summer school on energy giacomo ciamician - units.it · today and tomorrow summer school on energy...
TRANSCRIPT
Rodolfo Taccani
University of Trieste
Kreuzbergpass (BZ), Italy
June 17th – 21st, 2019
Power plants: today and tomorrow
Summer School on Energy Giacomo Ciamician
Contents and Objectives
CONTENTS
Background
Power plants today
Power plants tomorrow
Conclusions
OBJECTIVES
Provide information and technical data
on how electricity is produced
and how it could be produced
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Background
3
World electricity generation by fuel used (billion kilowatthours). Projection
according to IEO2013 Sesto 2019
Background
4
Renewable energy and nuclear power are the fastest growing
source of energy consumptionSesto 2019
Contents
Background
Power plants today
Power plants tomorrow
Conclusions
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Electricity production
6
Heat
Steam power plant
Electricity production
7
… from heat to steam
Steam power plant
Electricity production
8
… from steam to electricity
Steam power plant
9
Sesto 03.08.11 - Energia per il domani. R. Taccani...
Same principle
for nuclear as
well!
Steam power plant
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Combined cycle
Gas Turbine Combined Cycle
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Background
11
Coal
Natural gas
Hydro
Nuclear
Liquid
PV
Wind
Biomass
Other
EU power mix in 2000 (left)
and 2013 (right) [18]
EU energy mix in EU 2013 [19]
2000 2013
Sesto 2019
Background
EU data on Renewable Energy Sources exploitation tell that power grid is changing:
• before: few big power plants
• after: many distribuited small size plants mainly based on RES
• Italy number of PV plants in 2007: almost 0.
number of PV plants in 2014: almost 600.000.
• Europe 2000 power mix: PV 0%,
2013 power mix: PV 9%, energy mix PV 2.4%
Subsidies cost: Italy 7 billions, Germany 16 billions, EU 60 billions
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How plants are used
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Coal-fired power plants fleet efficiency over years [10].
Coal fired Power Plants
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Gas turbines and Combined cycle plants BAT efficiency
trend over years [10]
Natural gas fired Power Plants - BAT
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Combined cycle plants fleet efficiency over years. [10]
Natural gas fired Power Plants – Fleet efficiency
Background
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Paid to shut down plants…
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Germany: electricity production and spot price. February 2014 [25].
Background
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[24]
Paid to shut down plants…
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[The Economist]
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Background
21Sesto 2019[ISPRA 2013 [27]]
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600
650
700
750
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Produzione elettrica di origine fossile Produzione termoelettrica
Produzione elettrica totale Consumi elettrici
Emis
sio
ni d
i CO
2p
er
kWh
pro
do
tto
/co
nsu
mat
o
(g C
O2/k
Wh
)
Electric production (fossil fuels)
Total electrical production
Thermoelectric production
Electricity demand
CO
2em
issi
on
s p
er k
Wh
pro
du
ced
/ c
on
sum
ed
(gC
O2/k
Wh
)
CO2 per kWh in Italy. The thermoelectric production encompasses biomass, biogas
and biofuel. In the total production RESs are included. In the electrical consumption
grid losses and electricity import are included. Elaborated from [ISPRA 2013].
Contents
Background
Power plants today
Power plants tomorrow
Conclusions
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Power Plant Efficiency
23
Hybrid Cycles (GT+FC) CCGT
Fuel cells
Micro GT
ICE
GT AD
GT HDStirling engine
Steam
Turbine
Plant size [kW]
Elec
tric
alef
fici
en
cy[%
]
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EU energy trends and market conditions
24
Natural gas as low carbon, complementary fuel• Cleanest fossil fuel with lowest carbon footprint
• Possibility to decarbonize and use for storage
• Well developed infrastrucure in large part of EU Growing attention on energy
efficiency• Primary energy savings and less
energy imports
• Growing role of cogeneration
Decentralisation of energy
supply• Avoidance of transmission losses
• Better alignement of supply and
demand
Growing share of renewable
energy sources in the mix• Intermittent supply from wind and
power
Natural Gas
Distributed
micro-cogeneration
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Distributed Co-generation Concept
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hydrogen
DC electricity
_
+
BATTERYoxygen
water
heat
Fuel cell is an electrochemical energy converter.
FUEL CELL
It converts chemical energy of fuel (H2) directly into electricity.
Fuel cell is like a battery but with constant fuel and oxidant supply.
What is a fuel cells?
What is a fuel cells?
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Sir Grove 1842
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membraneelectrode electrode
MembranePorous
electrode
structure
Carbonsupport
Platinum
PEM Fuel Cell: How does it work?
29
2H+
collector
plate
collector
plate
1/2O2 + 2H+ + 2e-
H2O
2e-
H2OH2
hydrogen feed
O2
oxygen feed
H2 2H+ + 2e-
membraneelectrode electrode
external load
MembranePorous
electrode
structure
Carbonsupport
Platinum
PEM Fuel Cell: How does it work?
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a b
Ascarelli method
Ostwald ripeningCoalescence
Particles size
distribution
Degradation: catalyst particles growing
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fuel cell stack
air compressor
battery
air
humidifier
heat
exchangers
hydrogen tank
water tank
water pump
back-pressure
regulator DC/DC inverter
Actual fuel cell system
main load -
propulsion
motor
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 20 40 60 80 100
power (% of maximum)
effic
iency
(LH
V)
ab
c
d
e
a) Low pressure, low temperature fuel cell system
b) High pressure, high temperature fuel cell system
c) Fuel cell system with an on-board reformer
d) Compression-ignition engine (diesel)
e) Spark-ignition engine
Efficiency of fuel cell vs. car engines
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Example of fuel cell stack (generator)
Power 125 kW
Operating voltage 240-384 Volt
Transient response 10-90% 2 s
Dimension 210x550x900 mm
Weight 140 kg[Nuvera]
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Example of fuel cell distributed cogeneration
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Panasonic
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Example of fuel cell car: Toyota Mirai
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Toyota Mirai (series JPD10)
Toyota Mirai
Overview
Manufacturer Toyota
Production 2015-present
Assembly Japan: Toyota, Aichi (Motomachi plant)[1]
Body and chassis
Class Mid-size
Body style 4-door sedan
Layout Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout
Related Toyota FCV concept
Powertrain
Electric motorFuel cell-powered 113 kW (152 hp)
335 N·m (247 lbf·ft)[2]
Transmission 1-speed
Battery 1.6 kWh Nickel-metal hydride[3][4]
Range 502 km (312 mi) (EPA)[5]
Dimensions
Wheelbase 2,780 mm (109.4 in)[2]
Length 4,890 mm (192.5 in)[2]
Width 1,815 mm (71.5 in)[2]
Height 1,535 mm (60.4 in)[2]
Curb weight 1,850 kg (4,078.6 lb)[2]
Hydrogen grid
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What happened on 11 March 2011? A Compound Event
EarthquakeTime: 14:46 a M9.0 reverse megathrust earthquake. Location: NW Pacific Ocean (38.297°N, 142.372°E).Distance: 129 km (80 miles) E of Sendai. 373 km (231 miles) NE of Tokyo.Aftershocks: 702 of M5.0 or greater.
TsunamiTime: Approx. 15:00-15:45 in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima Prefectures.Height: 5-20 metres in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima.
Casualties and Damage (11 April 2012 – National Police Agency Website)Dead: 15,856 Missing: 3,070 Injured: 6,027129,404 buildings totally destroyed, 255,737 buildings partially destroyed.26.7 million tons of debris (Asahi Shimbunsha, 2011).
Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power PlantCooling systems flooded and failed.Hydrogen explosions at Units 1, 3, and 4.Units 1, 2, and 3 experienced full meltdown.Evacuation within 20km radius, plus other areas (Iitate Town). 20-30km remain indoors.
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Which alternatives?
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http://www.scientificamerican.com 2016
Japan Bets on a Hydrogen-Fueled Future
http://www.japantimes.co.jp 2016/03/08
Wind power to produce hydrogen in
Fukushima
The post Fukuschima strategy
Distributed cogeneration
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Panasonic
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The Ene Farm Project – Residential fuel cells
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Ene-Farm micro-CHP costs and installation base.
Source: METI, New Era of a Hydrogen Society, February 27, 2018.
Which battery?
Lithium batteries:• High energy / power
density
• High charge/discharge
efficiencies
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Which battery
Lithium
battery
cost
expected to
decrease
Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance - 2012
Lithium battery pack cost and production, 2010-30
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Conclusions
• RES in EU: power covered for 9%, energy 2.4%. RES, in the short term, are not
bringing only benefits.
• Micro-cogeneration can mitigate some of the drawbacks and facilitate RES
exploitation.
• Distributed storage seems to be mandatory to better exploit RES and conventional
power plants.
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