superconducting magnetic energy storage (smes) for power … · 2017-05-03 · 1 superconducting...

1 1

Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) for Improved Power

Quality

Shuki Wolfus, Alex Friedman, Yasha Nikulshin, Eli Perel & Yosi Yeshurun

Institute of Superconductivity, Department of Physics Bar-Ilan University

Ø  Circulating current in a coil generates magnetic field, B

Ø  The energy stored in space is proportional to B2

2 2

Energy in Coils

E = 12LI 2

If the coil is superconducting, its current doesn’t decay The coil becomes an energy storing device

Limitations:

Ø  Switching voltage and efficiency

Ø  Winding insulation / coil breakdown

3 3

High-Power Capability

V = L dIdt

Power capability of the SMES depends on its discharge rate

9 P. TixadorInstitut Néel, G2Elab

2011 ESASSummer school

Energy and power densities

Ragone chart:

Performance

comparison

of storing

devices

Performances

0,001

0,01

0,1

1

10

100

1000

104

105

0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000Mass

spe

cific

power

(kW

/kg)

Mass specific energy (Wh/kg)

Super

capacitor

Batteries

Dielect

ric

capa

cito

r

SMES

Batteries

Fly-

wheel



SMES application

0,001

0,01

0,1

1

10

100

1000

104

105

0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000Mass

spe

cific

power

(kW

/kg)


Super

capacitors

Batteries

Dielect

ric

capa

cito

rs

SMES

Batteries

Performances

Disch

arg

ing

time

Power

SMESHigh power

supercaps

Hours

Seconds

MinutesHigh power flywheels

Ni-Cd batteries

Lead-acid batteries

Lo

ng

du

ra.

fly

wh

.

Li-ion batteries

NaS batteriesHigh energy

supercaps

Pumped

hydro

CAES

Metal-air

batteriesFlow batteries

100 MW100 kW1 kW

www.electricitystorage.org

4 4

SMES Power Density

Comparison to other energy storage technologies

P. Tixador, ESAS 2011

5 5

SMES Applications

SMES main advantage is in the high-power short-time regime



Energy and power densities

Ragone chart:

Performance

comparison

of storing

devices

Performances

0,001

0,01

0,1

1

10

100

1000

104

105

0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000Mass

spe

cific

power

(kW

/kg)


Super

capacitor

Batteries

Dielect

ric

capa

cito

r

SMES

Batteries

Fly-

wheel



SMES application

0,001

0,01

0,1

1

10

100

1000

104

105

0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000Mass

spe

cific

power

(kW

/kg)


Super

capacitors

Batteries

Dielect

ric

capa

cito

rs

SMES

Batteries

Performances

Disch

arg

ing

time

Power

SMESHigh power

supercaps

Hours

Seconds

MinutesHigh power flywheels

Ni-Cd batteries

Lead-acid batteries

Lo

ng

du

ra.

fly

wh

.

Li-ion batteries

NaS batteriesHigh energy

supercaps

Pumped

hydro

CAES

Metal-air

batteriesFlow batteries

100 MW100 kW1 kW

www.electricitystorage.org

Ideal for handling power quality issues

P. Tixador, ESAS 2011

6 6

PQ Cost to EU Economy

European Power Quality Survey Report

7

www.leonardo-energy.org

caused by poor PQ is 4% of annual turnover. The services model The model estimation of wastage caused by poor PQ is 0,1419% of annual turnover. Statistical bias is real danger in research like this, especially in terms of how representative the study is of the target universe. This was however resolved once the random and statistically based samples were checked. The regression analysis applied to this PQ Survey project proved that the samples and models are large and good enough to conclude that the variation explained by the model is not due to chance and that the relationship between the model and the dependent variable - annual PQ costs - is very strong. The charts in Figure 1 present the cost extrapolations of wastage caused by the range of PQ phenomena throughout the sectors investigated in EU-25: PQ cost is characterized by disturbance type (absolute value in € bln and % value of total cost) and cost components.

Figure 1: Extrapolation of PQ cost to EU economy in LPQI surveyed sectors

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0TotalServicesIndustry

4,2

0

4,1

53,4

2,1

51,2

1,31,10,2

6,4

1,84,6

86,5

1,5

85REMARKSStandard errorof estimation:industry +/-5% basedon regression only and+/- 2,54% variancecorrected services+/-12,93%, +/-11,91%respectivelyBanks excluded

PQ cost in EU>150 bln €

Flicker unbalance earthing and EMCSurges and transientsHarmonicsLong interruptionsDips and short interruptions

30,1

2,9

64

0,4

63,6

37,9

2

36

44,6

3,3

41,3

2,20,91,4

TotalServicesIndustry

Other costEquipmentProcess slowdownWIPLabor

PQcost

inbln€

J. Manston & R. Targosz European Power Quality Survey Report, 2008

7 7

Industries sensitive to PQ disturbances

J. Manston & R. Targosz European Power Quality Survey Report, 2008

European Power Quality Survey Report

17

www.leonardo-energy.org

Figure 10: LPQI survey, PQ disturbance frequency, dips, interruptions, surges and

transients

These are annualised data giving the frequency of disturbances per sector. In this figure one metals company claiming short interruptions every day has been filtered to avoid distorting the overall picture.

Figure 11: LPQI survey, Frequency – annual time occurrence in %, harmonics,

flicker

8 8

Technology Challenges

Ø  Magnetic Design (field intensity, stored energy, coil configuration, stray fields, foot print…)

Ø  Cryostat and magnet cooling (conduction vs. liquid cooling, heat flow, heat drain, maintenance…)

Ø  Superconductor (wire development, AC losses, quench

protection, stabilization…)

Ø  Power electronics (logic, switching, components, losses, algorithm, control…)



I

ToroidSolenoid

Magnet topologies

Magnet



SMES magnet topology

Simple structure Stray fieldSOLENOID High stored energy Large coils

per conductor unit

TOROID Low stray fields Lower stored energy Smaller unit coils per conductor unit

Mechanical structure

Mechanics: very importantSMES magnets subject to strong Lorentz forces,

If not properly handled, rated performances not achieved.

Magnet

9 9

BIU’s HTS SMES (Old)

Main achievements: Ø  World’s first LN2 cooled operating HTS SMES 3-phase, 400 V, 1 kJ, 20 kW Ø  Special geometry Iron core increased energy gain reduced self field Ø  Novel converter circuit

Simultaneous charge & discharge increased device power

Ministry of National Infrastructure - Israel Electric Company (IEC)

10 10

BIU’s New SMES

Features

Ø  1MJ, 1MW

Ø  Solenoid design with field shielding

Ø  New, state-of-the-art MgB2 superconducting wires

Ø  Conduction cooling at 10K

11 11

BIU’s New SMES

!500$

!400$

!300$

!200$

!100$

0$

100$

200$

300$

400$

500$

0$ 0.005$ 0.01$ 0.015$ 0.02$ 0.025$ 0.03$

V$corrected$

Reference$

V$Interrupted$

12 12

Worldwide SMES Projects - China

1-MJ/0.5-MVA SMES that incorporates Bi-2223 wire. Baiyan substation in Gansu Province since 2011

A. Wolsky, “A roadmap to future use of HTS by the power sector”, 2012

13 13

Chubu Electric - Japan

19MJ/10-MVA SMES that incorporates NbTi wire. 2007

14 14

Brookhaven, ABB, SuperPower & Huston Univ. - USA

1.7MJ/10-kVA SMES for military micro-grids . 2015

15 15

Hybrid SMES - The Futuristic Vision

1362 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY, VOL. 21, NO. 3, JUNE 2011

LIQHYSMES—A Novel Energy Storage Concept forVariable Renewable Energy Sources Using Hydrogen

and SMESMichael Sander and Rainer Gehring

Abstract—A new energy storage concept is proposed that com-bines the use of liquid hydrogen (LH2) with Superconducting Mag-netic Energy Storage (SMES). The anticipated increase of the con-tribution of intermittent renewable power plants like wind or solarfarms will substantially increase the need for balancing demandsand supplies from seconds to several hours or even days. LH2 withits high volumetric energy density is the prime candidate for largescale stationary energy storage but balancing load or supply fluctu-ations with hydrogen alone is unrealistic due to the losses related tothe re-conversion into electricity and also due to the response timesof the flow control. To operate the hydrogen part more steadilysome short-term electrical energy storage will be needed. Here aSMES based on High Temperature Superconductors (HTS) is pro-posed for this purpose which could be operated in the LH2 bath.With this approach the cryogenics-related costs for the SMES arewidely cut. The concept is introduced. Simple simulations on thebuffering behavior and comparisons of different plant types arepresented.

Index Terms—AC loss, energy storage, high-temperature super-conductors, hydrogen, superconducting magnets.

I. INTRODUCTION

A SUBSTANTIAL increase of the contribution of renew-able energy sources to both mobility and electric power

is anticipated for the next decades, and this will also increasethe need for balancing supplies and demands. For both fields,hydrogen (H2) produced in electrolytic processes could, to-gether with fuel cells (or gas turbines & generators), becomea generally applicable fuel and energy carrier of unlimitedavailability. A combined plant for liquid hydrogen productionand electrical energy storage is proposed which uses liquidhydrogen (LH2) as the bulk energy carrier. Superconductingmagnetic energy storage (SMES) e.g. based on 123-HTSCoated Conductors (CC) or Bi-2223-HTS which both could beoperated at LH2 temperature, allows operating the hydrogenpart more smoothly [1], [2]. The LH2 could thus not only beused for very compact energy storage but also for cooling theSMES [3]. With this approach the cryogenics-related costsfor the SMES are widely cut. Fig. 1 shows the concept forsuch a LIQHYSMES hybrid plant (combination of LIQuidHYdrogen and SMES). It consists of three major parts: the

Manuscript received August 01, 2010; accepted October 05, 2010. Date ofpublication November 11, 2010; date of current version May 27, 2011.

M. Sander is with Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute forTechnical Physics (ITEP), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggen-stein-Leopoldshafen, Germany (e-mail: [email protected]).

Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available onlineat http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TASC.2010.2088359

Fig. 1. Concept of the LIQHYSMES Hybrid Plant consisting of three majorparts: the Electrochemical Energy Storage (EES), the Superconducting Mag-netic Energy Storage (SMES) and the Power Conversion & Control Unit (PCC).

Electrochemical Energy Storage (EES), the SMES and thePower Conversion & Control Unit (PCC). All three units haveto be strictly based on modularity, so that, depending on thecurrent operating requirements, blocks of e.g. electrolyzer orfuel cells can be switched on or off on a minute time scale.The electrical energy storage may be further combined with theproduction of H2 fuel in compressed or liquid form.

Table I gives the major plant parameters like power, energyand the loss assumptions which have been used to crudely simu-late the buffering behavior of a simplified LIQHYSMES modelplant. For comparison, also estimates for a SMES based on NbTiwires (e.g. incorporated in an inner LHe tank shielded by theLH2 tank), are given. A first estimate of the anticipated plantscharacteristics is presented in the following.

II. RAMPING LOSSES OF THE SMES

The conductor losses in the SMES are estimated as follows:Since the ramping processes considered here are very slow(447 sec), eddy current and coupling losses are neglected here.As could be shown in [4], for high magnetic fields and veryslow changes the hysteretic magnetization losses of CC arewell approximated by the critical state model, and the transportlosses can be neglected. At high magnetic fields the individualCC tapes e.g. in a Roebel cable, are essentially decoupled[5], i.e. mutual interactions among neighbor tapes are muchsmaller than those with the central coil field. Consequently,the locally occurring volumetric losses don’t explicitly depend

1051-8223/$26.00 © 2010 IEEE

M. Sander and R. Gehing, IEEE TRANS. ON APPL. SUPERCON., 21, 1362 (2011)

superconducting magnetic energy storage (smes) for power … · 2017-05-03 · 1 superconducting...

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