superconductor technologies for electric power...

Superconductor Technologies forElectric Power Systems

Antonio MorandiDEI Guglielmo MarconiDep. of Electrical, Electronic andInformation Engineering

University of Bologna, Italy

Brazilian Symposium on Power SystemsWednesday, May 16, 2018Niteroi RJ – Brazil

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• The state of the art of practical HTS materials

• Superconductor Technology for power systems• Fault current limiters

• Power Cables

• Energy Storage (SMES and Flywheels)

• Conclusion

Outline

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I am very grateful for their inputs and comments to

• Prof. Mathias Noe, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany

• Prof. Minwon Park, Changwong University, Korea

• Dr. Tabea Arndt - SIEMENS, Germany

• Dr. Luciano Martini and Giuliano Angeli - RSE, Italy

• Dr. Xavier Granados - ICMAT, Barcelona, Spain

• Prof. João Murta Pina - New University of Lisbon, Portugal

Aknowledgments

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• MetalsNb 9.25 KTc 7.80 KV 5.40 KNbTi 9.8 K

• Intemetallics (A15)Nb3Ge 23.2 KNb3Si 19 KNb3Sn 18.1 KNb3Al 18 KV3Si 17.1 KTa3Pb 17 KV3Ga 16.8 KNb3Ga 14.5 K

• “Unusual”Cs3C60 40 KMgB2 39 KBa0.6K0.4BiO3 30 KHoNi2B2C 7.5 KGdMo6Se8 5.6 KCoLa3 4.28 K

(Some) known superconducting materials

• Cuprates - Ln-SuperconductorsGdBa2Cu3O7 94 KYBa2Cu3O7-d 93 KY2Ba4Cu7O15 93 K

• Cuprates - Bi-SuperconductorsBi1.6Pb0.6Sr2Ca2Sb0.1Cu3Ox 115 KBi2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10 110 KBi2Sr2CaCu2O9 110 K

Low

Tc

High

Tc

Fusio

n an

d ac

cele

rato

rs, M

RI, S

MES

MRI

, SM

ES,C

able

s

Cabl

es, F

CL, r

otat

. mac

hine

s,SM

ES, M

RI

5

Practical HTS conductorIngredients:• A continuous, textured, superconducting phase• Normal conducting metals for stability and protection• Mechanical reinforcementA complex composite material is needed in practice

extdHmT

Q 0AC loss

Limited (finite)current density J = Jc

Diffusion of magneticfield, ∂B/ ∂t

Electricfield, E

Power dissipationp = E∙J

A superconductor is not lossless if not operating in strict DC conditions

Further loss occurs in the normal conducting components of HTS composites

YBCO coated conductors• Biaxial texturing is needed which can only be obtained by means of epitaxial growth

• AMSC (USA)

• D-Nano (D)

• Superpower (USA)

• Fujikura (J)

• SuperOx (Ru)

• Bruker (D)

• SuNam (Korea)

Less complex approach / less performing tapes

IBAD (Ion Beam Assisted Deposition)RABiTS (Rolling Assisted Bi-Axially Textured Substr.)

More complex approach / more performing tapes

• Complex technology & low yield - High cost, today (20-100 EUR/kA*m)

Performance of practical Superconductors

Copper, intensive cooling

Copper, Air cooling

SuperpowerYBCO CC at 20 K

SuperpowerYBCO CC at 65KColumbus

MgB2 at 20K

SFCL, cables &transformersSFCL, cables &transformers

Motors& GeneratorsMotors& Generators

SMESSMES AdvancedmagnetsAdvancedmagnets

3.78 kW/dm3

0.15 kW/dm3

All superconductors have negligible losses comparedt o copper

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Market relevant Coated Conductor producers

Source: Bernhard Holzapfel – IndustrialCoated Conductor Production andProperties – EUCAS 2017 Geneva

Overall worldwide ever deliveredCC volume (4 mm equivalent) 3000 km

Expected delivered volume 2500 km/year in 20185000 km/year in 2020

Cost estimate of practical Superconductors

Power transm. &distribution

High field rotat.machines

Storage & extrahigh field rotat. machines

Costs assumption:• 20 €/kA/m for HTS

CC @ 77K-s.f.• 2 k€/km for 3×0.5

mm2 MgB2 tape• 5 k€/ton for Copper

• Today cost of HTS CC @ 77K-s.f. is 100 €/kA/m

• Short term projected cost is 20 €/kA/m

Near-term cost ofconductor,EUR/kA/m

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• Power Cables


• Conclusion

Outline

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… fault happens !!!

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a poly-phase fault produces an overcurrent, which in turn produces:Effects of fault in power grid

Damage of components Outage or even black out

Voltage disturbance

The ultimate effect is an economic damage for both operators and customers

OUTAGESGREATER

THAN 100 MW

OUTAGESAFFECTING

50 000 +CUSTOMERS

IEEE Spectrum –Jan, 2011; S. Massoud Amin

Low short circuit power

Normalcondition

Fault

• poor persistentvoltage quality

• high persistentvoltage quality

• low vulnerability• high transient

voltage quality

• high vulnerability• poor transient

voltage quality

loadscc

cc XV

S2

short circuitpower

For obtaining high network’s performance both during normal condition and fault,a condition-based increase of the impedance is required

Fault current limiter (FCL): a device with a negligibleimpedance in normal operation able to switch to ahigh impedance state in case of extra current (fault)

impe

danc

e

current

High short circuit power

Controlling the short circuit power

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Effect if the FCL – a case study

Standards EN61000-4-1 and EN61000-4-34 specify theresidual voltage VR on equipment during a disturbance

Both the peak current and the thermal let-through are greatly reduced

During fault residual voltage below the thresholdof even tolerant equipment at all buses

Current limiting behavior Voltage sag mitigation of healthy buses

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Resistive Type Superconducting Fault Current Limiter

M. Noe, EUCAS 2017 Short Course , Power Applications–Fault Current Limiters

non inductive SC coil

Advantages• Immediate and fail safe

operation• Compact size• Negligible impedance in

normal condition• High impedance gain• Excellent maturity

Critical aspects• Recovery time• AC operation of the SC - AC

loss• Hot spots during light

overcurrent• Direct exposure of the SC

component to high voltage

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Saturated Core Type Superconducting Fault Current Limiters

Advantages• Immediate and fail safe operation• DC operation of the

superconductor (no AC losses)• No direct exposure of the SC

component to high voltage• (Virtually) immediate recovery

Critical aspects• Low and narrow impedance gain• Non negligible impedance in

normal operation• Very large size• Losses in the copper coil• Overvoltage on the SC winding

during the fault and possibledemagnetization of the coreduring the fault

Half wave – single phase

Full wave – single phaseFull wave – three phases

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The state of the art of FCL

INNOPOWER2011BSCCO

RSE2011BSCCO

KEPRI2011YBCONEXANS

2009BSCCO Bulk

AMAT2016YBCO

SIEMENS2016YBCO ZENERGY

2012BSCCO

ASG2017MgB2

Complete demonstrators submitted to laboratory and/or field tests

NEXANS2009BSCCO Bulk

NEXANS2015YBCO

AMAT2013YBCO

NEXANS2009YBCO

INNOPOWER2009BSCCO

NEXANS2015/AMPACITYYBCO

KEPC2019YBCO

China, fundedproject2019 ?YBCO

DC FCLFAST GRID – EU2021YBCO

SUPEROX2019YBCO

China, funded project2019 ?YBCO

Volta

ge, k

V

Current, kA

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Some Achievements

Siemens Applied Materials

Resistive type, YBCO12 kV, 815 AInstalled 3/2016Augsburg, Germany

Resistive type, YBCO115 kV, 550 AInstalled 7/2016Thialand Saturated core type, YBCO

220 kV, 800 AInstalled 2012Tianjin, China

Innopower

M. Noe, EUCAS 2017 Short Course , Power Applications–Fault Current Limiters

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Rated voltage 36kV

Continuous normal current 800 Arms

Maximum normal current 1400A / 15 minutes

Unlimited peak fault current 20.9 kApeak / 7.8 kArms

Peak limited current 13.0 kApeak / 4.8 kArms

Fault duration Up to 3 seconds

Maximum allowable voltage drop 600V rms

A 36 kV / 800 A saturated core SFCL for real grid installation

Successfully tested at IPH in Berlin in October 2016• 5 faults with 200 ms duration• 1 fault with 3 s duration

To be installed in Substation for a 3 year trial

A range of SFCLs of similar design is available fromASG Power Systems for service at 75 kV and 145 kV

Developed by ASG Power Systems(formerly by Applied Supercond. )

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The smart coilAir core reactors are used for fault currentmitigation at the transmission (HV) level

- Effective protection of componentsduring the fault

- Permanent increase of the grid’stotal reactance - low gridperformance in normal conditions

Xcc

U

load

Xacr

air corereactor

VFCL

IFCL Copper winding

SC

Smart coil: SC shielded air core reactor

Normalcondition

Fault

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• Power Cables


• Conclusion

Outline

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J.-M. Saugrain (Nexans),IASS Workshop, May 13, 2011

Layout of a HTS power cables – cold dielectric

Schematic of a HTS power cable

• Suitable both for AC and DC operation

• Different layout, with dielectric operating at roomtemperature, exists

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Three phases arrangements

10 – 20 kV

30 – 100 kV

> 100 kV

Concentricphases

Separate phaseswith shared cryostat

Separate phasesand cryostat

voltage

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Cooling

Different cooling options, also using separate return lines for the coolant, existsdepending on the layout of the cable

10 kW cooling power at 77 K12 W input / W cold30000 hours maintenance

Heat load of power cable1-3 W/m/cryostat (radiation + AC loss)50 W/kA/termination

Cooling system is an integral part of the cable

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Advantages of HTS cables

• High current capacity & Highpower density

• Increased power at thesame voltage

• Reduced voltage at thesame power

• Reduced size

• Constant temperature operation• No derating at hot ambient

temperature• possibility of overload

• Fault current limiting capacity (ifproperly designed)

• Lower losses (cooling included)• Lower inductance

Flex

ible

plan

ning

F. Lesur, RTE, Superconducting MgB2 cable, Potsdam - 2013

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A case study in distribution: Upgrading city center with MV HTS cables

40 MVA2 km

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• Long Island Power Authority – HolbrookSubstation

• 600 m long cold dielectric cable system• 138kV/2400A ~ 574MVA• 51 kA @ 12 line cycles (200ms) fault current• 600 meter cable pulled in underground

HDPE conduit

The Long Island HV HTS power cable

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M. Noe

R&D status of HTS (AC) cables (as of 2013)

Complete 3-phase demonstrators submitted to laboratory and/or field tests

D712 SupercaboUFRRJ Brazil, 10 m2017, to be tested

Tennet, Enschede NL, 3.4km, 2019, proc. in porgress

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More on HTS (AC & DC) cables

Minwon Park, Changwon National University, Recent status and progress on the HTSapplication of AC and DC power transmission in Korea, Sep. 20 2017 EUCAS, GENEVA

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• Power Cables


• Conclusion

Outline

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Grid

Customer

The need for electric energy storageInherent generation / load imbalance due to loadsfluctuation and non programmable generation

Methods/technologies for grid energy management• Curtailment of renewables• Improved controllability of convent. generation• Demand control• Network upgrade ( … Supergrid )• Energy storage

Energy storage

• Power quality and UPS

• Leveling of impulsive/fluctuating power

(industry, physics, … )

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Which storage technology?

Parameters of the energy storage system• Absorbed/supplied power, P• Duration delivery, t• Number of cycles, N• Response time, tr

No unique storage technology exists able to span the wide range of characteristicsrequired for applications

• Most suitable storage technology mustbe chosen from case to case

• Hybrid systems, obtained by combiningdifferent storage technologies,represent the best solution in manycases

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• High deliverable power• Virtually infinite number of cycles• High round trip efficiency• Fast response (<1ms) from stand-by to full

power• No safety hazard

• Low storage capacity• Need for auxiliary (cooling) power• Idling losses

SMES is an option for• Fast delivery of large power for short time

UPS for sensitive industry customers, bridging power, pulsed load (physics), ….

• Short term increase of peak power of energy intensive systemsin combination with batteries, hydrogen, liquid air, ….

• Continuous deep charge/discharge cyclingleveling of impulsive loads

Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage - SMES

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Power conditioning system – control hardware and algorithms

System level controlP*, Q*, v*

• Power is transferred from the DC bus to thegrid by means of the inverter

• Voltage of the DC bus kept constant by theSMES by means of the two quadrant chopper

• Magnet protection system integrated in thePCS both at hardware and the software level

An open issue: minimization ofstand-by loss

• SiC technology• Multilevel structure with

MOSFET• Cryogenic power electronics

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Japan

Germany

EM Laucher

JapanUSA

Japan

Italy

France

GermanyPower modulatorFlicker

Gridcompensation

The state of the art of SMES technology

The DRYSMES4GRID project:• 500 kJ / 200 kW SMES• MgB2 material• Cryogen free cooling

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The Kameyama SMES

10 MW – 1 s SMES system

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• Transmission and distribution• Dispersed generation, active networks and storage• Renewables (PV and Biomass )• Energy efficiency in the civil, industry and tertiary sectors• Exploitation of Solar and ambient heat for air conditioning

MISE - Italian Ministry of Economic DevelopmentCompetitive call: research project for electric power grid

The DRYSMES4GRID Project

Partners• University of Bologna• ICAS - The Italian Consortium for ASC, Frascati (Rome)• RSE S.p.A - Ricerca sul Sistema Energetico, Milan• CNR – SPIN, Genoa

Project DRYSMES4GRID funded

• Budget: 2.7 M€• Time: June 2017 – June 2020

Project Coordinator:• Columbus Superconductors SpA, Genova, Italy

• developm. of dry-cooled SMES based on MgB2• 300 kJ – 100 kW / full system

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Project Workplan

WP2. Layout and functionsWP3. Detailed design and manufact. of converters

Power conditioning system

WP1. Electromagnetic & thermal design

Design of the magnet

WP4. Optimization of in-field perform. of the wireWP5. Manufacturing of wire, cable and winding

Wire, cable and winding

WP6. Assembly of coil and cooling & prelim. testWP7. Assembly of PCS & Experiments in test facility

Assembling and test

WP8

. Diss

emin

atio

n

WP9

. Pro

ject

man

agem

ent

WP1

0.Te

ch.&

Econ

.ana

lys.

of S

MES+ PE industry

+ 6 months

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RSE DER (Distributed Energy Resources) Test FacilityA real low voltage microgrid that interconnects different generators, storage systemsand loads to develop studies and experimentations on DERs and Smart Grid solutions.

20000 m2 areaSupplied by MV Grid800 kVA - 23 kV/400 V transf.

Superconducting levitation - flywheels and maglev

Inherently stable levitation is obtained betweenpermanent magnets and HTS bulks allowing obtainingpassive (fail-safe) axial and linear bearings

linear bearingaxial bearing

Babcock Noell GmbH –Cristian BoffoESAS Summer School2016 – Bologna

Superconducting flywheel Superconducting MAGLEV

• 1.5-m-long wagons• 200 meters test line

Maglev-Cobra, UFRJ 2014

3 5 10 100Energy, kWh

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Pow

er,k

W

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2009

2016

2015

R&D status of HTS flywheel

300 KW / 100 kWh6000 rpmrotating mass 4 ton

250 KW / 5kWh10000 rpmrotating mass 600 kg

3 KW / 5 kWh14500 rpmrotating mass 132 kg

2009

250 KW / 3 kWh20000 rpmrotating mass 225 kg

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Conclusion 1/3• Annual yield of robust high performance

superconductors is steadily increasing3000 km before 20182500 km/year in 20185000 km/year in 2020

• Today cost is 100 EUR/kA/m (s.f, 77K). Cost reduction below 20 EUR/kA/m(threshold for market penetration) can be expected in the short term due toscale economy

Power Cables

SFCLsSMES

Flywheels

• First commercial HTS power cables and fault current limiters productsalready exists

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Conclusion 2/3…. but superconductors rely on cooling. Is cooling technology well established,available and reliable enough?

10 kW cooling power at 77 K12 W input / W cold30000 hours maintenance

Up to 50 kW cooling power at 77 K12 W input / W cold30000 hours maintenance

Enough for the cooling of km long cables or High Voltage Fault Current Limiters

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Easter morning, 1900, New York City, 5th AvenueSpot the automobile

Easter morning, 1913, New York City, 5th AvenueSpot the horse

Conclusion 3/3

…. change happens, quickly!

superconductor technologies for electric power...

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