha 7. Buddhacharita 8. New/Mayahana 9. Fa- Xian 10. Buddha 11. Boddhisattvas 12. Pilgrims 13. Xuan Zang 14. Sandalwood 15. Nalanda.

Projects WorkBoth the projects will be done by the students by their own.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–31Fill in the blanks (1 mark each) 1. Sabha is the assembly of the Brahmin landowners. 2. Ur is the assembly of the non-brahmins. 3. Nagaram was an organization of the merchants. 4. Samantas were people who were given lands by the kings to collect revenue (tax)

and maintain an army. 5. The Chinese traveller who visited the kingdom of the Harshavardhana was Xuan

Zang. 6. The untouchables used to stay on the outskirts of the city. If they entered the city,

they were supposed to keep striking a piece of wood to ask the people to go away from them and avoid touching them.

Very Short AnswerAns. 1. : Aihole is the capital of Chalukyas-1.Ans. 2. : The Nagaram was an organisation of merchants. 1Short AnswerAns. 1. : Samudragupta was the son of Chandragupta-I. He was the greatest ruler of his

dynasty. ‘Pray of Prashasti’ is the main source of information of this reign. It lists the regions conquered by the king. 2

Ans. 2. : The Pallavas ruled from Kanchipuram or Kanchi near Chennai. Mahendravarman- I and Parasimhavarman–I were powerful kings. Continuous military conflictsweakened the Pallavas. In the ninth century, the Cholas ended their rule. 2

Long AnswerAns. 1. : Chalukyas were the most important ruling dynasties in South India. Aihole,

the capital of the Chalukyas, was an important trading centre. The best known Chalukya ruler was Pulakeshin–II. We know about him from a prashasti, composed by his court poet Ravikirti.

According to Ravikirti, he led expeditions along both the west and the east coasts.Pulakeshin also attacked the Pallava king.But the Chalukya victory was short-

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lived. Ultimately, both the Pallavas and the Chalukyas gave way to new rulers belonging to the Rashtrakuta and Chola dynasties.

Value Based 3Ans 1. : This story is from the famous play Abhijnam Shakuntalam.Ans 2. : Kalidasa wrote this story.Ans 3. : Thekingwasveryhappytoseetheringandsentarewardforthefisherman.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–32

Very Short Answer

Ans. 1. : There were some military leaders who provided the king with troops whenever he needed them. They were known as Samantas. 1

Ans. 2. : Ayurveda, a system of medicine based on herbs and plants was known at that time and many diseases were cured with this. Ayurveda is a major system of medicine practised in India these days.

Ans. 3. : (i) Ravikirti (ii) Xuan Zang (iii) Banabhatta. 1Short AnswerAns. 1. : Harshavardhana, was the king of Thanesar who ruled nearly 1400 years ago.

We came to know about him through his court poet, Banabhatta, who wrote his biography, the Harshacharita, in Sanskrit. 2

Ans. 2. : Chandragupta,wasthefirstruleroftheGuptadynastytoadoptthegrandtitleofmaharaj-adhiraja, a title that Samudragupta his son, also used. 2

Long AnswerAns. 1. : (a) These plays provided occasional glimpse of the lives of ordinary people. 3 (b) In these plays, the king and most Brahmins are shown as speaking Sanskrit,

while women and men other than the king and Brahmins use Prakrit.Ans. 2. : Harisena, who was the poet in Samudragupta’s court described four different kinds

of rulers, and the policies followed by him towards them : 5 (i) The rulers of Aryavarta–Here there were nine rulers who were uprooted,

and their kingdoms were made a part of Samudragupta’s Empire. (ii) The rulers of Dakshinapatha–Here there were twelve rulers and they

surrendered to Samudragupta after being defeated and he then allowed them to rule again.

(iii) The inner circle of neighbouring states, including Assam, coastal Bengal, Nepal, and a number of gana sanghas in the northwest, who brought tribute, followed his orders, and attended his court.

(iv) The rulers of the outlying areas, the descendants of the thin Kushanas and Shakas, and the ruler of Sri Lanka, who submitted to him and offered their daughters in marriage.

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–33State whether true or false (1 mark each) 1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False.Name some important administrative posts that became hereditary in the Gupta period. 5 1.Maha-dandaNayak(ChiefJudicialofficer) 2. Kumar-amatya (Important minister) 3. Sandhi-vigrahika (Minister of war and peace) 4.Nagar-shresthi(Chiefbanker/chiefmerchantofthecity) 5. Sarthavaha (Leader of the merchant caravans) 6. Prathama-kulika (Chief craftsman) 7. Kayasthas (Scribes).

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Multiple choice Questions 1 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c).Find the Odd one out 1 1. Kumaragupta 2. Kabirdas 3. Ho-Chi-Minh.Match the following 1 1.(d) 2. (e) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (c).

Project WorksBoth project works will be done by the students by their own.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–34Match the following 1. Stupa (e) Mound 2. Shikhara (c) Tower 3. Mandapa (b) Circular path around the stupa 4. Garbhgriha (a) Place where the image of the deity is installed 5. Pradakshina patna (d) Place in temples where people could assemble.Very Short AnswerAns. 1. : Deities such as Vishnu, Shiva and Durga were worshipped in the earliest Hindu

temples. 1Ans. 2. : Ramayana and Mahabharata. 1Short AnswerAns. 1. : Vedic literature includes the four Vedas – Rigveda, Samveda, Yajurveda and

Atharveda. The Puranas contain the ideas of the Vedic people about the origins of universe and of gods, sages and ruling families. 2

Ans. 2. : The artisans of the ancient period excelled in making sculptures. The stone workers of the Mauryan period mastered the art of polishing stone. The Gandhara and Mathuraschoolsofart,wereexcelledinsculptureflourishedduringtheKushanaperiod. 2

Ans. 3. : Indian mythology consists of tales of Gods, the devas and the asuras. However, there are only two famous epics – Mahabharata and Ramayana. Epics are grand, long compositions about heroic men and women and include stories about Gods. 2

Value Based 4 Ans. 1. : This passage is extracted from the famous epic ‘Silappadikaram’. Ans. 2. : This epic was written in Tamil. Ans. 3. : This epic was composed by a poet Ilango. Ans. 4. : Kannagi was full of grief because the king sentenced her husband to death.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–35Very Short AnswerAns. 1. : Temple is a place where Hindu people worship their Gods. 1Ans. 2. : Systematic knowledge based on different experiments and reasoning is called

science. 1Ans. 3. : Stupa means a mound. In most of the stupas, a small box called relic basket was

kept and it contained the bodily remains of Buddha and his followers.Short AnswerAns. 1. : The iron pillar at Mehrauli, Delhi, is a remarkable example of the skill of Indian

crafts persons. (a) It is made of iron, 7.2. m high, and weighs over 3 tonnes. (b) It was made about 1500 years ago.

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(c) There is an inscription on the pillar mentioning a ruler named Chandra, who probably belonged to the Gupta dynasty.

(d) The pillar has not rusted in all these years. 2 Long AnswerAns. 1. : Several caves were hollowed out of the hills in the earlier times. (a) Most of these were monasteries for Buddhist monks, and some of them were

decorated with paintings. (b) As the caves are dark inside, most of these paintings were done in the light of

torches. (c) The colours, which are glowing even after 1500 years, were made of plants and

minerals. 3Very Long AnswerAns. 1. : Aryabhatta was a mathematician and astronomer who wrote a book in Sanskrit

known as the Aryabhatiyam. (a) He stated that day and night were caused by the rotation of the earth on its axis,

even though it seems as if the sun is rising and setting every day. (b)Hedevelopedascientificexplanationforeclipsesaswell. (c) He also found a way of calculating the circumference of a circle, which is nearly

as accurate as the formula we use today. Ans. 2. : The word ‘Stupa’ means a mound. There are several kinds of stupas, round and tall,

big and small Its features are : (a) Generally, there is a small box known as a relic casket which was placed at the

centre or heart of the ‘Stupa’. This may contain bodily remains (such as teeth, bone or ashes) of the Buddha or his followers, or things they used, as well as precious stones, and coins. This box was covered with earth. Later, a layer of mud brick or baked brick was added on top. And then, the dome like structure was sometimes covered with carved stone slabs.

(b) Often, a path, known as the Pradakshina Patha, was laid around the Stupa. This was surrounded with railings.

(c) Entrance to the path was through gateways. Devotees walked around the stupa, in a clockwise direction, as a mark of devotion.

(d) Both railings and gateways were often decorated with sculpture. 5

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–36Fill in the blanks (1 mark each) 1. Arybhatta 2. Puranas. 3. Valmiki 4. Manimekalai and Silappadikaram 5. Stupa 6. Silappadikaram 7.Kovalan/Kannagi 8. Sanskrit 9. Kauravas and Pandavas

10. Aryabhatiyam 11. The Durga Temple.

Value basedAns. 1. : An inscription on the pillar mentions a ruler named Chandra, who probably

belonged to the Gupta dynasty.Ans. 2. : This pillar was made about 1500 years ago.Ans. 3. : The pillar is so old but it has not been rusted during all these years.Ans. 4. : It is 7.2 m high and weighs over 3 tonnes. 4

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True or False (1 mark each) 1. True 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. False

Project WorkAll the project works will be done by the childran by their own.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–37Choose the correct option (1 mark each) 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b).Very Short AnswerAns. 1. : All the celestial bodies which produces their own heat and light are called stars. 1Ans. 2. : A satellite is a celestial body that move around the planets in the same way as the

planets move around the sun. 1 Short AnswerAns. 1. : Four planets are larger than the earth. Their names are as given below: 2 (i) Jupiter, (ii) Saturn, (iii) Uranus, and (iv) Neptune.Ans. 2. : The temperature of a planet depends on the distance from the sun. Mercury is very

close to sun hence it is very hottest star in the solar system. It’s temperature goes above 400ºC. 2

Ans 3 : Planet Satellite

(i) It revolves around the sun in an ellipticl Path.

(i) It revolves around the planet.

(ii) There are nine major planets.Example : Earth.

(ii) There are 32 satellites.Example : Moon.

Long AnswerAns.1.

Star Satellite

(i) It is a celestial body, which has its own heat and light.

(i) They do not have their own heat and light.

(ii) They are very far away from us and thus look very small.

(ii) They look big, since they are near to us.

(iii) They twinkle at night. (iii) They do not twinkle.

Value BasedAns. 1. (a) Sun provides the pulling force that binds the solar system. It is the ultimate source

of heat and light for the solar system. (b) Two dwarf planets of solar system are Pluto and Eris. 4

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–38Very Short AnswerAns. 1. : Inner planets: Venus, Mercury, Earth and Mars. 1 Biggest planet: Jupiter.Ans. 2. : Venus is considered as Earth’s twin planet because its size and shape is very much

similar to that of the earth. 1Ans. 3. : The sun, eight planets, satellites and some other celestial bodies such as Asteroids

and Meteoroids, form the solar system. We often call them members of solar family, with the Sun as its head. 1

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Short AnswerAns. 1. :

Comet Asteroid (1) It is a luminous heavenly body

with a glowing tail.(1) It is a small rocky and metallic

object found between the orbit of Mars and Jupiter.

(2) Comets probably consist of ice, dust and frozen gases.

(2) Asteroids are pieces of some planet, which probably explod soon after its birth.

Ans. 2. : In the sky, stars create various patterns and forms. A group of stars thus forming various shapes is known as Constellation. Ursa Major or Big Bear is one of the most important example of Constellation. 2

Long AnswerAns. 1 : The majority of meteor showers are a result of debris left behind by comets. Although

some are caused by the debris of asteroids. Asteroids are mostly found in the asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.Comets are primarily found beyond the orbit of Neptune in the Kuiper belt. When the Earth annually crosses the orbits of one of these small objects, the debris rains into the atmosphere, causing yearly meteor shower. 3

Very Long AnswerAns. 1 : Life is found on the earth because of the following reason : (i) Moderate Temperature : Earth has an average temperature of 22ºC, which

is more suitable for plants and animals growth. (ii) Water : Earth is the only unique planet where water is found in three stages :

ice, gaseous and liquid. (iii) Favourable surrounding/atmosphere : The earth’s atmosphere has a gas

called ozone, which protects plants and animals from certain harmful rays from sun. 5

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-39Objective Type QuestionsChoose the correct option : (1 mark each) 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b). Fill in the blanks (1 mark each) 1. A group of stars forming various patterns is called a Constellation . 2. A huge system of stars is called a galaxy. 3. Mercury is the closest celestial body to our earth. 4. Earth is 3rd nearest planet to the sun. 5. Planets do not have their own light and heat. 6. Meteoroids heat up and burn due to friction. 7. TheAmavasyanightoccursaboutfifteendaysafterthePoornimanight. 8. Orbitsareelongatedfixedpathsinwhichacelestialbodyalwaysremains. 9. In ancient time Milky Way was also known as Akash Ganga. 10. People who study celestial bodies and movement are called astronomer. Match the following 1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (e) 4. (a) 5. (b)

Project Work All the projects will be done by the students by their own.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–40Choose the correct option (1 mark each) 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (a).

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Very Short AnswerAns. 1. : The two ends of the axis are called pole. 1Ans. 2. : The angular distance of a place east or west of the prime meridian is called longitude.Short AnswerAns. 1. : Importance of Latitudes : 2 (i) It helps us to locate the position of a place away from equator. (ii) It helps us to know the temperature of place. 2Ans. 2. : The zone lying between the Tropic of Capricorn and Tropic of Cancer is known as

torrid zone. It is also known as hot zone, because mid-day sun is exactly overhead at least once a year on the latitude between Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn.

Ans. 3. : The two temperate zones lie between the Tropic of Cancer and Arctic Circle in Northern hemisphere and between the Tropic of Capricorn and Antarctic Circle in the southern hemisphere. They experience moderate temperature because here the rays of the sun are always slanted diminishing heat. 2

Long AnswerAns. 1. : The mid-day sun is exactly overhead at least once in a year on all latitudes in between

the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn. Therefore, this area receives maximum heat. 2

Value BasedAns. 1. : (a) In India, 82° 30’ E is taken as a standard meridian because for every 1°

longitude time, the difference is 4 minutes. India’s total longitudinal extent is 30°(97°E-67°E=30°E).So,totaltimedifferenceis30x4=120minutesor2hours.This means that time difference between Gujarat and Arunachal Pradesh would be 2 hours. To avoid such confusion and to have same time all over the country, we have taken a standard meridian.

(b) India Standard Time (IST) is 5:30 hours (5 hours 30 minutes) ahead of Greenwich Mean Time.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–41Very Short AnswerAns. 1. : The network of lines formed by latitude and longitude (by bisecting each other) is

called a grid. 1Ans. 2. : Equator is an imaginary line which divides the earth almost into two equal parts. 1Ans. 3. : The Meridian which passes through Greenwich, where the British Royal Observatory

is located is called the Prime Meridian. Its value is 0º longitude. 1Short AnswerAns. 1. : Greenwich time is called Greenwich mean time because GMT is the local time of the

old Greenwich observatory i.e., 0º. It is adopted uniformly by all the countries for international level. 2

Ans. 2. : The two imaginary lines drawn on the surface of the Earth are: (i) The lines on the axis, which form the North and South poles. (ii) Equator, which runs midway between the North and South poles. 2Ans. 3. : The earth is spherical in shape and thus it is impossible to locate the places on

the earth. To locate a place on the globe, latitudes and longitudes are drawn. The latitudes and longitudes point out the exact positions of the place on the earth’s surface. 2

Long AnswerAns. 1. : Advantages—On the globe, countries, continents and oceans are shown in their

correct size. Disadvantages—Globes maybe of varying size and type – big ones, which cannot be

carried easily. 3

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Very Long AnswerAns. 1. : Parallels of Latitudes (i) All parallel circles from the equator up to the poles are called parallels of latitudes. (ii) In total, there are 180 latitudes that is 90 north and 90 south. (iii) Latitude is known as Equator. (iv) They help to judge the climate of the places.Meridians of Longitudes (i) All semi-circles running from North Pole to South Pole are called meridians of

longitudes. (ii) In total, there are 360 longitudes that is 180 east and 180 west. (iii) 0° longitude is known as Prime Meridian. (iv)Theyhelptofindthetimeoftheplaces. 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–42Objective type questionsChoose the correct option (1 mark each) 1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (a).Fill in the blanks (1 mark each) 1. Globe 2. West , East 3. 24 4. Frigid Zone 5. Equator 6. Degrees 7. Torrid zone 8. Prime Meridian 9. 82.50 E 10. 360 11. 00 12. 23.50 E.

Project WorkAll the projects will be done by the students by their own.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–43Objective Type Answer (1 mark each)Ans. 1. : Choose the correct option 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b).Very Short Answer Ans. 1. : We observe a leap after every four years. 1 Ans. 2. : Four major seasons are : (i) Summer (ii) Winter (iii) Autumn (iv) Rainy. 1Short Answer Ans. 1. : The change in season is caused due to: (i) The rotation of the Earth (ii) Inclination of the earth’s axis (iii) The revolution of the earth and (iv) The parallelism of the earth’s axis. Ans 2. : Two effects of earth’s rotation are : 2 (i) Due to rotation of the earth there is regular occurrence of tides twice a day and

there to gradual westward progress. (ii) It causes day and night. Long Answer 2Ans. 1. : On 22nd December, the Tropic of Capricorn receives direct sun rays due to the tilt

of South Pole towards it. As the sun rays are vertical on it, hence it has summers. Therefore, Christmas which falls on 25th December is celebrated in summers in the Southern hemisphere.

Value Based 3Ans. 1. : (a) The revolution of the earth is responsible for bringing about the changes in the

season. Day and night are caused due to the rotation of earth. (b) The portion of the earth facing the sun would always experience day, thus

bringing continuous warmth to the region. The other half would remain in

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darkness and be freezing cold all the time. Life would not have been possible in such extreme conditions. 4

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–44Very Short Answer (1 mark each)Ans. 1. : Rotation is the movement of the earth on its axis.Ans. 2. : Day and night are caused due to the rotation of earth on its own axis.Ans. 3. : The plane formed by the orbit is known as orbital plane.Short AnswerAns. 1. : Norway is known as the land of midnight sun because— (i) The sun do not go below the horizon or come above it on 21st June. (ii) Sun moves at a law elevation from horizon to horizon. Although the atitude is

very low but it continues shinning longer for all the 24 hours. 2Ans. 2. : Rotation: The spinning and completion of one circle by the earth round its own axis

in a day is known as rotation. It helps in causing day and night. Revolution : The motion of the earth around the sun in its orbit is called revolution. Earth takes 365¼ days to complete one revolution. 2Ans. 3. : Dusk: Is that period of evening which has diffused light after the sunset. Dawn: It is that period of the morning, which has diffused light just before the

sunrise. 3Long AnswerAns. 1. : On September 22nd or 23rd in the northern hemisphere, when night and day are

nearly of the same length and Sun crosses the equator and moves southward. And in the southern hemisphere on 20th or 21st March, Sun crosses the equator moving northward and it is known as autumn equinox.

Very Long AnswerAns. 1. : 5 Solstice Equinox 1. It is dependent on the sun’s rays falling 1. It is dependent on the sun’s rays

on various tropics. falling on the equator. 2. When the rays fall vertically on the 2. Nights and days are always equal tropics, days and nights are either longer along the equator. or shorter. 3. There is autumn equinox and spring 3. There is summer solstice or winter

equinox. solstice.

FOR MATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–45Fill in the blanks (1 mark each) 1. Seasons 2. Circle of illumination 3. Earth day 4. June 21st

5. Elliptical 6. Summer 7. Rotation 8. 365 9. Winter 10. Australia.Match the following (1 mark each) (1) — (b) (2) — (a) (3) — (c) (4) — (g) (5) — (c) (6) — (e) (7) — (d) (8) — (i) (9) — (h) (10) — (j).

Project WorkBoth the project works will be done by the students by their own.

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SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–46Objective Type AnswerChoose the correct option : (1 mark each)Ans. 1. : 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (a)Very Short Answer Ans. 1. : Amap isarepresentationof theearth’ssurfacesorapartof itonaflatsurface

according to scale. 1Ans. 2. : (i) Thematic maps (ii) Political maps (iii) Physical maps. 1Ans. 3. : The art or science of map making is known as cartography. 1Short AnswerAns. 1. : When the boundaries of the continents, countries, states, districts, capital cities and

towns are shown on map. We call them political maps. 2Ans. 2. : The maps which show the mountain, plains, valleys, plateaus, rivers, lakes and

contours etc. are called physical maps. They are also known as relief maps. 2Long AnswerAns. 1. : The compass is very stable in areas close to the equator, which is far from “Magnetic North”. At some point close to the Magnetic Pole, the compass will not indicate any

particular direction but will begin to drift in a non direction indicating manner. Also, the needle starts to point up or down when getting closer to the poles, due to the so called magnetic inclination. Cheap compasses with bad bearings may get stuck due to this and therefore, indicates a wrong direction. 3

Value basedAns. 1. : (a) Maps can be easily drawn with the help of symbols like colours, letters, shades,

pictures, etc. These symbols represent different features like buildings, roads, bridges, trees, railway lines, temples, etc. and also make it easier to read the maps.

(b) The three components of map are—distance, direction and symbol. 2

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–47Very Short Answer 1 mark eachAns. 1. : The symbols which are used with general agreement to make the map clear and

easier to read are known as conventional symbols.Ans. 2. : The directions in between the cardinal directions for examples NE, NW, SE, and SW are called intermediate directions.Short AnswerAns. 1. : 2 Map Globe (i) Mapsareeasiertocarry. (i) Itisdifficulttocarryglobe. (ii) A map is a representation of the (ii) A globe is the model of the earth. earthonaflatsurfaceaccording to scale. Ans. 2. : On the map, it is not possible to draw actual shape and size of different features, so they are shown by using certain letters, shades, colours pictures and lines. These

symbols give us a lot of information in a limited space. With the use of such symbols map can be drawn easily and are simple to read. 2

Ans. 3. : When large areas like continents or countries are to be shown on a paper, then we use a small scale. For example, 5 cm. on the map shows 500 km. of the ground. It is called a Small Scale Map. 2

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Long AnswerAns. 1. : MAP 1. In the map, details are given in the form of symbols words, lines and colours. 2. It shows a large area of ground on a small scale or large scale, i.e. map reduces

theentireworldonitsparttofitonasheetofpaper. 3. Maps are precise. PLAN 1. Plan is drawn to large scale and shows true direction. 2. It shows detailed layout of spaces, length and breadth in a building etc. 3. Its scale can be enlarged. 3Very Long AnswerAns. 1. : Blue—lakes, rivers, streams, oceans, reservoirs, etc. Red—major highways, roads, urban areas, airports, special interest sites, military

sites, place names, buildings, borders. Yellow—built-up or urban areas. Green—parks, golf courses, forest, orchards, highways. Brown—deserts, historical sites, national parks, military reservations or bases,

contour (elevation) lines. Black—railroads, highways, bridges, place names, buildings, borders. 5

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–48Fill in the blanks (1 mark each) : 1. Map 2. Globe 3. Thematic maps 4. Compass 5. Conventional 6. Large scale 7. Blue 8. Symbols 9. Sketch 10. Physical.Match the following (1 mark each) Column A Column B (i) Plan (c) A detailed drawing (ii) Sketch (b) A rough drawing (iii) South west, north east (e) Intermediate direction (iv) Mountains plateau plane (d) Physical map (v) States, village (a) Political map.Write True or False (1mark each)1. True 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. False.

Project workAll the projects will be done by the students on their own.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–49Objective Type Questions (1 mark each)Choose the correct option1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (b).Very Short Answer (1 mark each)Ans. 1 : A continent is a large landmass separated by a water body such as ocean or sea.Ans. 2 : Antarctica is known as white continent because it always remains under a thick cover

of ice.Short AnswerAns. 1 : Our earth is surrounded by layer of air which is known as atmosphere. It is mainly composed of 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, 1% Carbon dioxide, and rest of the percentage

includes other gases.

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They are essential for life following ways : (i) It is required in various form to maintain the fertility of soil. (ii) It helps plants to grow which provide us food. 2 (iii) Carbon dioxide helps plant to manufacture food in the presence of sunlight.Ans. 2. : (i) Hydrosphere: It is the sphere of water. It consists of water on and below the

surface of the earth. All the water bodies on the surface of the earth namely ocean, lakes, rivers

togetherwithsnowandiceareknownashydrosphere.About2/3rd of the earth’s surface is covered with water bodies.

(ii) Lithosphere: The land mass of the solid crust of the rock is called the lithosphere. It includes all type of land masses–big or small, even or uneven vast plains and

plateau, etc. 2Long Answer Following are the features of European Continent :Ans. 1. : (i) Europe is much smaller than Asia. The continent lies to the west of Asia. (ii) The Arctic Circle passes through it. (iii) It is bounded by water bodies on three sides. 3Value BasedAns. 1. : (a) The earth experiences water shortage because 97% of the earth’s water is

found in the oceans and is too salty for human use. Of the remaining 3%, large proportion is in the form of ice sheets, glaciers and under the ground. A very small percentage is available as fresh water.

(b) Human beings have got certain needs and with these they also have certain abilities;physicalaswellasmental.Thusinordertofulfilltheirneeds,humanbeings are continuously using their abilities to modify the nature. But with advancementintechnology,thismodificationofnaturehastakentheshapeofdegradation and exploitation of nature. 4

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET—50Very Short Answer (1 mark each)Ans. 1. : Australia is known as island continent.Ans. 2 : Indian ocean is named after a country.Ans. 3 : Atlantic ocean is ‘S’ shaped.Short AnswerAns. 1. : Northern hemisphere is called or is known as land hemisphere because greater part

of the land lies in this hemisphere as compared to southern hemisphere. 2Ans. 2. : Biosphere is important for living organism because all the three life sustaining

things– land, water and air are found here. 2Ans. 3. : The density of the atmosphere varies with height. It is maximum at the sea level

and decreases rapidly as we go up. The climbers experience problems in breathing at height due to decrease in the density of air. 2

Long AnswerAns. 1. : Biosphere is a part of the earth where all organism (plants and animals) live. They

live in thin upper part of oceans and everywhere on within the land mass. In higher altitude, UV radiation and low temprature disable life to spread. In the

deepocean,lifeispresentatthedepthofupto500mbelowoceanicfloor. 3

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Very Long AnswerAns. 1. : North America (i) North America is the third largest continent of the world.

(ii) It is linked to South America by a very narrow strip of land called the Isthmus

of Panama.

(iii) The continent lies completely in the Northern and Western Hemisphere.

(iv) ThreeoceanssurroundingthiscontinentarePacificOcean,AtlanticOceanand

Arctic Ocean.

South America (i) South America lies mostly in the Southern Hemisphere.

(ii) The Andes, world’s longest mountain range, runs through its length from north

to south.

(iii) South America has the world’s largest river, the Amazon. 5

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–51Name the following (1 mark each) 1. Palk strait 2. Isthmus 3. Earth 4. Strait 5. Australia 6. Maitri and Dakshin Gangotri 7. PacificOcean 8. Berring strait 9. Mount Everest 10. Nitrogen.Choose the correct option 51. (a) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (a)Fill in the blank (1 mark each) 1. Lithosphere 2. Biosphere 3. Atmosphere 4. Hydrosphere 5.Continents/Oceans.

Project WorkAll the projects will be done by the students by their own.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–52Objective Type Questions (1 mark each) 1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (b).Very Short AnswerAns. 1. : The process operating inside the earth is known as internal process. Example:

Movement of magma producing volcanoes and earthquake. 1Ans. 2. : Mountains may be arranged in a line known as mountain range. 1Short AnswerAns. 1. : Volcanic mountains are formed as a result of volcanic activity on the surfaces of the

earth. Example: Mt. Kilimanjaro and Mt. Fujiyama. 2Ans. 2. : The plains are thickly populated due to : (i) Their fertility (ii) Construction of

transport network is easy (iii)Favourable climate for human settlement. 2

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Long AnswerAns. 1. : 3

Mountain Plateau1. A steep hill with an elevation of

more than six hundred meters is called mountain.

1. A plateau is an elevated flat landstanding above the surrounding area.

2. It is considerably higher than the mountain surrounding area.

2. It is relatively lower than the mountain.

3. These are of three types: Fold Mountain, Block Mountain and Volcanic Mountain.

3. These are of two types : old and new.

Value Based Ans. 1. : (a) (i) We should not construct buildings on the fertile land. (ii) We should not throw garbage on the land or in water and make them dirty. (iii) We should avoid using important gifts of nature in a careless manner. (b) Most of the minerals in the world are found in the peninsular plateaus.

Besides, the extraction of minerals is relatively easier on plateaus. These minerals are indispensable as raw material for our industries. We get gold from the Plateau of Western Australia; copper, diamonds and gold from the Plateaus of Africa; and coal, iron, manganese and mica from the Chota Nagpur Plateau in India. 4

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–53Very Short Answer (1 mark each)Ans.1. : The raised part of the earth’s surface between two faults or Block Mountains is

known as horsts.Ans. 2. : The moving mass of ice is called glacier.Ans. 3. : The physical features of the earth’s surface are known as landforms.Short AnswerAns. 1. : Mountains may be arranged in a line known as range. Many mountain systems

consist of a series of parallel ranges extending over hundreds of kilometres. For example : The Himalayas, the Alps and the Andes are mountain ranges of Asia, Europe and South America, respectively. 2

Ans. 2. : A hill is a land surface higher than the local area, whereas a steep hill with an elevation of more than 600 metres is termed as mountain. 2

Ans. 3. : Aplateauisanelevatedflatland.Itisaflat-toppedtablelandstandingabovethesurrounding area. A plateau may have one or more sides with steep slopes. Plateaus, like mountains, may be young or old. e.g., The Deccan Plateau in India is one of the oldest plateaus. The East African Plateau. The Tibet plateau and the Western plateau of Australia are other examples. 2

Long AnswerAns. 1. : Theplainsgenerallyhavedeepandfertilesoil.Sincetheplainshaveaflatsurface,

the means of irrigation are easily developed. Both these factors have made the plains agriculturally important that they are often called ‘food baskets of the world’. 3

Value BasedAns. 1. : Fold mountains are generally formed in the less deformed areas adjacent to areas

strongly affected by thrust tectonics. Typically they are found in the foreland region where a major mechanically weak horizon is present. The frontal thrust (or thrusts) propagate(s) a long distance along the horizon and subsequent movement on the thrust can give rise to a sequence of folds, as the hanging wall of the thrust effectively crumples.

The anticline crests may be high enough to form mountains. Most fold mountains are likely to be relatively young in geological terms as they will start to be eroded as soon as they are formed. 5

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FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–54Fill in the Blanks (1 mark each) 1. Internal 2. Erosion 3. Deposition 4. Mauna kea 5. Glaciers 6. Range 7.Himalayan/Alps 8. Block 9. Terraces 10. Flora and Fauna 11.Mt.Kilimanjara/Mt.Fujiyama 12. Horsts, Graben 13. Deccan 14. Tibet 15. Plateaus.

Project WorkAll the projects will be done by the students by their own.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–55Objective Type Questions (1 mark each)1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (a).Very Short AnswerAns. 1. : A landmass surrounded on three sides by water bodies is known as peninsula. 1Ans. 2. : Palk strait separates Sri Lanka from India. 1Short AnswerAns. 1. : Due to great longitudinal extent of about 29°, there can be a difference of about two

hours in local time of places located at two extreme points of India. As the local time changes by four minutes for every one degree of longitude, the sun rises two hours earlier in the east (Arunachal Pradesh) than in the West (Gujarat). That is why the local time of longitude of 82°30’E has been taken as the Indian Standard Time. This meridian or longitude is also termed as the Standard Meridian of India. 2

Ans. 2. : The northern plains are formed by alluvial deposits. The alluvium is the fertile soil brought down by rivers. So, they are fertile. 2

Long AnswerAns. 1. : The northen plains of India lie to the south of the Himalayas. They are generally

levelandflat.Theseareformedbythealluvialdepositlaiddownbytherivers.TheIndus, the Ganga, the Brahma putra and their tibutaries. These river plains provide fertile land for cultivation. So the concentration of population is high in these plains.

3Value BasedAns. 1. : (a) Their awareness of the ocean and its movements has been accumulated over

years of inhabitating the islands. The isolated tribes of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands survived the tsunami of December 26 and left their coastal settlements when the water receded.

They had set up temporary camps in the forests of their island, called Little Andaman.

(b) Tsunamiisahugeseawavegeneratedduetoanearthquakeontheseafloor. 4

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SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–56Very Short AnswerAns. 1. : Alluvialdepositsareveryfinesoilbroughtbyriversanddepositedintheriverbasins. 1Ans. 2. : River Ganga and Brahmaputra form the largest delta in the world. 1Ans. 3. : Coastal plains of India are: (i) Western coastal plain (ii) Eastern coastal plain. 1Short AnswerAns. 1. : For the administrative purposes, the country is divided into 28 States and 7 Union

territories. Each state is further sub-divided into districts. 2Ans. 2. : The Great Indian Desert lies in the western part of the country. It is a dry, hot and sandy stretch of land. It receives very little rainfall thus, has almost negligible

vegetation. 2Ans. 3. : India is well connected with South West Asia, Africa and Europe and even North and South America through Suez Canal and the Cape of Good Hope. Suez Canal is an

international highway of trade and commerce and India gets advantages of this highway linkingeast with West. 2

Long AnswerAns. 1. : Lakshadweep Islands are known as Coral Islands because’s, they are made from the

tiny Marine animals known as polyps. The skeletion of these creatures after they die is known as coral.

Since Lakshadweep Contains many polyps it is known as coral Islands. It is bult up by Corals and have fringing coral reefs very close to their shores. 3

Very Long AnswerAns. 1. : 5 Eastern Coastal Plains Western Coastal Plains 1. They are broad. 1. They are narrow. 2. They are dissected by number of rivers. 2. They have two main rivers. 3. The rivers form deltas. 3. The rivers form estuary. 4. They lie between Bay of Bengal and 4. They lie between Arabian Sea and

Eastern Ghats. Western Ghats.

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–57Fill in the blanks (1 mark each) 1. 3.28m.sq.km 2. Himadri 3. Rajasthan 4. Arabian 5. 23.50N 6. 28 and 7 7. Population 8. Goa 9. Sunderban Delta 10. Narmada and Tapi 11. Himadri 12. The Himachal Range 13. Foot 14. The Aravallis and the Vindhyachal 15. Polyps 16. Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar Islands 17. Lakshadweep 18. Aravalli range.

Project WorkAll the project works will be done by the students by their own.

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SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–58Objective Type Questions (1 mark each) 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b).Very Short AnswerAns. 1. : It is the sum of total weather condition and variation over a long period of time of

about 35 years. 1Ans. 2 : A system of winds in which the direction of winds is completely reversed from one

season to the other is known as monsoon. 1Short AnswerAns. 1. : South west wind causes rain in India because : (i) During early June, the low pressure condition over the north western plain gets

intensified. (ii) This low pressure thus prevailing is so powerful that it attracts the south east

trade winds which on crossing the equator in Indian ocean acquire south-westerly direction.

(iii) As it passes over the equatorial warm current, it bring with them the abundant moisture, which causes rainfall during June to September. 2

Ans. 2. : Weather is about day to day changes in the atmosphere. It includes changes in temperature, rainfall and sunshine, etc. Climate is about the average weather condition, which have been measured over many years. 2

Ans. 3. : Sunderbans are the tidal forests. These are found near the sea coast in the areas flooded by tides of the seas. The Sundari trees grow abundantly in this region.So, these forests are called Sunderbans. Other trees are mahogany, rosewood and bamboos. 2

Long AnswerAns. 1. : A wide range of species is found in the mountains according to the variation in

height. With increase in height, the temperature falls. At a height between 1500 meters and 2500 meters most of the trees are conical in shape. These trees are called coniferous trees. Cir, Pine and Deodar are important trees of these forests. At the higher altitude, temperate grassland gives way to the Alpine vegetation. 3

Very Long Answer 3Ans. 1. :

Evergreen Forests Deciduous Forests1. These are also called tropical rain

forests which receive heavy rainfall.1. These are also called monsoon

forests.2. They are so dense that sunlight cannot

reach the ground.2. They are less dense in comparison

to evergreen forests.3. The trees shed their leaves at different

times and thus they seem to be evergreen.

3. All variety of trees shed their leaves at the same time and thus they can’t be considered as evergreen.

4. Important trees are Mahogany, Ebony and Rosewood.

4. Important trees are Sal, Teak, Peepal, Neem and Shisham.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–59Very Short AnswerAns. 1. : Location, altitude, distance from the sea are the factors which effect the climate of a

place. 1Ans. 2. : Cactus, Khair, Babool and Keekar. 1Ans. 3. : The climate found in area far from the oceans and seas and characterised by hot

summer and cold winter is known as continent type climate. 1

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Short AnswerAns. 1. : Biosphere reserve is created to conserve biological diversity and genetic integrity

of plants, animals and micro-organisms in their totality. Biosphere reserves are undisturbednaturalareasforscientificstudy.Twobiospherereservesare ‘NandaDevi Biosphere Reserve’ and ‘Sunderbans Biosphere Reserve’. 2

Ans. 2. : Some birds from western countries migrate to our country in winter season. They are known as migratory birds. They arrive in December and stay till March. Some of the migratory birds are Siberian crane, Flamingo, Pelican, etc. 2

Ans. 3. : Monsoon forest of India is also called deciduous forest, which have same variety of species. All the trees have same time period for shedding their leaves. In a year during a particular time, the trees shed their leaves. So, the branches become bare and the forest looks barren. 2

Long AnswerAns. 1. : Uses of forest : (a) Forest cools air temperature by release of water vapour into the air. (b) At day time trees generate oxygen and store carbon dioxide, which helps to clean

air. (c) Forest attracts wild life and offers food and protection to them. (d) Forestoffersprivacy,reduceslightreflection,offersasoundbarrierandhelps

guide wind direction and speed. (e) Trees offers artistic functions such as creating a background, framing a view,

complementing architecture, and so on. (f) Well-managed forests supply higher quality water with less impurity than water

from other resources. 3

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–60Objective Type Answer (1 mark each)

1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (c).Fill in the blanks (1 mark each) 1. loo 2. winter. 3. Gir/lion. 4. Sundari 5. Tropical Deciduous Forests 6. Deciduous 7. Bidi 8. 1973 9. October 10. Tiger and ElephantValued BasedAns. 1. Students should do the map question by themselves. 5

Project WorkThe project work will be done by the students by their own.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–61Objective Type Answer (1 mark each) 1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (a)

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Very Short AnswerAns. 1. : Diversity adds a lot of things in human lives. Diversity in the form of art and

literature, clothes, food, festivals and languages becomes the part and parcel of our lives. Hence, it gives a now outook to the people about the rich heritage of India. 1

Ans. 2. : Nehru said that India’s unity is not something imposed from outside but that it is something deeper and within its fold, the widest tolerance of belief and custom is practised and every variety acknowledged and even encouraged. 1

Short AnswerAns. 1. : The term communalism refers to the tendency of socio-religious groups of a sectarian

exploitation of social traditions as a medium of political moblisation to promote political,social and economic interests of one group even at the expense of or in an antagonistic condition of other groups. 2

Ans. 2. : Kerala basically thrives on agriculture. The main crops are paddy, coconut, pepper, cashew, cassava and plantation crops like rubber and cash crops are tea and coffee, spices, nutmeg and cashew nut. 2

Ans. 3. : The book gives a complete view of Indian history, philosophy and culture. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru studied the history of India starting from the Indus civilization to Aryans invasion and then to the British rule. The effect of these people on Indian culture and their incorporation to Indian society was examined in the book. 2

Long AnswerAns. 1. : Inequality means the unavailability of resources and opportunities for different

people. The caste system is an example of inequality. Inequality has various forms like : Economic inequality comprises all disparities in the distribution of economic assets

and income. Social inequality refers to a lack of social equality, where individuals in a society do

not have equal social status, adequate provisions of healthcare facilities, etc. Political inequality where people are not given the voting rights, freedom of speech

and assembly, freedom to contest elections and so on. 3Valued BasedAns. 1. : (a) There are different religions in India. We speak different languages, have various

types of food, celebrate different festivals. (b) Caste System is an example of inequality. 4

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–62Very Short AnswerAns. 1. : Vasco-De-Gama, the Portuguese explorer, discovered India in the year 1498 A.D. 1Ans. 2. : Thecheena-valaaretheChinesefishingnetsusedatKochiinIndia.Theyareheld

horizontallybylargefixedstructuresandperiodicallyloweredintothewater.Theycannot be moved. 1

Ans. 3. : Hindi and English are the two major languages, which are spoken by Indians. 1Short AnswerAns. 1. : The state of Kerala has the highest literacy rate. The literacy rate in the state is

90.92%.The Government of Kerala initiated a state wide campaign for total literacy in the state. 2

Ans. 2. : The saffron colour indicates renunciation of being impartial. The white in the centre marks the path of truth to guide our conduct. The green shows our relation to soil, to the plant life here on which all other life depends. The Ashoka wheel in the centre is the wheel of law of dharma. 2

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Long Answer 3Ans. 1. :

Kerala Ladakh1. Kerala is a state. 1. Ladakh is a small town in Jammu and

Kashmir.2. It is surrounded by the sea on

one side.2. It is a cold place surrounded with

mountains.3. People practise region such as

Judaism, Islam, Christianity, Hinduism and Buddhism.

3. People practise Buddhism and Islam.

4. It is located in the southern part of India.

4. It is located in the northern part of India.

Very Long AnswerAns. 1. : The State Kerala derives its name from the Malayalam word ‘Kera’ meaning the

coconut palm and ‘Alam’ meaning the place. Coconut forms a part of their daily diet. Coir is an important eco-friendly material and is obtained from the coconut husk.

Kerala is considered to be the largest producer of coir. Products such as flooring,mats,carpets,wallhangingsandbagsaremadefromcoirfiber. 5

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–63Name the following : (1 mark each) 1. Vasco-De-Gama 2. Kashmir 3. Pashmina 4. Kesar Saga 5. St. Thomas 6. Christianity/Hinduism.Fill in the blanks: (1 mark each) 1. languages or diversity. 2. inequality 3. Pashmina 4. Kesar Saga 5. Vasco-Da-Gama 6. Backwaters 7. Ladakh 8. Rabindra Nath Tagore 9. Jawahar Lal Nehru 10. LadakhAnswer the Following 3Ans. 1. : Pheran and Kasaba are the two popular costumes of Ladakh.Ans. 2. : Buddhism and Hinduism are the two important religions of Ladakh.Ans. 3. : Kerala is located in the south-west corner of India.

Project WorkAll the projects will be done by the students by their own.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–64Ans. 1. : (1 mark each)

1. Two surgeons were sitting down to lunch when one of them made a call on the mobile phone

(c) To speak with her daughter who had just returned from school.

2. The boy who won the drawing competi-tion went to the dais.

(d) On a wheelchair to collect his prize.

3. One of the fastest athletes in the world. (a) Suffers from chronic asthma.

4. She was not that well off but had dreamt (b) To become an astronout which she did.

Very Short AnswerAns. 1. : ThefirstpageoftheconstitutionstatesthatallIndiansareentitledtoequalityof

status and opportunity.

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Ans. 2. : Life in the Indian village is economical as people share common facilities such as temples, schools, ponds and grazing grounds. Life in the city is expensive as people have to spend more money on rent and transport. 1

Short AnswerAns. 1. : He was the son of Ramji Maloji Sakpal and Bhimabai Murbadkar. Bhimrao’s native

village name was “Ambavade” in Ratnagiri District so he changed his name from “Sakpal” to “Ambedkar” with the recommendation and faith of Mahadev Ambedkar, his teacher who believed in him. 2

Ans. 2. : Our constitution prohibits beggar and other forms of forced labour. It also prohibits sellingandbuyingofhumanbeing.Accordingtothis,humantrafficking(buyingandselling) is a criminal offence. No one has the right to force another individual to work for him without adequate wages or compensation. 2

Long AnswerAns. 1. : Women in different parts of the world organized and agitated for equal rights. There

were agitations in different countries for the extension of voting rights to women. These agitations demanded political and legal status of women and improved their

educational and job opportunities. These agitations and movements will help to improve their role in the public life. 3

Ans. 2. : Groups of people, who may speak a certain language, follow a particular religion, live inspecificregionetc.maybediscriminatedregardingtheircustomsorlanguagesand may be seen as inferior. Another difference is visible through their economic backgrounds, which further add to their inequality. People who are poor do not have the resources or money to meet their basic needs of food, clothing and shelter. They experienceddiscriminationinoffices,hospitals,schools,etc. 3

Value BasedAns. 1. : (a)Whenwefixpeopleintooneimagewecreateastereotype. (b) Inequality leads to discrimination. (c) Apartheid. 3

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–65Very Short AnswerAns. 1. : The two positive stereotypes on Indian women are that they are more faithful and

spiritual than men. 1Ans. 2. : Discrimination happens when people act on their prejudices or stereotypes. 1Short AnswerAns. 1. : Whenwefixpeopleintooneimagewecreateastereotype.Stereotypesarearesult

of prejudiced opinion, not reason.Media, newspapers, comics, movies, plays create stereotypesinsocietybyportrayingacertaingrouporregioninafixedmanner. 2

Ans. 2. : Fundamental rights are important for the development of an individual. They assured us of our physical, mental and moral development. Without these rights, we cannot make our life happy and prosperous. They provide as a check on the government.

They generate a feeling of security amongst the minorities in the country. 2Ans. 3. : Two positive stereotypes on girls are : (a) Good at cooking, dancing, painting, etc. (b) Favourite colours amongst girls are pink, red and purple. Two negative stereotypes on girls are: (a) Girls are not good at sports. (b) They are talkative. 2Long AnswerAns. 1. : Caste division has not completely disappeared from India. Despite constitutional

prohibition, untouchability is still continuing in India. The lower caste people are still backward in education as well as in their economic condition. In modern India, like in pre-independence the poor are mostly the low castes and the rich are the

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higher castes. All these show that inequalities are still continuing inspite of the vast development that India has achieved. 3

Very Long AnswerAns. 1. : Dr. Ambedkar encouraged Dalits to send their children to school and college. He also

urged Dalits to take on different kinds of government jobs in order to move out of the caste system. He led many efforts for Dalits so as to gain entry into temples. He also believedthatDalitsmustfightagainstthecastesystemandworktowardsasocietybased on respect for all persons. 5

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–66Name the following (1 mark each) 1. Handicapped 2. Kerala 3. Dalit 4. Bombay Presidency 5. Constitution of our country.Fill in the blanks: (1 mark each) 1. Prejudice 2. Mahar 3. Stereotype 4. Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar 5. Dalits 6. Discrimination 7. Kerala 8.TheBahujanSamajParty/KanshiRam 9. Democracy 10. Hierarchical.Answer the followingAns. 1. : Caste system in India India has a hierarchical caste system in the society. The Indian term for caste is jati,

which generally designates a group varying in size from a handful to many thousands. There are thousands of such jatis, and each has its distinctive rules and customs.

Varna (meaning, “colour”) refers to the ancient and somewhat ideal fourfold division of the Hindu society: (1) the Brahmans, the priestly and learned class; (2) the Kshatriyas, the warriors and rulers; (3) the Vaishyas, farmers and merchants; and (4) the Shudras, peasants and laborers. The Caste System was born and maintained by the Brahmins, the priestly class, they are the ones to get more advantage from it.

Ans. 2 : Stereotyping Whenwefixanindividualorgroupintoaparticularframework,wecreateastereotype. Itisapopularbeliefaboutaspecificsocialgroupbasedonassumptionsandnotfacts. Stereotyping creates inequality and discrimination. This further leads to rejection

from the community. 2Project work

The project work will be done by the students by their own.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–67Fill in the blanks (1 mark each) 1. Universal Adult Franchise 2. Monarchy 3. Government 4. National level 5. RepresentativeVery Short Answer (1 mark each)Ans. 1. : The other name for the ‘Union government’ of India is the ‘Central government’.Ans. 2. : India has a democratic type of government.Ans. 3. : The President of India is the head of the executive.Short AnswerAns. 1. : Laws are a system of rules and guidelines enforced in a country. They are necessary for smooth functioning and orderly life. Laws are important to ensure equality and

fairness in society. To implement and enforce laws, there are many institutions such as administration, police and judiciary. 2

Ans. 2. : A monarchy has either a king or a queen. A monarch is not an elected person but gets power in heredity. In some traditional monarchies, the monarch has supreme power.

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However, in a constitutional monarchy, like the UK, the democratic government limits the monarch’s control. 2

Long AnswerAns. 1. : The government works at different levels— 1. Local level – At the local level, it covers the village, town or locality. It is named

as Gram Panchayat or Municipality or Municipal Council. 2. State level –It covers an entire state like Haryana or Asom, etc. A state govern-

ment governs its own state. It does not interfere with other state. 3. National level – Its decision making covers the entire country. 3Value BasedAns. 1. : (a) The way our country has to run is been determined by the government. At each

and every level, government makes laws that citizens have to comply. Government formulates and implements policies and programmes for the socio-economic development of the nation and these directly or indirectly affects our daily life.

(b) Laws are meant for safety and welfare of people. In the absence of laws, there will be inequalityinsocietyastherich,influentialandpowerfulwouldgettheirwayout.2

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–68Very Short Answer (1 mark each)Ans. 1. : The Prime Minister is the head of the government in India.Ans. 2. : The Panchayati Raj system was introduced in India, in order to strengthen grassroots

democracy through democratic decentralisation.Short AnswerAns. 1. : The Parliament of India is the supreme law-making institution. The word Parliament

is derived from the French word Parlement meaning to speak. Every Parliament consists of houses either one or two. The Indian Parliament consists of two houses, namely, the Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha. 2

Ans. 2. : The division of power between the Central, State and the local government is called decentralisation of power. The basic idea of decentralisation is that at the local level the people are able to directly participate in the decision-making process of the government. 2

Ans. 3. : Lok Adalat means people’s court set up for speedy and economical justice to the poor and downtrodden. It prevents delay in justice. The system of Lok Adalat is an improvement in the Indian judicial system and based upon the principles of Mahatma Gandhi. 2

Long AnswerAns. 1. : It is a local government body at the Tehsil or Taluk level in India. It works for the

villages of the Tehsil or Taluk that together are called a ‘Development Block’. It is the link between the ‘Gram Panchayat’ and the ‘District Administration’. (A tehsil consists of a city or town that serves as its headquarters possibly additional towns and a number of villages.) 3

Very Long AnswerAns. 1. : The main features of a democratic country are : (a) People have the power to elect their representative to form and run the

government and also to take decisions on their behalf. (b) The competitive elections are held at regular intervals. (c) There is an aspiration of powers between the three organs of the state i.e.

legislature, executive and judiciary. (d) Freedom of speech and expression. (e) Fundamental rights are enjoyed by its citizens. (f) Effective participation of the people in the decision-making process. 5

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FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–69Write True or False (1 mark each) 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. TrueFill in the blanks (1 mark each) 1. people 2. Democracy 3. Monarchy system 4. 1920 5. Five 6. National level.Answer the followingAns. 1. : Differences between direct democracy and indirect democracy. Adirectdemocracyisapoliticalsysteminwhichallcitizensareallowedtoinfluence

policy by means of a direct vote, or referendum, on any particular issue. Indirect democracy is a term describing means of governance by the people through elected representatives.

Direct democracy functions well in a small community where the citizens can actively participate in the working of the government, but less suited to a big country like India, USA and Canada, etc.

Ans. 2. : Four demerits of a democratic government : (i) In a democratic government, leaders keep changing which leads to instability of

the government. (ii) The elected leaders do not know the best interest of the people. It leads to bad

decision. (iii) Democracy leads to corruption as it is based on electoral competition. (iv) In a democracy, people have to be consulted that leads to delays in the decision

making. 5 Project work 15All the projects will be done by the students by their own.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–70Objective Type Questions (1 mark each) 1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (b).Very Short AnswerAns. 1. : Apartheid was the racial, social policy introduced by the National Party Government

of South Africa in 1948. The apartheid policy was designed to separate black and white South Africans. It was a policy to oppress, dominate and control blacks. 1

Ans. 2. : Social equality means the absence of discrimination on the basis of caste, colour, sex, religion, or language. Under the social equality everyone has equal status and opportunities. 1

Short AnswerAns. 1. : Right to vote is a bed rock of a democratic system. It should be equally available to all.

Citizens cast their vote at regular interval. The constitution of India has introduced universal adult franchise. All the adults above the age of 18 years, irrespective of their castes, colour and sex are entitled to participate in the election. 2

Ans. 2. : The major dispute between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu is water stored in Mettur damandKrishnasagar dambecauseKrishnasagar dam fulfilsKarnataka’s needfor irrigation and Mettur dam is used for crops grown in the delta region of state. Each state want water for its need and claimed more proportion. This dispute is also known as Cauvery River Dispute. 2

Long AnswerAns. 1. : Government is the agency or machinery through which the Will of the State is

formulated and realized. It has the authority to make laws, enforce and regulate laws. It is the instrument of the State.

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In a democracy the representatives (who forms the government) are elected by the people through voting in elections. Representatives take decisions on behalf of the people.Allgovernmentsareelectedforafixedperiodthatisforfiveyears. 3

Value BasedAns. 1. : (a)The government helps the people in resolving the conflicts. Suppose if some

religious processions and celebrations lead to conflicts, the governmentparticularly the police play an important role in getting representatives of the concerned community to meet and try to arrive at a solution. 3

(b) Cauvery Water Dispute.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–71Very Short AnswerAns. 1. : Hector and his classmate were beaten up by the South African Police and shoot at

the crowd. One of their bullets killed Hector. This was on 30th April, 1976. 1Ans. 2. : Hector and his classmate protested against learning the African language in school.

This was the language that the whites spoke. Hector and other school students were being forced to learn this language but they wanted to learn their own language, Zulu. 1

Ans. 3. : Article 17 of the Indian constitution states that untouchablity is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of any disability arising out of “Untouchability’’ shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law. 1

Short AnswerAns. 1 : In a democracy, political equality refers to the amount to which citizens have an

equal voice over governmental decisions. One of the foundational principles in a democracy is the equal consideration of the preferences and interests to all citizens. Everyone has the right to vote whether he is rich or poor, educated or uneducated. 1

Ans. 2. : Election is a tool for selecting representatives in modern democracies. The people choosetheirrepresentativesthroughelectiontoholdpublicoffice.Inacountry,citizenswho are above 18 years of age are entitled to vote. The selected representatives are accountable to the people. 2

Ans. 3. : Our society is divided into many classes, castes, religions and languages. The Constitution places special importance to fraternity which means the spirit of brotherhood.

Itistheprinciplethatgivesunityandsolidaritytosociallife.Itisadifficultthingtoachieve.

Long AnswerAns. 1. : The Prime Minster controls the Cabinet and the Parliament through the party.

He coordinates the works of different departments. He exercises the supervision of different ministries. The Prime Minster distributes and redistributes the work to the ministers. He also has the power to dismiss the ministers and is responsible for advising the President in distribution of work of the government to various departments of the government. 3

Very Long AnswerAns. 1. : The objectives before the country as mentioned in the preamble of the constitution

are Justice, Equality, Fraternity and Liberty. In the Constitution of India, justice means justice for all. Social justice means, justice

for the whole society, no discrimination on the basis of caste or colour. Economic justice implies equal distribution of wealth and political justice means equal participation of every individual to participate in the government.

Liberty: Indian citizens are given freedom of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship.

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Equality: Liberty without equality is meaningless. Every citizen of India is treated equally before law and is ensured equal protection.

Fraternity: It means brotherhood among the people of India. 5

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–72Ans. 1. Fill in the blanks (1 mark each) 1. S.Africa 2. Zulu 3. 1994, 4. Nelson Mandela 5. Five 6. African National Congress,

7. Equality, Justice 8. Untouchability 9. Five 10. Apartheid.Answer the following Ans. 1. : Four important powers of the President : The President appoints the Attorney-

General of India, the judges of the Supreme Court and of the High courts, the Governors, Ambassadors and other diplomatic representatives of India abroad. He has the power to sign all the international treaties and agreements. He represents India in International Conference. A money bill cannot be introduced in the parliament without the approval of the president. He has the power to reduce the punishment that a person receives.

Ans. 2. : Three reasons for conflicts in our society : Religious processions and celebrations of festivals lead to conflicts. Sometimes a river also becomes a source of conflictbetweentwoormorestates.Attimesariver inonestateflowsthroughtheotherandthestatesfightoveritsjurisdiction.Thesharingofriverwaterbetweenstatesbecomesanissueofconflict.

Ans. 3. : Rajya Sabha: In the Parliament, Rajya Sabha is the upper house with 250 members. Out of 250, 238 members are elected by Legislative Assemblies of the State and Union territories. Twelve members are nominated by the President from eminent personalitiesinthefieldsofscience,literature,arts,businessmencommunity,etc.10

Project workAll the project works will done by the students by their own. 10

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–73Name the following (1 mark each)Ans. 1. : Choose the correct option 1. Panchs and sarpanch 2. Natwar and Birju 3. Govt. funds/taxes/donations

4.Sarpanch/wardmembers/secretary5. Developmental plans and money distribution in the district.

Very Short AnswerAns. 1. : The main objective of the village Panchayat is to improve the condition of the villagers

andtomakethemself-sufficient. 1Ans. 2. : GramSabhafinalizesandapprovesthelistofthepeoplebelowthepovertylinein

rural areas. 1Short AnswerAns. 1. : The Gram Sabha is the key factor in making the Gram Panchayat a responsible

local body. It prevents the village Panchayat from doing wrong things like misusing money. It plays an important role in keeping an eye on the elected members. 2

Ans. 2. : The local government develops the feeling of self reliance among the local people. It develops initiative and spirit of co-operation. It trains local people in running the CentralandtheStateadministration.Itfinishesthelocalworkwithspeedandwithminimum expenditure. 2

Long AnswerAns. 1. : The objectives of “watershed development programme” are:- (a)Tocontroldesertification. (b) To encourage restoration of ecological balance. (c) To promote economic development of a village community. 3

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Value BasedAns. 1. : (a) The panchayats have been conceived as development agencies. They aim at

rural development by involving the rural community. Panchayati Raj strengthens the foundation of the Indian democracy. It provides representation to the weaker sections of the society namely, Scheduled Tribes, Scheduled Castes, Other Backward Classes and women. The Gram Panchayat maintains water sources, village wells, tanks and pumps, street lighting and drainage system. The Panchayati Raj system also reduces the burden of the state government. Though the Panchayati Raj system functions independently, but it is the state government that formulates the rules and regulations regarding the functioning of the local self-government. Due to all these reasons, the Panchayati Raj System is very important for the successful administration of a democratic country like India. 4

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–74Very Short AnswerAns. 1. : The Panchs of different Gram Panchayats are awarded with the ‘Nirmal Gram

Puruskar’ by the central government for their excellent work every year. 1Ans. 2. : A Block Samiti is an organization of Panchayati Raj that works at the block level. 1Ans. 3. : Panchayat Secretary is appointed by the government. He looks after the routine

business of the Panchayat. 1Short AnswerAns. 1. : Each village Panchayat is divided into wards i.e divisions into smaller areas. Citizens

of each ward elect a representative who is known as the Ward Member or Panch. All the ward members together make a Panchayat. 2

Ans. 2. : The Ward members (Panchs) and the Sarpanch form the Gram Panchayat.Gram Panchayatiselectedforatermoffiveyears. 2

Ans. 3. : The members of the Gram Panchayat elects the members of the village Panchayat through secret ballots. The number of elected members of a village Panchayat varies from seven to thirty one depending upon the population of the village. 2

Long AnswerAns. 1. :ThequorumforaGramSabhameetingremains1/10th of the total members. It is

importanttohave1/3rd of the quorum as women members. Gram Sabha will work as a supervisory body which audits and regulates the functioning of the Gram Panchayat. Recommendation of the Gram Sabha will be binding on the Gram Panchayat. The secretary of the Gram Panchayat can be removed only if the Gram Sabha approves it.

All the villages within a Gram Panchayat can have a separate Gram Sabha. 3Very Long AnswerAns. 1. : Panchayati Raj system is a local-self government where people participate in their

own government. Panchayati Raj system functions through three tiers of a democratic government.

(a) TheGramPanchayatsarethefirsttierwhereSarpanchandPanchareelectedby the Gram Sabha. The Gram Sabha makes the Gram Panchayat accountable and responsible to the people.

(b) Block level, also known as the Janpad Panch or Panch Samiti, is the second level. It has Gram Panchayat under it.

(c) District Pachayat or Zila Parishad forms the third level. It makes developmental plans at the district level. 5

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–75Fill in the blanks (1 mark each) 1. Grama Sabha 2. Wards 3. Sarpanch 4. 5 years 5. Secretary 6. Panchayati Raj System 7. Block Samiti 8. Zila Parishad 9. Village Panchayat.

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Write two functions each 1. Gram Sabha : (a) Gram Sabha is a body consisting of persons registered in the electoral rolls of a

village or a group of villages, which elect a Panchayat. (b) The key roles entrusted to the Gram Sabha are micro planning, social audit of

Panchayat functioning, ratification of Panchayat accounts, balance sheets,identification and approval of beneficiaries, and supervisory and regulatoryfunctions.

2. Gram Panchayat : (a) To implement the developmental programmes for all villages those come under its

zone. (b) It looks after the construction and maintenance of water sources, roads, drainage,

school buildings and other common property resources.3. Zila Parishad : (a) It examines and approves the budget of panchayat samitis in the district. (b) Issuesdirectionstothepanchayatsamitisforefficientperformanceoftheirfunctions.4. Chairman of Panchayat Samiti: (a) Provides essential services and facilities to the rural population and the planning

and execution of the development programmes for the district. (b) Sets up and runs schools in villages. Executes programmes for adult literacy and

runs libraries.5. Sarpanch : (a) Looks after street lights, construction and repair work of the roads in the villages

and also the village markets, fairs, festivals and celebrations. (b) Keeping a record of births, deaths and marriages in the village.

Project WorkAll the projects will be done by the students on their own. 10

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–76Fill in the blanks (1 mark each) 1. Tehsils 2. Public Works Department 3. Patwari 4.StationHouseOfficer 5. District Collector 6. Districts.Very Short AnswerAns. 1. : TheKhasrarecordconsistsofaplotwisedescriptionofownership,area,classification,

shareofownership,andthestatusthereof.Itidentifieswhichplotoflandisownedby whom. 1

Ans. 2. : TheinchargeofaPolicestationistheStationHouseOfficerorS.H.O. 1Short AnswerAns. 1. : Courage,confidence,sympathyforvictimsofcrimeandweakersections,capacity

to withstand extended working hours, stress management, respect for law, and cool temperamentaresomeoftheattitudesneededbythepoliceofficerstocarryouttheirjobs effetively. 2

Ans. 2. : TheCollectoristhePrincipalRevenueOfficerandHeadoftheRevenueAdministrationin the district. He exercises appellate jurisdiction in revenue cases. The recovery of arrears of land revenue in respect of all Departments is the responsibility of the Collector. 2

Long AnswerAns. 1. : There are a numerous problems been faced by the working of the rural police stations

like:- lack of proper infrastructure, absence of essential minimum needs and facilities for the staff, lack of proper equipment, insufficient residential accommodation of

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the staff, absence of quicker modes of transportation and communication and lesser salaries. 3

Very Long AnswerAns. 1. : Tehsildar of a district is assigned to check the seasonal conditions of crops and listen

tothedifficultiesofthecultivators.Healsotourstheareasaffectedbythenaturalcalamitieslikeflood,drought,earthquake,etc.andproviderelieftothepeople.Onhisreturn from village tour, he prepares reports and recommends it to the government regarding the relief fund to the affected people. He is assisted by a Naib Tehsildar in his work. 3

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–77Very Short Answer (1 mark each)Ans. 1. : Patwari’s main work is to measure land and maintain land records.Ans. 2. : The administrative head of the district is the District Collector. Ans. 3. : The duties of the police towards women and poor people is to behave courteously

towards them. Prevent the harassment of the poor and weaker section of the society To look into their grievances and help them to overcome their problems.

Short AnswerAns. 1. : The main functions of the District Collector are as follows: Collectorisinchargeoflawandorderadministrationinthedistrict.He/Sheperforms

thesupervisoryroleoverthePoliceAdministration.He/Sheadvisesthegovernmenton various aspects of lawand order.He is the pivotal figure in carrying out thedevelopmental programmes. 2

Ans. 2. : The2005Actrectifiesvariousgenderinequalitiespersistingonseveralfrontssuchas agricultural land; Mitakshara joint family property; parental dwelling house; and certain widow’s rights. In the new law sons, daughters and their mothers can get equalshareintheland.Thislawbenefittedalargenumberofwomeninachievingtheir property rights. 2

Long AnswerAns. 1. : There are several reasons for which land records are compulsory. Suppose a farmer

wantstobuyaplotorfield,thenheneedstoauthenticateit.Thiscanbedonethroughthe land records. If a farmer wants a loan from the bank to dig a well in his land, he had to show the land records to proof that the land belongs to him. Moreover, these records are also essential for buying and selling of their properties. Last but not the least, if the farmer wants to divide his property among his children, then the land records are essential. 3

Ans. 2. : One has to register the FIR (First Information Report) in the police station that comes under their area. Every police station has an area that comes under its control. People living in that area can report the police about any theft, accident, injury, etc. It is the duty of the police of that station to enquire, to investigate and take action on the cases within its area. 3

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–78Fill in the blanks (1 mark each)

1. PWD 2. 28 States and 7 union Territories 3. Tehsildar

4. Tehsildar 5. Six lakh 6.StationHouseOfficer 7. Patwari 8. District Collector 9. District collector

10. Tehsildars 11. 2005 12. SSP (DIG)

13. Survey 14. Superintendent of Police. 15. PWD.Answer the following questionsAns. 1. : Three responsibilities of the police: (a) Maintainingthedignityoftheindividualbysafeguardinghis/herfundamental

rights.

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(b) Implementing the law impartially. (c) Investigating crimes and arrest offenders. (d) Maintaining a feeling of security in the community. (e) Protection of weaker sections of the society. (f) Helpinginnaturalcalamities,emergenciesanddisastersasthefirstresponders. (g) Retaining the effective working relations with every sub system of criminal

justice system. (any 3) 3Ans. 2 : Three functions of a Patwari : A Patwari is responsible for a group of villages. His major functions includes : (a) Maintaining and updating the records of the village. (b) The land maps and the corresponding details are kept by the Patwari. (c) Responsible for organizing the collection of land revenue. (d) Report the serious calamities affecting the land or the crops and the severe

outbreaks of diseases amongst men and animals. (e) He must help the headman in revenue collection. (f) He keeps up a diary and a workbook. The entries should be made on the day

on which the events come to the notice of the patwari. (any 3) 3Project Work

All the projects wise be done by the sudents by their own.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–79Objective Type Questions (1 mark each) 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (d).Very Short AnswerAns. 1. : ThepresidingofficerorChairmanofaMunicipalCorporationiscalledaMayor. 1Ans. 2. : The duty levied on goods brought into the town is called an Octroi. 1Short AnswerAns. 1. : Garbageanddirtlyingoverroadsandstreets,ifremainuncollectedattractsflies,

rats, dogs, etc. and this harms the people. People get ill from the smell. After a point, movement of people and playing of children get stopped due to the fear of illness. So to save ourselves from diseases, regular cleaning is required. 2

Ans. 2. : The epidemic has caused mass panic and alarm in the city, the state, and the whole country. Within days of the outbreak about 300,000 people left Surat, and all the work have been ceased. Many people left the state even though there were no positive cases. Trains were not allowed to stop at Surat station. It has cost Surat a huge loss in terms of business. 2

Long AnswerAns. 1. : Urban administration is necessary to provide the basic amenities like street lights,

garbage collection, water supply, keeping the streets and the markets clean, collecting of house tax and water taxes, etc. They are responsible for cleaning of city drainage system, maintenance of parks and market. It had made possible for regulating the urban development and local management of civic facilities. 3

Very Long AnswerAns. 1 : The important functions of Ward Committee are as follows: (a) Supervision of the overall municipal work. (b) Water and sanitation requirements. (c) Identificationofslumsandtheirupgradation. (d) Public health – information dissemination. (e) Environment protection. (f) Supervision of public and physical infrastructure like hospitals, schools and

roads. 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–80Very Short AnswerAns. 1. : Municipality is the local body of the city having a small population. 1Ans. 2. : Adistrictcollectoristhehighestofficerofadistrict.Heisinchargeofmaintaining

law and order in the district. 1

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Short AnswerAns. 1. : The sources of income of the municipalities are very limited while the expenditure is

more than the income. So, the state governments give grants to the municipalities. 2Ans. 2. : Thefollowingqualificationsareneededtobecomethememberofthemunicipality: •ThepersonmustbeacitizenofIndia. •Hisnameshouldbethereinthevoters’list. •Hisminimumageshouldbe25years. •Heshouldnotbeamad,abankruptoracriminal. 2Ans. 3. : EverycorporationhasaChiefExecutiveOfficer.Heisnotelectedbythepeople,but

appointed by the state government. His main function is to implement the decision of the Municipal Corporation. He supervises the work of engineers, doctors and educationists. 2

Long AnswerAns. 1. : Councillors are elected by the people and keep their positions only if they are

reelected.Officials are appointed on themerit basis by councilmanagement to aspecifiedjobswithinthemunicipaladministration.Theyarelikeanyotheremployeeinajob.Officialspossesstheknowledgeandskillsonthetechnicalandspecializedaspects of municipal affairs. Councillors who don’t have this knowledge have to rely on the reports of officials tohelp themmakedecisions.Both theCouncillors andofficialsdecidethepoliciesanddirectionofthemunicipality.Oncethecouncilhasreachedadecisionthenofficialsareexpectedtocarrytheseoutinthemostefficientand cost effective manner. 3

Very Long AnswerAns. 1. : It is the duty of the District Collector to provide various civic amenities and public

services. The district authority repairs and maintains roads and highways. They improve transport facilities, opens hospitals and dispensaries and maintains government buildings.

In recent years, his major task has been to promote education development programme. There is a special department for construction, repair and maintenance of roads. He also supervises and gives direction for the working of the Panchayati Raj. The collector has the power to suspend any member who is misusing his authority by sending the report to the state government. 5

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–81Fill in the blanks (1 mark each)Ans. 1. 1. Corporation 2. Municipality 3. Municipal Commissioner 4. Mayor 5. Municipal

Chairman 6. Ward councilor 7. Wards 8. 5 years 9. Implement 10. Taxes 11. Municipality 12. Mayor 13. Five 14. tax 15. wards.

Write two functions each 1. District Education Officer : (a) The education department of the district is looked after by the District Ins-

pector of Schools. (b) He makes frequent inspections to the schools and looks after the education

department. 2 2. Municipal Corporation : (a) They construct sewage to drain out dirty water from our cities and villages. (b) They protect the people from epidemics and other diseases like small pox and

cholera. (c) The corporation makes arrangements for vaccination of the people. (d) They also construct public latrines and urinals; maintain dispensaries and

hospitals to treat the sick; arrange for water and electricity; maintain and repair roads, bridges and streets and plant trees along the roads for the convenience of the travellers. (any 2) 2

Project WorkBoth the projects will be done by the students by their own. 10

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SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–82Objective Type Questions (1 mark each) 1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (c).Very Short AnswerAns. 1. : Kalpattu is a village close to the sea coast in Tamil Nadu. 1Ans. 2. : The crops grown in Kalpattu village are paddy, coconut, cotton and sugarcane.

Mango orchards are also found in this village. 1Short AnswerAns. 1. : Seasonal unemployment is found basically in agricultural sectors. In industrial

sectors, people are employed normally for all the days in the year. But, this is not true for agriculture. This is due to the fact that agricultural operations require labour only during certain seasons. In between the seasons, the workers in agriculture remain idle or have no productive work to be engaged in. 2

Ans. 2. : Peopleinvillagesnearcoastalareasearntheirlivelihoodbyfishing.Theirhousesareclosetoseaandonefindsrowsofcatamaransandnetslyingaround.Atabout7a.m. there are a lot of activities on beach, this is the time when catamarans return withtheircatchandwomengathertobuyandsellfish. 2

Long AnswerAns. 1. : The three main problems faced by the Indian farmers are : (a) Lack of availability of water for irrigation. The high yielding variety of seeds,

chemical fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, etc., are very expensive. The farmers finditdifficulttopurchasethem.

(b) Most of the farmers have small holdings which are uneconomical. (c) Incaseofacropfailure,itbecomesdifficultinpayingtheloanstakenfromthe

banks and private moneylenders. In order to pay the debts, they are compelled to sell their produce at cheaper rates. 3

Value BasedAns. 1. : The main causes for the backwardness of the Indian agriculture are as follows : (a) The major cause of poverty among India’s rural people is lack of access to

productiveassetsandfinancial resources.High level of illiteracyand lack ofadequate health facilities are also responsible for the poor staying poor in rural India.

(b) The agricultural productivity can be raised by providing the proper marketing facilities, provisions of better irrigational facilities, reduction of population burden on land, development of cottage and small scale industries and encouraging co-operative farming. 4

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–83Very Short AnswerAns. 1. : Pudupet village is situated in Tamil Nadu on the coastal line. 1Ans. 2. : TheeconomyofIndiaisbasedonplanningthroughitsfiveyearplansdevelopedand

executed by the Planning Commission of India. 1Ans. 3. : PanditJawaharlalNehruwasthefirstPrimeMinistertopresenttheFiveYearPlan

to the Parliament of India in 1951. 1Short AnswerAns. 1. : Duringthemonsoonseason,thefishermencannotgototheseabecausethisiswhen

thefishbreed.Thesemonthsarethemostdifficultones.Theysurvivebyborrowingmoneyfromtraders.Becauseofthistheyfaceaproblemofsellingthefishtotraderson low prices and cannot do their own auctions. 2

Ans. 2. : Terrace farming is practised in hilly areas. It helps in stopping soil erosion. The land is cut into steps. Sikkim and Nagaland are the two states where terrace farming is put to use extensively. 2

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Long AnswerAns. 1. : PeopleinPudupetearntheirlivingbyfishing.Theirhousesareclosetotheseaand

aresurroundedwithcatamaransandnets.Early inthemorning,fishermenwiththeircatamaransgetintotheseaforfishingandintheeveningreturnwiththeircatch.Womengathertobuyandsellfishandlatertheyselltheirfishinthelocalmarket. 3

Very Long AnswerAns. 1. : The main causes for the backwardness of the Indian agriculture are as follows : (a) Small and fragmented landholding. (b) Vicious circle of poverty. (c) Excessive dependence on monsoons. (d)Noscientificmethodofcultivation. (e) Floods and droughts. 5

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–84Write True or False: (1 mark each) 1. False 2. True 3. False 4. True 5. True.Fill in the blanks: (1 mark each) 1. Fishing 2. Cities 3. Kalpattu 4. Farmers 5.Thulasi/Ramalingam.Answer the following questions Ans. 1. : Similarities and differences between Shekhar’s and Thulasi’s lives : Shekhar

and Thulasi both live in a village and do hard works for their living. Shekar is the owner of two acres of land while Thulasi and her family have no land of their own.

ThulasidoesworkonthefieldownedbyRamalingamandShekharwerkinaricemill.Atleisure,Thulasidoesherhometaskandgoestocollectfirewoodfromthenearbyforest.ShekarwhilefreefromhisfieldworksinRamalingam’sricemillandhelphimcollecting paddy from nearby villages. 4

Ans. 2. : Zamindari system : 1.ZamindarwasanafficialemployedbytheMughalstocollecttaxesfromplasents. 2. The Zamindar was considered as land-lord and would collect all taxes on his lands. 3. He would hand over the collected takes to the British authorities. 4.TheZamindarsexploitedthefillersandtookthemselvesamajorshareofproduce. 5. The peasent was left with very little and had to borrow money from Zamindars and

in return, they served them as bonded labour, till the debt was repaid. (any three points) 3

Ans. 3. : Life of the fishing community in Pudupet : People in Pudupet earn their living byfishing.Theirhousesareclosetotheseaandweresurroundedwithcatamaransandnets.Earlyinthemorningfishermenwiththeircatamaransgetintotheseaforfishingandintheeveningtheyreturnwiththeircatch.Womengathertobuyandsellfishandlatertheyselltheirfishinthelocalmarket. 3

Project WorkBoth the projects will be done by the students by their own.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–85Fill in the blanks:. (1 mark each) 1. Shopping mall 2. Permanent 3. Casual 4. Self-employed 5. Mahila Gramudyog 6.

Fixed.Very Short AnswerAns. 1. : The art of zari work is centered in Bhopal, the capital city of Madhya Pradesh which

is known for its rich heritage of art and craft. The art is predominant here for the last 300years.ApartfromBhopal,itisproficientextensivelyinGwaliorandIndore. 1

Ans. 2. : Call Centres are usually set up as large rooms with working stations that includes a computer, a telephone set and supervisor’s stations. All computers are linked to a mother computer. 1

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Short AnswerAns. 1. : The ‘labour chowk’ is a place where daily wage labourers assemble to be hired by

an employer. These labourers work as helpers to masons. They dig at construction sites, lift loads or unload trucks in the market, dig pipelines and telephone cables and also build roads. There are thousands of such casual labourers who work in a city. 2

Ans. 2. : Marketing emphasises selling of satisfaction rather than selling a product or service. Thebasicobjectiveistofindwhatthecustomerwantsandtoensurethattheygetthe maximum possible satisfaction. Whereas, selling is concerned merely with the transfer of goods which the seller has already produced. Marketing focuses on the needs of the buyer, and selling, on the needs of the seller. 2

Long AnswerAns. 1. : The working conditions of the non-permanent workers are very depressing. They

are given very minimum pay for their work and if they complain about their pay, they are asked to leave the job. There is no job security or protection if there is ill treatment.They are also expected to work very long hours. For eg., in the cloth mill units the workers work on day and night shifts, with each shift lasting 12 hours. One worker works on one machine for 12 hours and then is replaced by another on the same machine for the next 12 hours. 3

Very Long AnswerAns. 1. : Challenges faced by rural women : (i) Poor resource base and resource quality (small or no agricultural land and

water). (ii) Illiteracy and lack of skill. (iii) Lack of awareness on different government schemes and programmes. (iv) Lack of knowledge of disasters.

Challenges faced by urban women : (i) Lack of employment and irregular jobs. (ii) Lack of job security and low wages. (iii) Lackofsufficientandtimelycreditsupportsystemforpettytrade. (iv) Fear of eviction by police and civic bodies. (v) Congested and hazardous working conditions. 5

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–86Very Short AnswerAns. 1 : A market is a place where buyers and sellers meet to exchange their goods and

services.ThemarketsmaybeinonespecificplacelikeKhanmarketinSouthDelhior do not exist physically at all like online shopping (Internet). 1

Ans. 2 : Vendor is a retail salesperson without an established place of business. Vendors sell things that are regularly prepared at home by their families. For eg., those who sell food or snacks on the streets, prepare most of these at home. 1

Ans. 3. : The price of a good depends on its demand and supply. If the demand is more and the supply is less, the price is likely to be high and vice-versa. 1

Short AnswerAns. 1. : The casual worker is a worker who is employed on a temporary basis with generally

limitedentitlementstobenefitsandlittleornosecurityofemployment.Themainfeature is the absence of a continuing relationship of any stability with an employer, which could lead to their not being considered ‘employees’ at all. 2

Ans. 2. : Markets initially started as marketplaces usually in the hub of villages and towns, for the sale or barter of farm produce, clothing and day to day items. These kinds of street markets developed into a whole variety of consumer-oriented markets, such as shopping centers, supermarkets, or even online markets (internet). 3

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Ans. 3. : 2

Family Community1. It is the smallest unit of civic a life. 1. It is the biggest unit of civic life.2. Consists of parents and children. 2. Consists of people living in one place,

district or country.3. Parents manage affairs. 3. Here, local bodies manage their affairs.

Long Answer 3Ans. 1. : Most of the workers at the labour chowk cannot afford permanent lodging and so

sleep on pavements near the chowk, or they pay ̀ 6 a night for a bed at a nearby night shelter run by the Municipal Corporation. To compensate for the lack of security, local tea shops functions as banks, moneylenders and safety lockers, all rolled into one. Most workers leave their tools at these shops for the night for safekeeping, and pass on any extra money to them. The shopkeepers keep the money safely and also offer loans to labourers in need. Hence, the living conditions of the workers are very poor and depressing.

Ans. 2. : 3

Civic Life Civic Science1. The activities that take place in the

family, school and in neighbourhood houses are called civic life.

1. To understand what civic life mean and how it can be lived happily for the good of the society as a whole is called civic sense.

2. It is important in today’s world. 2. It is necessary for every citizen.

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–87Fill in the blanks (1 mark each) 1. Bihar 2. Showroom 3. Biscuit 4. Permanent 5. Markets 6. Salesperson 7. Factory

8. Workshop 9. Marketing Manager 10. Businessperson.Answer the following 5Ans. 1. : Differences between a permanent or regular jobs and casual jobs : Permanent or regular jobs are secure. People enjoying these jobs are secure and have

abrightfuture.Theyhavefixedworkinghourswithfixedsalaries.Theyareprovidedwith facilities such as Public Provident Fund, medical facilities and can even enjoy holidays, i.e., Sunday, all national holidays and annual leaves.

Casual Jobs : These jobs are on temporary basis. People are employed on daily wages. These jobs are provided by private factories when their search is on full swing. The labourers are forced to do extra hours. But the future is not secured in these kinds of jobs.

Difine the following (1) 1. Showroom: A showroom is a large area used to display goods for sale such

as home appliances, leather goods, food items, automobiles, cosmetic things, furniture, carpet, etc.

2. Business:Abusiness(alsoknownascompany,enterprise,orfirm)isalegallyrecognized organization designed to provide goods, services, or both to consumers or tertiary business in exchange for money.

3. Marketing: Marketing is a social process where in people interact with others, in order to persuade them to act in a particular way, say to purchase a product or a service, rather than forcing them to do so.

4. Citizen: A citizen is a person who has full rights and performs same duties in a state. He is required to take part in the formation of the government directly or indirectly.

5. Workshop: A room, area or small establishment where manual or light industrial work is done.

Project WorkAll the project works will be done by the students by their own.