superconductivity in poweriee.azc.uam.mx/files/virtual/presentacionfrederic.pdf · 2021. 3. 30. ·...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Superconductivity in Poweriee.azc.uam.mx/files/virtual/PresentacionFrederic.pdf · 2021. 3. 30. · High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) Discovered in the 80s (BSCCO and YBCO), in](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614ade0a12c9616cbc69b19d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Ingeniería Eléctrica y temas afines
Superconductivity in Power Systems Engineering
Frederic TrillaudInstitute of EngineeringNational Autonomous University of Mexico
08/02/21
![Page 2: Superconductivity in Poweriee.azc.uam.mx/files/virtual/PresentacionFrederic.pdf · 2021. 3. 30. · High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) Discovered in the 80s (BSCCO and YBCO), in](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614ade0a12c9616cbc69b19d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Content❖ Low Temperature Superconductors (LTS)
❖ High Temperature Superconductors (HTS)
❖ Superconductivity: basic property
❖ Critical surface
❖ Applications in Power Systems Engineering (PSE)
❖ A couple of videos: application and potential issue
❖ REBCO technology (commercial tape)
❖ Modelling in PSE
❖ Current projects and status
❖ Conclusion
❖ “Posgrado en Ingeniería de la UNAM”
2
![Page 3: Superconductivity in Poweriee.azc.uam.mx/files/virtual/PresentacionFrederic.pdf · 2021. 3. 30. · High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) Discovered in the 80s (BSCCO and YBCO), in](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614ade0a12c9616cbc69b19d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Low Temperature Superconductors (LTS)❖ Discovered in the 60s
❖ “Low temperature” -> operated in liquid helium (boiling point: 4.2 K or -269ºC)
❖ NbTi: the first and most superconductor used in actual applications (very manuable)
❖ Nb3Sn: next generation(?) with better characteristics (heat treatment required and brittle)
3Luvata: https://www.luvata.com/products/superconductors http://www.hypertechresearch.com/nb3sn%20wire.htm
0.7 mm
NbTi Nb3Sn
![Page 4: Superconductivity in Poweriee.azc.uam.mx/files/virtual/PresentacionFrederic.pdf · 2021. 3. 30. · High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) Discovered in the 80s (BSCCO and YBCO), in](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614ade0a12c9616cbc69b19d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
High Temperature Superconductor (HTS)❖ Discovered in the 80s (BSCCO and YBCO), in 2001 for MgB2
❖ “High temperature” -> operated above 10 K using liquid hydrogen (LH at 20 K) or liquid nitrogen (LN2 at 77.3 K)
❖ Family of BSCCO (Bi2223 and Bi2212): the most used, very sturdy (tapes and wires)
❖ REBCO, GdBCO or YBCO: trendy due to its high current density, but fragile technology
❖ MgB2: in development, promising to be the cheapest technology. Very similar to Nb3Sn technology
4
1 mmDI-BSCCO
https://sumitomoelectric.com https://www.nanowerk.com/news2/newsid=32602.php
http://www.hypertechresearch.com/mgb2%20wire.htm
1 mm∼
![Page 5: Superconductivity in Poweriee.azc.uam.mx/files/virtual/PresentacionFrederic.pdf · 2021. 3. 30. · High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) Discovered in the 80s (BSCCO and YBCO), in](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614ade0a12c9616cbc69b19d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Basic property❖ What makes a conductor “a superconductor”?
❖ One fundamental property: No resistance therefore no Joule dissipation at low temperature and under certain conditions
❖ What are these conditions? -> depend on the material
❖ Low temperature (below -163ºC)
❖ Maximum magnetic field (larger than any field produced in an electrical machine!)
❖ Maximum current (very high energy density, > 100 A in 1 m x 4 mm layer at -196ºC in self-field)
❖ Introduction of critical values: critical temperature (Tc), critical magnetic field (Hc) and critical current (Ic)
μ
5
![Page 6: Superconductivity in Poweriee.azc.uam.mx/files/virtual/PresentacionFrederic.pdf · 2021. 3. 30. · High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) Discovered in the 80s (BSCCO and YBCO), in](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614ade0a12c9616cbc69b19d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Critical values❖ The critical values are the maximum values for which the conductor is still in its
superconducting state
❖ “Above” the critical values (critical surface), the superconductor becomes highly resistive
6
Hc
Ic
Tc
Modified from: Bussmann-Holder, A., & K e l l e r, H . ( 2 0 2 0 ) . Z e i t s c h r i f t f ü r Naturforschung B, 75(1-2), 3-14.
Ic = f (Tc, μ0Hc)Critical surface:
![Page 7: Superconductivity in Poweriee.azc.uam.mx/files/virtual/PresentacionFrederic.pdf · 2021. 3. 30. · High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) Discovered in the 80s (BSCCO and YBCO), in](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614ade0a12c9616cbc69b19d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Superconductors for PSE❖ Even though LTS are the most used, the trend in Power
Systems Engineering is HTS
❖ Reason -> high energy density at a simplified cryogenic system (use of liquid nitrogen for instance)
❖ Materials:
❖ BSCCO, REBCO with LN2 around 77 K -> first prototypes installed in the electrical grids
❖ MgB2 with LH around 20 K -> laboratory scale
7
![Page 8: Superconductivity in Poweriee.azc.uam.mx/files/virtual/PresentacionFrederic.pdf · 2021. 3. 30. · High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) Discovered in the 80s (BSCCO and YBCO), in](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614ade0a12c9616cbc69b19d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Applications❖ The following tables show the applications considered
nowadays for commercial superconductors
BSCCO REBCO MgB2
Cables X X X
Transformers X X
Fault-current limiters
X X
Motors/Generators X X
Railways X
8
![Page 9: Superconductivity in Poweriee.azc.uam.mx/files/virtual/PresentacionFrederic.pdf · 2021. 3. 30. · High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) Discovered in the 80s (BSCCO and YBCO), in](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614ade0a12c9616cbc69b19d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Some examples of applications
9
Cobra: https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/11/11/531/htm https://esdnews.com.au/superconductors-super-solution/
M.P. Staines, et al., "Superconductors in the Power Grid", Woodhead Publishing, 2015,Pages 367-397, ISBN 9781782420293. https://www.voltimum.co.uk/articles/superconducting-fault-current-limiters
![Page 10: Superconductivity in Poweriee.azc.uam.mx/files/virtual/PresentacionFrederic.pdf · 2021. 3. 30. · High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) Discovered in the 80s (BSCCO and YBCO), in](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614ade0a12c9616cbc69b19d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Some examples of applications
10
❖ ECOSWING: real superconducting generator for real power gird
Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=noMtjX3uvnw
![Page 11: Superconductivity in Poweriee.azc.uam.mx/files/virtual/PresentacionFrederic.pdf · 2021. 3. 30. · High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) Discovered in the 80s (BSCCO and YBCO), in](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614ade0a12c9616cbc69b19d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Quench❖ What happens when things go wrong?
❖ Our work is to provide safe and reliable technology through design modeling and testing
11
Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CXWqIz68eqw
![Page 12: Superconductivity in Poweriee.azc.uam.mx/files/virtual/PresentacionFrederic.pdf · 2021. 3. 30. · High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) Discovered in the 80s (BSCCO and YBCO), in](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614ade0a12c9616cbc69b19d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
REBCO❖ Very promising technology due to its:
❖ High energy density (high transport current in small, compact dimensions)
❖ Low hysteresis losses in alternating current applications
❖ Operating temperating at around 77 K (LN2)
❖ Drawback: can easily be damaged, careful handling is required
12Superpower, Inc.: SCS4050
![Page 13: Superconductivity in Poweriee.azc.uam.mx/files/virtual/PresentacionFrederic.pdf · 2021. 3. 30. · High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) Discovered in the 80s (BSCCO and YBCO), in](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614ade0a12c9616cbc69b19d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Modeling of REBCO❖ Two approaches:
❖ Refined models based on finite element method to study the current density distribution and the losses in the REBCO layer (SC) in the tapes -> expert level, specific studies and optimum design
❖ Equivalent models including the lumped-parameter models to include a realistic thermoelectric and magnetic behavior of the tapes in an electrical machine -> Appropriate for PSE studies, trends and general challenges
13
Cu
Ag
SC
Hastelloy
Rsc
Rm
![Page 14: Superconductivity in Poweriee.azc.uam.mx/files/virtual/PresentacionFrederic.pdf · 2021. 3. 30. · High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) Discovered in the 80s (BSCCO and YBCO), in](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614ade0a12c9616cbc69b19d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Resistance of SC: the power law
V
IIc
Vc = Ecl
n =log (V/Vc)log (I/Ic)
lTop ≃ cstBa = cst
V
I
14
❖ Power model of the characteristics of a superconductor around its critical current :
=>
with , l is the length between the voltage taps and is the electrical field assumed constant across the thickness of the tape with values ranging from 0.1 to 10 V/cm. The critical current is defined as
V − I Ic
V = Vc ( IIc )
n
Rsc =VI
=Vc
Inc
In−1
Vc = Ecl Ecμ
Ic = f (T, Ba)
![Page 15: Superconductivity in Poweriee.azc.uam.mx/files/virtual/PresentacionFrederic.pdf · 2021. 3. 30. · High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) Discovered in the 80s (BSCCO and YBCO), in](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614ade0a12c9616cbc69b19d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Critical surface and V-I characteristics
15
77 K
Ic
I
TB
Tc
Bc
1
2
1
2At B = cst, T = 77 K
Modified from: B.B. Jensen, et al, US-China Educa=on Review A, vol. 3, no. 3, 141-152, 2013.
![Page 16: Superconductivity in Poweriee.azc.uam.mx/files/virtual/PresentacionFrederic.pdf · 2021. 3. 30. · High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) Discovered in the 80s (BSCCO and YBCO), in](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614ade0a12c9616cbc69b19d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
“Properties” of the superconductor❖ Permeability of vacuum: H/m
❖ Resistivity depending on temperature, magnetic flux density and current density:
❖ Engineering properties depending on temperature and magnetic flux density:
❖ Critical current Ic: “measure of the capacity to transmit current”
❖ Index value n: “Measure of the rate of transition from the superconducting state to the normal resistive state”. For an “ideal” superconductor:
μ0 = 4π × 10−7
Rsc (T, B, I)
n → ∞16
B
Sc layer
Include its orientation
V
I0
n = cst
cst < n < ∞n → ∞
Ic
![Page 17: Superconductivity in Poweriee.azc.uam.mx/files/virtual/PresentacionFrederic.pdf · 2021. 3. 30. · High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) Discovered in the 80s (BSCCO and YBCO), in](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614ade0a12c9616cbc69b19d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Evolution of Ic and index n❖ The characteristic V-I depends on temperature T and magnetic flux density B
❖ At current magnitude passed Ic, the matrix acts as a shunt at a near constant resistance value
❖ The index value follows the same degradation as the temperature increase and/or the magnetic field.
17
Ic (Tref, SF) I
V
Vc
0
Tref = 77 K
T > Tref
n (Tref, SF)decreasing
T
Ic
0 Tref = 77 K
Tc = 92 K
Ic (Tref, SF)
It
B
Ic
0
B ≥ BSF
T ↗
![Page 18: Superconductivity in Poweriee.azc.uam.mx/files/virtual/PresentacionFrederic.pdf · 2021. 3. 30. · High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) Discovered in the 80s (BSCCO and YBCO), in](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614ade0a12c9616cbc69b19d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Range of validity❖
Nonlinear resistivity: , validity
around .
❖ Extension of the validity range by including the resistance of the metallic layers (stabilizer)
❖Equivalent parallel resistance:
Rsc =Vc
Inc
In−1
Ic
Rm
Req =Rsc + Rm
RscRm
18
Ωair
Ωm
Ωsc
Combined: SC and stabilizer*
SC alone*
Relevant range
*: conceptual figures
Cu
Ag
SC
Hastelloy
![Page 19: Superconductivity in Poweriee.azc.uam.mx/files/virtual/PresentacionFrederic.pdf · 2021. 3. 30. · High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) Discovered in the 80s (BSCCO and YBCO), in](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614ade0a12c9616cbc69b19d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Projects in Power Systems Engineering❖ Power cable: collaboration with the University of
Guanajuato, Mexico (design, construction, tests in AC) and the French Engineering school CentraleSupélec, Paris-Saclay, France (Modelling and DC applications)
❖ Fault-current limiter: collaboration with the French Engineering school CentraleSupélec, Paris-Saclay, France and the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering of the UNAM, Mexico
❖ Power filter: the University of Lorraine in France a n d t h e F r e n c h E n g i n e e r i n g s c h o o l CentraleSupélec, Paris-Saclay, France
19Private communication, Dr. Loïc Quéval, GEEPS, France
https://www.dgcs.unam.mx/boletin/bdboletin/2020_234.html
![Page 20: Superconductivity in Poweriee.azc.uam.mx/files/virtual/PresentacionFrederic.pdf · 2021. 3. 30. · High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) Discovered in the 80s (BSCCO and YBCO), in](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614ade0a12c9616cbc69b19d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
From tape to device
❖ What are our objectives?
1. Tape characterization (commercial tapes) in liquid nitrogen at -196ºC
2. Conceptual design and Modelling (Finite Element Method and/or equivalent lumped-parameter models)
3. Construction and tests in laboratories (national or foreign)
20
![Page 21: Superconductivity in Poweriee.azc.uam.mx/files/virtual/PresentacionFrederic.pdf · 2021. 3. 30. · High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) Discovered in the 80s (BSCCO and YBCO), in](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614ade0a12c9616cbc69b19d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Tape characterization in LN2❖ We work exclusively with commercialized technology
❖ Some providers of commercial REBCO tapes are SuperPower Inc. (Japan) and SUNAM (Korea)
❖ Characterization in LN2 at -196ºC (77 K) -> measurement of the V-I curve and estimation of critical current Ic and n-index
21
Critical values: Ic, Vc
![Page 22: Superconductivity in Poweriee.azc.uam.mx/files/virtual/PresentacionFrederic.pdf · 2021. 3. 30. · High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) Discovered in the 80s (BSCCO and YBCO), in](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614ade0a12c9616cbc69b19d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Conceptual design and modelling❖ Conceptual design on paper
❖ Modelling
❖ Finite Element Solver
❖ Grid simulator (ATP or Simscape Electrical of Matlab/Simulink)
22
Simscape Electrical (Simulink)
![Page 23: Superconductivity in Poweriee.azc.uam.mx/files/virtual/PresentacionFrederic.pdf · 2021. 3. 30. · High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) Discovered in the 80s (BSCCO and YBCO), in](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614ade0a12c9616cbc69b19d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Pre-tests and tries-out❖ Can we solder Cu terminals on the
superconducting cable?
23
❖ Can a couple of turns of winding with its 3D-printed support hold at low temperature?
Let us give it a try!!
![Page 24: Superconductivity in Poweriee.azc.uam.mx/files/virtual/PresentacionFrederic.pdf · 2021. 3. 30. · High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) Discovered in the 80s (BSCCO and YBCO), in](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614ade0a12c9616cbc69b19d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Tests of the device design
24
Tests of Superconducting Power Filter at the University of Lorraine, France (100 m of tape)
Tests of Superconducting Power Cable at the University of Guanajuato, Mexico (First 2G cable in Latin America)
![Page 25: Superconductivity in Poweriee.azc.uam.mx/files/virtual/PresentacionFrederic.pdf · 2021. 3. 30. · High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) Discovered in the 80s (BSCCO and YBCO), in](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614ade0a12c9616cbc69b19d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Cryogenic environment❖ Manipulation of liquid nitrogen and solid nitrogen
❖ Control and measurement in cryogenic environment (below -193ºC)
25
Cryostat equipped with sensors and actuators (dr. Kévin Berger, University of Lorraine, France)
Solidification of nitrogen (dr. Kévin Berger, University of Lorraine, France). Video accelerated 64 times.
![Page 26: Superconductivity in Poweriee.azc.uam.mx/files/virtual/PresentacionFrederic.pdf · 2021. 3. 30. · High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) Discovered in the 80s (BSCCO and YBCO), in](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614ade0a12c9616cbc69b19d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Tests of the device
26DC100 Test bench for Superconducting Power Filter at GEEPS, Engineering school CentraleSupélec, Paris-Saclay, France.
R1,L1
Rload
DC sourceSC
coil
IGBTs
C1 C2
FPGA
R2,L2
!" = %load*
+load !"#$
%"#$ Ps = 1305 W unstable
![Page 27: Superconductivity in Poweriee.azc.uam.mx/files/virtual/PresentacionFrederic.pdf · 2021. 3. 30. · High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) Discovered in the 80s (BSCCO and YBCO), in](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614ade0a12c9616cbc69b19d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Conclusion
❖ Broad range of applications
❖ From conceptual design to laboratory tests
❖ Strong participation of the UNAM in the modeling aspects
❖ Innovative and exiting applications of new materials in Power Systems Engineering
27
![Page 28: Superconductivity in Poweriee.azc.uam.mx/files/virtual/PresentacionFrederic.pdf · 2021. 3. 30. · High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) Discovered in the 80s (BSCCO and YBCO), in](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614ade0a12c9616cbc69b19d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Posgrado en Ingeniería Eléctrica, UNAM
❖ Pagina: http://posgrado.electrica.unam.mx/index.php
❖ 5 disciplinas:
❖ Control
❖ Instrumentación
❖ Procesamiento digital de señales
❖ Sistemas Eléctricos de Potencia (11 professors): http://posgrado.sep.unam.mx
❖ Sistemas Electrónicos
❖ Telecomunicaciones
❖ Convocatoria para Maestría anual
❖ Convocatoria para el doctorado bi-anual
28
Campo de conocimiento: Ingeniería Eléctrica
Control Instrumentación Procesamiento DigitalSeñales
Sistemas EléctricosPotencia
Sistemas Electrónicos Telecomunicaciones
Alumnos
Egresados
Documentos
SACC
Tutores
Entidades participantes
Copyrights © 2020, Posgrado de Ingeniería Eléctrica, UNAM
Atención e informes
Posgrado de Ingeniería Eléctrica
Av. Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, México
CDMX, CP 04510
Inicio Maestría Doctorado Perfil de ingreso/egreso Conocimiento requerido Convocatoria Contacto
![Page 29: Superconductivity in Poweriee.azc.uam.mx/files/virtual/PresentacionFrederic.pdf · 2021. 3. 30. · High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) Discovered in the 80s (BSCCO and YBCO), in](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614ade0a12c9616cbc69b19d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Thanks for you interest