supercapacitor or battery - ee publishers · lk is leakage resistance and r ct is the resistance of...

Supercapacitor or Battery

by Dr. Farshad Barzegar, University of Pretoria

Outline

What is

Supercapacitors?

Supercapacitors vs

BatteriesConcluding remarks

Supercapacitor

Applications

History of the Supercapacitor

3

NEC

SupercapacitorIn 1740, Ewald Georg von Kleist

constructed the first capacitor.

In the same year Pieter von

Musschenboek invented the Leyden

Jar.

Ben Franklin soon found out a flat

piece of glass can be used in place

of the jar model.

The Electric Double Layer

Capacitor effect was first noticed

in 1957 by General Electric.

Standard Oil of Ohio re-discovered

this effect in 1966.

Standard Oil of Ohio gave the

licensing to NEC, which in 1978

marketed the product as a

“supercapacitor”.

What is Supercapacitors?

4

Supercapacitors perform mid-way

between conventional capacitors

and electrochemical cells

(batteries).

Fast Charge and Fast Discharge Capability (seconds)

High Power Density (>2kW/kg),

Lower energy than a battery

Highly reversible process, >500,000’s of cycles Wider Operating Temperature (-40℃ ~ 70℃)

Eco-friendly and safe

5

Supercapacitors vs Batteries

Supercapacitor Battery

AvailablePerformance

Supercapacitor

Charge/Discharge Time 0.3 to 30 s

Energy Storage W-Sec of energy

Energy (Wh/kg) 1 to 10

Cycle Life >500,000

Specific Power (W/kg) <10,000

Charge/discharge efficiency

0.85 to 0.98

AvailablePerformance

Battery

Charge/Discharge Time 0.5 to 10 hrs

Energy Storage W-Hr of energy

Energy (Wh/kg) 8 to 700

Cycle Life <1,500

Specific Power (W/kg) <1000

Charge/discharge efficiency

0.7 to 0.85

Supercapacitors vs Batteries

6

1

2

3

4

Supercapacitors

Lead-acid AGM battery

Nickel–metal hydride battery

Lithium-ion battery

Which one?0

1

2

3

4Efficiency

Self Discharge

Availability

Cycle Stability

Energy Density

Power Density

Energy Cost

Power Cost

System Cost

Safety

Recycling

Environment

Temperature Range

Charge Acceptance

Supercapacitors Pb-AGM batteries NiMH batteries Li Ion batterieswww.maxwell.com

Ragone plotP. Simon and Y. Gogotsi, Nat. Mater., 2008, 7, 845–854

Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon Aerogels

Activated Carbons

Templated Mesoporous Carbons

01

02

04

03

EDLC Carbon

Iron(III) oxide

Ruthenium Oxide

Vanadium(V) oxideManganese Dioxide

01 04

02

03

PC

Supercapacitor applications

10

1

3

4

2

12

3

1

4

Solar Energy

Digital Camera

Audio Player

Flashlight

Road Sign

Wind Mill – Solar Tracking

Electric Car – Golf Car

UPS

Motor Starter

Controller

Power

PowerSupport

MemoryBack-up

EnergyStorage

4 Robot

2 Hybrid Car

3 Smart Meter

5 Copy Machine

Digital Camera

3Wireless Device

1Mobile Phone

2

4Solar Watch

5Remote Control

11

SC

Wind turbine

12

Optimizing your system design

✓You can combine an supercapacitor and a battery to optimizing your

system design.

✓The high power pulses are provided by the supercapacitor, while the

large energy requirement is provided by the battery.

NEC/TOKIN hybrid system

13

Supercapacitor is connected in parallel to Dry battery

379

673 (80% increase)

Without Supercapacitor

With Supercapacitor

Operating life (Number of photos)

Rockster R1100DE hybrid rock crusher

14

Power peaks are smooth bysupercapacitors.The fuel consumption is reduced and throughthe use of virtually maintenance-free electricmotors also maintenance costs areminimized.

With this technology you can save up to16,000 liters (20,800$ if Diesel = $1.30 /ltr) ofdiesel annually.

Komatsu hybrid system

15

Cat hybrid system

Caterpillar 6120B H FS hybrid Mining Shovel

16

www.cat.com

• 1400 Tons• Bucket volume 46 to 65 m3 (size depends on material density)• Internal combustion engine power 4500 hp (3360 kW)• Machine power 8,000 hp (using IC engine + energy storage)• 48 MJ capacitor energy storage (4700 cells each rated at 3000 F, 2.7 V)• Cut fuel cost per ton by at least 25%

Hybrid Rubber Tired Gantry Crane (RTGC)

TCM corporation

17

• 7 MJ Capacitor• 38 % Fuel Saving / Significant Emission Reduction

Capacitor Storage

T. Furukawa: DLCAP energy storage system multiple application, Proc. Adv. Capacitor World Summit, San Diego (2006)

Ar Vag Tredan (Electric boat)

18

• Electric passenger ship, powered by supercapacitor, operated in the harbor of Lorient.

• Passenger capacity: 147• Absence of CO2 emission, noise and vibration• Recyclable materials • 25 m² of photovoltaic panels supply the entire low voltage network (lighting of navigation and remote control

equipment)• Cruise speed: 10 knots

www.enerzine.com

CSR Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive

19

Electric bus with the fastest charging time in the world (10 sec ) Charging takes 30 sec and can power the train for 2 km

Shanghai Sunwin Bus Corporation

20

SWB6121SC

SWB6121EV2

www.sunwinbus.com

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t3rg-SsPJuU

Business Case for Battery Hybridization

21

Example: 40,000 lb city transit bus

• 33 mph velocity: 2 MJ → 0.56 kWh of kinetic energy (1kWh = 3.6MJ)

• Value electrical energy at $0.15/kWh

• Thus bus kinetic energy worth 0.56 x $0.15 = 8¢

• Assume round trip efficiency ~50% (value of energy 4¢)

• Assume 1000 stop cycles/day with 330 days/year operation

• Annual energy savings = 1000 x 330 x 4¢ = $13.200

• 3 MJ battery storage cells cost ≈ $750

• Battery storage system life ~2

Supercapacitor

75% ~6¢

6¢ $20,000

Supercapacitor$10,000

>> 4 years

• Saving after 2 years = (2 x $13.200) - $750 = $25,650

Supercapacitor

6 (6 x $20,000) - $10,000 = $110,000

In 6 year = $76,950

22

Concluding remarks

Summary

1

2

3

4

Supercapacitor have very attractive features• High cycle life• Excellent reliability• Maintenance-free operation• Wide Operating Temperature

Supercapacitor technology has lower life-cycle cost compare toBattery technology

Supercapacitor shows good potential in Power, Power support,Energy storage and Memory Back-up application

thanksF O R Y O U R P A T I E N C E

dankie

ngiyabonga

ありがとう 감사합니다

gracias merci grazie

спасибо

谢谢

متشکرم

شکرا ً

dankeתודהeυχαριστώ

QUESTIONAND

ANSWERSATION

26

Centre for New Energy Studies (CNES)

Our research

27

3D Simulation of supercapacitor

Three dimension (3D) modelling of supercapacitors (SCs) has been

investigated for the first time to have a better understanding and

study the effect of each parameter on the final electrochemical

results.

Making supercapacitors

Making a new material that has great potential for high performance

electrode in energy storage applications.

Investigate effect of radiation

Study the effect of radiation dose on the electrochemical performance

of activated carbon-based supercapacitor.




Using supercapacitor in real application

Investigates the benefits that supercapacitors bring to existing

systems.


28





results.












systems.



Three dimension modelling of the components in supercapacitors for proper understanding and contribution of each parameter to the final electrochemical performance

29

Most researchers have tried to

explain the EDLCs for ECs, however,

none of the reports clearly

explained effect and reflection of

each component on the final stored

energy.

The verification and confirmation of

the proposed model, was carried

out experimentally with activated

carbon-based materials in

laboratory.

we study and provide a deep

understanding of the electrical

behaviour of ECs and the effect of

each component to the final

electrochemical performance.

Existing model

30

RC circuit model Three branch RC circuit model Transmission line model

The model show a suitableconnection with experimentalresults, however, the models have aweakness taking into account thatthe circuit components lack aphysical meaning.

The simple RC circuit modelcannot be used to probe porousnature of the electrodes or showthe behaviour of EDLCs over afrequency range accurately.

Mentioned model are incomplete models for actual ECs andcannot be used to examine resistances of each parameter ofECs (active material, electrolyte, separator and etc.)individually and their focus is mostly on the EDLCs material.

R element presents resistance, L element presents inductance and C is the capacitor.

31

Electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs)

Resistance of the electrolyte (Re), Active materials resistance (RC), Membrane resistance (Rm), Leakage resistance (Rlk), Inductance (L) and Ideal capacitor behavior (C).

32

Redox electrochemical capacitors (RECs)

Resistance of the electrolyte (Re), Active materials resistance (RC), Membrane resistance (Rm), Faradic part of material resistance (Rf), Leakage resistance (Rlk), Inductance (L) and Ideal capacitor behavior (C)

Hybrid 2D electrical equivalent model of practical ECs

33

Hybrid 3D electrical equivalent model of practical supercapacitors

34

Simulation Results

35

(a) EIS plot, (b) the phase angle versus frequency and (c) CV curves of simulation

a b c

Simulations in Matlab/Simulink is conducted using Simpower GUI. A saw tooth wave with the maximum voltage of 1 V and frequency of 0.01 is used to charge and discharge the cell.

Re represents the resistance of the electrolyte, Rm is the resistance of membrane, Rc is a resistance of current collector andelectrode materials, Rlk is leakage resistance and Rct is the resistance of the Faradic part of the material

Laboratory results

36

(a) EIS plot, (b) the phase angle versus frequency and, (c) CV curves at scan rates of 20 mV s-1 of material in reality

37





results.












systems.



38

Materials Electrolytes Design

Activated carbon (AC)Activated expanded graphite (AEG)Pinecone activated carbon (PAC)Activated carbon/Manganese (AC/Mn)Different Micro- and Mesopores StructureZnxCo3−xS4 Hybrid microstructuresMoS2

AqueousOrganic Solvent SolutionsIonic LiquidsPolymer and Gel Electrolytes

Normal SupercapacitorMicro supercapacitor

Design

Electrolytes

Materials

Activated carbon from different sources

39

Sugar-based

Polymer-based

Expandable Graphite-based

Coconut-based

Polymer-based

Pinecone-based

Different design of supercapacitors

40

NormalSupercapacitor

Micro supercapacitor

41

P. Simon and Y. Gogotsi, Nat. Mater., 2008, 7, 845–854

42





results.












systems.


The Electromagnetic Wave Spectrum

43

Influence of microwave irradiation exposure on electrodes material

44

S i m p l e v e r y s m a l l e n e r g y

S a f eS h o r t t i m e 3 4

21

45

Low and high magnification SEM image of (a) and (b)ACGF, (c) and (d) ACCNT, (e) and (f) ACEG

Before microwave irradiation

Low and high magnification SEM image of (a) and (b)mACGF, (c) and (d) mACCNT, (e) and (f) mACEG

After microwave irradiation

SampleSurface area(m2/g)

Microporevolume a

(cm3/g)

Pore diameter b

(nm)

mACGF 1163 0.400 2.65ACGF 1124 0.388 2.8mACCNT 930 0.232 3.06ACCNT 1071 0.186 3.1mACEG 1131 0.293 2.98ACEG 627 0.177 29.8

Surface area, micropore, cumulative volume and pore size of the samples

+3.5 %

-13.1 %

+66.5 %

46

(a) The comparison of CV curves in 6M KOH electrolytes at the scan rate of 20 mV s-1, (b) The comparison of the galvanostatic charge/discharge curves at 0.5 A g-1and, (c) The Nyquist plots of different samples

(a) CV curves at scan rates from 5 to 100 m Vs-1 and, (b) the galvanostatic charge/discharge curves from 0.5 to 10 A g-1 for the mACEG sample and, (c) the specific capacitance as function of the current density

(a) EIS plot and fitting curve, (b) the real and the imaginary part of the material capacitance as a function of frequency and, (c) Bode phase angle of mACEG

17 %

128 %

Influence of electron irradiation exposure on full cell

47

Laplace DLTS spectra of the radiation-induced E3 defect in GaAs

(n-type GaAs (doped to 1 x 1015 cm-3 with Si))

48

(a) and (b) full and zoom part of CV curves at scan rates 20 m Vs-1 and, (c) and (d) full and zoom part of galvanostatic charge/discharge curves from 0.5 A g-1 of the PPAC cell during radiation and after radiation time

(a) Capacitance versus time, (b) normalized energy density versus time, (c) EIS plot and (d) Bode phase angle of sample during radiation and after radiation time

49





results.












systems.


Battery/Supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system for electric vehicles

50

Hybrid Energy Storage System

On-board EMS

Power electronics

Electric vehicle

Motion controller

EV motion dynamics

51

SC modeling

Controller design

52

Speed trackingEnsures dynamic response of the vehicle

Battery protectionProlongs battery life, reduces costs

Control objectives

Current limits

SOC limits

Velocity limit

Constraints

Model predictive controlAbility to look-aheadConstraints handling in the design

Receding horizon control procedureDefine

Solve

Implement

Control method

Simulation setup

53

Parameters

❑ The urban dynamometer driving schedule

❑ The European extra urban driving cycle

Driving cyclesbattery → low frequency power std(vr− v) = 0.56 m/s max(|vr −v|) = 6.16 m/s

battery → low frequency power std(vr− v) = 0.03 m/s max(|vr −v|) = 1.21 m/s

UDDS results

EUDC results

54

battery → low frequency power std(vr− v) = 0.09 m/s max(|vr −v|) = 0.93 m/s

01

02

03

Battery supercapacitor HESSSupercapacitors helps to reduce abruptcharge/discharge of batteriesHas the advantage of both longer drive range andbetter dynamic control

The MPC controllerShown to be effectiveGood speed tracking and power split control

Performance vs. driving cycleThe performance of the vehicle is directly affected bythe driving cycleThe smoother the speed profile, the better the control

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