supplementary document to management plan document to management plan hallett cove and marino...

Department for Environment and Heritage

Supplementary Document to Management Plan

Hallett Cove and Marino Conservation Parks

(Including Sandison Reserve)

2010

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© Department for Environment and Heritage, 2010

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Purpose of Supplementary Document ......................................................................................................... 2 Evolution of Geology and Landforms at Hallett Cove and Marino Conservation Parks....................... 2 Table 1: Native Flora Species Recorded in Hallett Cove Conservation Park .......................................... 4 Table 2: Native Flora Species Recorded in Marino Conservation Park.................................................... 8 Table 3: Native Fauna Species Recorded in Hallett Cove Conservation Park ..................................... 12 Table 4: Native Fauna Species Recorded in Marino Conservation Park ............................................... 14 Table 5: Introduced Plant Species Recorded in Hallett Cove Conservation Park ............................... 16 Table 6: Introduced Plant Species Recorded in Marino Conservation Park ......................................... 19 Table 7: Introduced Animal Species Recorded in Hallett Cove and Marino Conservation Parks..... 21 References ...................................................................................................................................................... 22

Supplementary Document to Hallett Cove and Marino Conservation Parks Management Plan 2010 1

Purpose of Supplementary Document This is a supplementary document to the management plan for Hallett Cove and Marino Conservation Parks and provides additional information on the geological history and species for both parks.

Evolution of Geology and Landforms at Hallett Cove and Marino Conservation Parks The current landforms of Hallett Cove and Marino Conservation Parks have evolved over approximately 635 million years through a continuing process of deposition, burial, uplift, weathering and erosion. The rocks at Hallett Cove and Marino Conservation Parks are records of a succession of separate periods in the immense space and time of Earth’s history.

Proterozoic Era (2500 - 542 million years ago)

The current landforms of Hallett Cove Conservation Park have evolved over the last 600 million years through a continual process of deposition, burial, uplift, weathering and erosion (Giesecke, 1999). During the Proterozoic, about 600 million years ago, the Hallett Cove area was a shallow sea, where fine silts and sands were deposited (Dyson and von der Borch, 1986). Australia was part of Rodinia and a series of shallow marine depressions and lakes extended from the position of present day Mount Lofty Ranges to Central Australia (Giesecke, 1999). This sea covered an unstable depression in the earth’s surface, known as the Adelaide Geosyncline (Preiss, 1987). The sea floor was slowly sinking, with the deposits of mud, silt and sand deposited by streams resulting in a great build up of sediment, which hardened to rock from the pressure of later sediment deposits and decrease in water content (Giesecke, 1999). Sand became sandstone and quartzite, while silt and mud lithified to siltstone and shale.

The Proterozoic is represented by the Umberatana and Wilpena Group sedimentary layers in the Hallett Cove area, which are described by Preiss (1987) as:

- Brachina Formation (red brown shale and quartzite).

- Seacliff Sandstone (only Wilpena Group unit), red shale which comprises pale brown quartzite and minor pink dolomite beds (Nuccaleena Dolomite);

- Reynella Siltstone (red massive gritty layer) river deposits from the Marinoan ice cap melting; and

- Wilmington Formation (about 460 metres thick in the Marinoan type area between Marino Rocks and Hallett Cove and comprises grey flaggy limestones, pebbly limestones and green siltstone with interbedded Marino Arkose (feldspathic sandy limestone);

Cambrian Period (542 - 495 million years ago) About 500 million years ago, during the Late Cambrian a major tectonic episode affecting the eastern portion of South Australia known as the Delamerian Orogeny took place, folding and faulting the sedimentary rocks of the Adelaide Geosyncline and their uplift to form the Delamerian Highlands where there had originally been ocean (Drexel and Preiss, 1995; Giesecke 1999). This folding and faulting is seen in Hallett Cove Conservation Park in the form of the eroded remains of folded Brachina Formation sedimentary rock, which now form the cliff line and the shore platform at Black Cliff (Giesecke 1999).

First Gap in the Geological Record The next 295 million or so years of the geological record at Hallett Cove Conservation Park has been removed through extreme erosion of the mountain ranges. Evidence elsewhere in Australia and other continents indicates that during this time life emerged on land, terrestrial plants evolved from seaweeds and some fish evolved into amphibians which walked on land (Vickers-Rich and Rich, 1993; Giesecke, 1999).

Permian Period (299 - 251 million years ago) The next event recorded in the rocks of Hallett Cove was the second major ice age, involving the southern polar ice sheet covering the Gondwana super-continent (which included the Australian land mass), which had moved over the South Pole. This occurred during the Permian period about 295-282 million years ago. As the ice sheet (up to 1000 metres thick) flowed over Gondwana it tore away soil and rock, while rock debris frozen in the base of the ice gouged, scratched and polished the underlying bedrock. Larger rocks trapped deeper in the ice were transported long distances from their source and when the ice melted they were deposited far away from where they first formed. These rocks are known as ‘erratics’. As the glacier moved over the landscape it deepened and widened former valleys into U-


shapes by removing the softer rock and exploiting joints or cracks in harder rock. Evidence of all of these impacts from the Permian ice age can be found in Hallett Cove Conservation Park (Bourman and Alley, 1990; Giesecke, 1999).

About 282 million years ago the climate began to warm and the ice melted. Melt water, carrying fine rock flour and coarser material flowed from the surface and from underneath the ice, forming deltas and fans of sediment which accumulated in layers on the floor of melt water lakes dammed against the ice. Previously trapped rocks and debris were released from floating icebergs and dropped onto lakebed sediments. These Permian glacial sediments of the Cape Jervis Formation that comprise tills, sands and clays, are exposed throughout Hallett Cove Conservation Park particularly in the Amphitheatre and Sugarloaf formations (Cooper et al., 1972; Giesecke, 1999).

Second Gap in the Geological Record

After the ice age ended there is another gap in the geological record of the park for approximately 292 million years, with erosion being suspected of removing most of the evidence. During this time Gondwana rifted apart with Australia separating about 45 million years ago, after which Australia drifted northwards. The sea flooded onto a broadening rift valley between Antarctica and southern Australia covering low lying land on the margin of South Australia, creating Gulf St Vincent and Spencer Gulf (Giesecke, 1999).

Pliocene Era (5.3 – 1.8 million years ago) A warm shallow sea covered low lying parts of the land on the eastern side of what is now Gulf St. Vincent, around four million years ago during the Pliocene (Giesecke, 1999), from which was deposited fossiliferous Hallett Cove Sandstone. The fossils in the sandstone are of marine life that existed at the time, namely the many-chambered foraminifera called Marginopora spp. and shellfish (Cooper et al., 1972).

Third Gap in the Geological Record Another gap in the geological record of the Hallett Cove landscape occurred after this, for a period of about two million years. During this time Australia continued to move northwards and the rainforests were replaced with grasslands and temperate forests (Giesecke, 1999).

Pleistocene Epoch (1.8 million – 20, 000 years ago) The next geological record found in the park is of the Pleistocene period, about two million years ago. The rising Mount Lofty Ranges resulted in silts and clays being carried westwards in streams where they were deposited as thick alluvial sediments on the exposed Hallett Cove Sandstone, or on older Permian glacial sands. These sediments form the red and grey Hindmarsh Clay (Taylor et al., 1974; Giesecke, 1999).

Fourth Gap in the Geological Record The contact between the calcareous dust and the underlying Hindmarsh Clay is the fourth gap in the geological record at Hallett Cove. About 20,000 years ago was the maximum of the last ice age and sea level was about 130 metres lower than today. Very strong cold winds blew calcareous dust inland and alternating wet and dry periods converted the dust into nodular calcrete which can be seen around the rim of the Amphitheatre formation.

Holocene Epoch (20, 000 years ago - present) Around 15, 000 years ago the ice caps melted, sea levels rose and the coastline moved from the region of Kangaroo Island to its present position (Cooper et al., 1972; Giesecke, 1999). At Hallett Cove, erosion by the sea cut into folded sediments of the Mount Lofty Ranges, creating the cliffs, removing vast quantities of rock and leaving a rocky shore platform at their base. Erosion by the sea exposed many Permian erratics on the beach. The uplift of the Mount Lofty Ranges and Hallett Cove area continues as does erosion by creeks from the Ranges and gullies in the Amphitheatre to give the present day landforms we see at Hallett Cove Conservation Park (Giesecke, 1999).


Table 1: Native Flora Species Recorded in Hallett Cove Conservation Park (Data from 1990 – 1997, based on DEH databases and and observations by Friends of Hallett Cove Conservation Park)

Scientific Name Common Name Conservation Status*

SA SL

Acacia acinacea Wreath Wattle Acacia cupularis Cup Wattle R Acacia longifolia ssp. sophorae Coastal Wattle Acacia paradoxa Kangaroo Thorn Acacia pycnantha Golden Wattle Acacia spinescens Spiny Wattle **Acacia victoriae Elegant Wattle V Acrotriche patula Prickly Ground-berry R **Adriana klotzschii Bitter Bush Allocasuarina muelleriana ssp. muelleriana Common Oak-bush Allocasuarina verticillata Drooping Sheoak Alyxia buxifolia Sea Box R **Apium prostratum Sea Celery Aristida behriana Brush Wire-grass **Arthropodium fimbriatum Nodding Chocolate Lily Arthropodium strictum Common Vanilla-lily Astroloma humifusum Cranberry Heath Atriplex cinerea Coast Saltbush Atriplex semibaccata Berry Saltbush Austrodanthonia caespitosa Common Wallaby-grass **Austrodanthonia fulva Leafy Wallaby-grass V Austrodanthonia pilosa Velvet Wallaby-grass **Austrodanthonia setacea Bristly Wallaby-grass **Austrostipa blackii Austrostipa drummondii Cottony Spear-grass Austrostipa elegantissima Feather Spear-grass U Austrostipa eremophila Rusty Spear-grass U **Austrstipa flavescans Coast Spear-grass Austrostipa mollis Soft Spear-grass Austrostipa multispiculis Spiny Spear-grass R R Austrostipa nodosa Tall Spear-grass Austrostipa puberula Fine-hairy Spear-grass Austrostipa scabra ssp. falcata Slender Spear-grass Banksia marginata Silver Banksia Beyeria lechenaultii Pale Turpentine Bush Blennospora drummondii Dwarf Button-flower **Boerhavia dominii Tarvine Brachyscome perpusilla Tiny Daisy Bulbine bulbosa Bulbine-lily Bulbine semibarbata Small Leek-lily R **Bursaria spinosa Bursaria Caesia calliantha Blue Grass-lily **Calandrinia volubilis Twining purslane Calocephalus citreus Lemon Beauty-heads R Calostemma purpureum Pink Garland-lily Calytrix tetragona Common Fringe-myrtle **Carpobrotus rossii Karkalla



SA SL

Cassytha glabella f. dispar Slender Dodder-laurel Centrolepis aristata Pointed Centrolepis Centrolepis polygyna Wiry Centrolepis Centrolepis strigosa ssp. strigosa Hairy Centrolepis Chamaescilla corymbosa var. corymbosa Blue Squill Chamaesyce drummondii Caustic Weed Cheilanthes austrotenuifolia Annual Rock-fern Chloris truncata Windmill Grass Chrysocephalum apiculatum Common Everlasting Comesperma volubile Love Creeper Convolvulus erubescens Australian Bindweed Crassula decumbens var. decumbens Spreading Crassula Crassula sieberiana ssp. tetramera Australian Stonecrop **Cullen australasicum Tall Scurf-pea R Cymbopogon ambiguus Lemon-grass V Cymbopogon obtectus Silky-head Lemon-grass R Cyperus gymnocaulos Spiny Flat-sedge Cyrtostylis robusta Robust Gnat-orchid Dampiera rosmarinifolia Rosemary Dampiera R Daucus glochidiatus Native Carrot Dianella brevicaulis Short-stem Flax-lily Dianella revoluta var. revoluta Black-anther Flax-lily **Dichanthium sericeum Silky Bluegrass Dichondra repens Kidney Weed **Dichopogon strictus Chocolate Lily Disphyma crassifolium ssp. clavellatum Round-leaf Pigface Dissocarpus biflorus var. biflorus Two-horn Saltbush V Distichlis distichophylla Emu-grass **Dodonaea hexandra Horned Hopbush Dodonaea viscosa ssp. spatulata Sticky Hop-bush Drosera macrantha ssp. planchonii Climbing Sundew Drosera sp. Sundew Drosera whittakeri ssp. whittakeri Einadia nutans ssp. nutans Climbing Saltbush Enchylaena tomentosa var. tomentosa Ruby Saltbush Enneapogon nigricans Black-head Grass Enteropogon acicularis Umbrella Grass Q **Eremophila longifolia Weeping Emubush **Eucalyptus camaldulensis River Red Gum **Eucalyptus porosa Mallee Box V Eutaxia microphylla Common Eutaxia **Exocarpus aphyllus Leafless Cherry V Ficinia nodosa Knobby Club-rush **Frankenia pauciflora Southern Sea-heath Gahnia filum Thatching Grass R Gahnia lanigera Black Grass Saw-sedge R Galium compactum Compact Bedstraw Geranium retrorsum Grassland Geranium Geranium solanderi var. solanderi Austral Geranium Glycine rubiginosa Twining Glycine



SA SL

Gnaphalium indutum Tiny Cudweed R **Gonocarpus mazianus Broad-leaf Raspwort Goodenia albiflora White Goodenia U Goodenia amplexans Clasping Goodenia U Goodenia pinnatifida Cut-leaf Goodenia U **Goodenia varia Sticky Goodenia Grevillea lavandulacea var. lavandulacea Spider-flower Hakea rugosa Dwarf Hakea Hardenbergia violacea Native Lilac Helichrysum leucopsideum Satin Everlasting U Heliotropium europaeum Common Heliotrope Hibbertia riparia Guinea-flower Hyalosperma demissum Dwarf Sunray Hydrocotyle callicarpa Tiny Pennywort Hypoxis glabella var. glabella Tiny Star **Isolepis cernua Nodding Club-rush **Isolepis nodosa Knobby Club-rush **Isolepis marginata Coarse Club-rush **Juncus kraussii Sea Rush Juncus subsecundus Finger Rush Kennedia prostrata Scarlet Runner Kunzea pomifera Muntries U Lepidosperma congestum Clustered Sword-sedge

Lepidosperma sp. Sword-sedge/Rapier-sedge

Leptorhynchos squamatus ssp. squamatus Scaly Buttons Leucophyta brownii Coast Cushion Bush Leucopogon parviflorus Coast Beard-heath Logania linifolia Flax-leaf Logania R Lomandra collina Sand Mat-rush R Lomandra densiflora Soft Tussock Mat-rush Lomandra effusa Scented Irongrass R Lomandra micrantha ssp. micrantha Small-flower Mat-rush Lotus australis Austral Trefoil U **Lycium australe Australian Boxthorn E Lythrum hyssopifolia Lesser Loosestrife **Lysiara exocarpi Harlequin Mistletoe Maireana aphylla Cotton-bush V Maireana brevifolia Short-leaf Bluebush Maireana enchylaenoides Wingless Fissure-plant U **Maireana oppositifolia Salt Bluebush Maireana rohrlachii Rohrlach's Bluebush R V Malva preissiana Australian Hollyhock Melaleuca lanceolata Dryland Tea-tree U Microtis arenaria Notched Onion-orchid Minuria leptophylla Minnie Daisy Muehlenbeckia gunnii Coastal Climbing Lignum Myoporum insulare Common Boobialla Myoporum parvifolium Creeping Boobialla R V **Myoporum petiolatum Sticky Boobialla V



SA SL

Neurachne alopecuroidea Fox-tail Mulga-grass **Nicotiana maritina Coast Tobacco Bush Nitraria billardierei Nitre-bush Olearia axillaris Coast Daisy-bush Olearia ramulosa Twiggy Daisy-bush Opercularia turpis Twiggy Stinkweed Oxalis perennans Native Sorrel **Pelargonium australe Native Storksbill Pimelea curviflora var. gracilis Curved Riceflower Pimelea glauca Smooth Riceflower Pimelea humilis Low Riceflower Pimelea micrantha Silky Riceflower R Pittosporum angustifolium Native Apricot R Plantago gaudichaudii Narrow-leaf Plantain U Plantago hispida Hairy Plantain Plantago varia complex Native Plantain Poa poiformis var. poiformis Coast Tussock-grass Pogonolepis muelleriana Stiff Cup-flower U Pomaderris paniculosa ssp. paniculosa Mallee Pomaderris U **Portulaca oleracea Common Purslane Ptilotus nobilis var. nobilis Yellow-tails V Ptilotus spathulatus f. spathulatus Pussy-tails R Pultenaea tenuifolia Narrow-leaf Bush-pea R Ranunculus pachycarpus Thick-fruit Buttercup R Rhagodia candolleana ssp. candolleana Sea-berry Saltbush **Rhagodia parabolica Mealy Saltbush V Rumex brownii Slender Dock Salsola tragus Buckbush Santalum acuminatum Quandong V Scaevola albida Pale Fanflower Scaevola crassifolia Cushion Fanflower R Scaevola linearis ssp. confertifolia Bundled Fanflower R Schoenoplectus pungens Spiky Club-rush U Schoenus apogon Common Bog-rush Sclerolaena diacantha Grey Bindyi R Senecio pinnatifolius Variable Groundsel Setaria constricta Knotty-butt Paspalidium R Sida corrugata Corrugated Sida **Sida intricata Twiggy Sida R **Sida petrophila Rock Sida V **Solanum lacinatum Kangaroo Apple Spinifex sericeus Rolling Spinifex Sporobolus virginicus Salt Couch Stackhousia monogyna Creamy Candles **Tetragonia implexicoma Bower Spinach Teucrium racemosum Grey Germander T Thelymitra nuda Scented Sun-orchid Themeda triandra Kangaroo Grass **Threlkeldia diffusa Coast Bonefruit Thysanotus patersonii Twining Fringe-lily



SA SL

Tricoryne elatior Yellow Rush-lily Triglochin centrocarpum Dwarf Arrowgrass **Triglochin procerum Water Ribbons Triglochin striata Streaked Arrowgrass Typha domingensis Narrow-leaf Bulrush Velleia arguta Toothed Velleia R

**Vittadinia blackii Narrow-leaf New Holland Dairy

Vittadinia cuneata var. cuneata f. cuneata Fuzzy New Holland Daisy Vittadinia gracilis Woolly New Holland Daisy Vittadinia megacephala Giant New Holland Daisy R Wahlenbergia luteola Yellow-wash Bluebell Walwhalleya proluta Rigid Panic Westringia rigida Stiff Westringia R Wilsonia rotundifolia Round-leaf Wilsonia V Zygophyllum confluens Forked Twinleaf R **Zygophyllum glaucum Pale Twinleaf

*See definitions of Conservation Status Codes (http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/parks/management/plans.html)

** Record provided by Friends of Hallett Cove Conservation Park Group

Table 2: Native Flora Species Recorded in Marino Conservation Park (Data from 1990 – 2004, based on DEH databases and observations by Friends of Marino Conservation Park)


SA SL Acacia acinacea Wreath Wattle Acacia cupularis Cup Wattle R +Acacia cyclops Western Coastal Wattle

Acacia ligulata Umbrella Bush K Acacia longifolia ssp. sophorae Coastal Wattle Acacia paradoxa Kangaroo Thorn Acacia paradoxa hybrid Kangaroo Thorn Hybrid

Acacia pycnantha Golden Wattle Acacia victoriae ssp. victoriae Elegant Wattle V Acrotriche patula Prickly Ground-berry R Allocasuarina muelleriana ssp. muelleriana Common Oak-bush Allocasuarina verticillata Drooping Sheoak Amyema preissii Wire-leaf Mistletoe Aristida behriana Brush Wire-grass U Arthropodium fimbriatum Nodding Vanilla-lily Arthropodium strictum Common Vanilla-lily Asperula conferta Common Woodruff Atriplex cinerea Coast Saltbush Atriplex semibaccata Berry Saltbush


Austrodanthonia caespitosa Common Wallaby-grass

Austrodanthonia setacea Small-flower Wallaby-grass

Austrodanthonia tenuior Short-awn Wallaby-grass R R

Austrostipa acrociliata Graceful Spear-grass R Austrostipa blackii Crested Spear-grass Austrostipa breviglumis Cane Spear-grass R R Austrostipa densiflora Fox-tail Spear-grass R R Austrostipa drummondii Cottony Spear-grass Austrostipa elegantissima Feather Spear-grass U Austrostipa eremophila Rusty Spear-grass U Austrostipa exilis Heath Spear-grass T Austrostipa flavescens Coast Spear-grass Austrostipa multispiculis Spiny Spear-grass R R Austrostipa semibarbata Fibrous Spear-grass Beyeria lechenaultii Pale Turpentine Bush Boerhavia dominii Tar-vine Bromus sp. Brome Bulbine bulbosa Bulbine-lily Burchardia umbellata Milkmaids Bursaria spinosa ssp. spinosa Sweet Bursaria Caesia calliantha Blue Grass-lily Caladenia latifolia Pink Caladenia U Caladenia patersonii complex White Spider-orchid Calocephalus citreus Lemon Beauty-heads R Calostemma purpureum Pink Garland-lily Calytrix tetragona Common Fringe-myrtle

Carex breviculmis Short-stem Sedge Cassytha glabella f. dispar Slender Dodder-laurel Chamaescilla corymbosa var. corymbosa Blue Squill Chamaesyce drummondii Caustic Weed Cheilanthes austrotenuifolia Annual Rock-fern Chloris truncata Windmill Grass Chrysocephalum apiculatum Common Everlasting Chrysocephalum semipapposum Clustered Everlasting R Comesperma volubile Love Creeper Convolvulus erubescens Australian Bindweed Convolvulus remotus Grassy Bindweed Cullen australasicum Tall Scurf-pea R Cymbopogon ambiguus Lemon-grass V Danthonia sp. Wallaby-grass Dianella brevicaulis Short-stem Flax-lily Dianella revoluta var. revoluta Black-anther Flax-lily Dissocarpus biflorus var. biflorus Two-horn Saltbush V Diuris behrii Behr's Cowslip Orchid V V Diuris palustris Little Donkey-orchid V Dodonaea viscosa ssp. spatulata Sticky Hop-bush Drosera glanduligera Scarlet Sundew Drosera macrantha ssp. planchonii Climbing Sundew Drosera whittakeri ssp. whittakeri


Einadia nutans Climbing Saltbush Enchylaena tomentosa var. tomentosa Ruby Saltbush Enneapogon nigricans Black-head Grass Enteropogon acicularis Umbrella Grass Q ^Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. camaldulensis River Red Gum ^Eucalyptus fasciculosa Pink Gum R Eucalyptus porosa Mallee Box U Eutaxia microphylla Common Eutaxia Exocarpos aphyllus Leafless Cherry V Gahnia lanigera Black Grass Saw-sedge R

Geranium retrorsum Grassland Geranium Glycine rubiginosa Twining Glycine Goodenia albiflora White Goodenia U Goodenia amplexans Clasping Goodenia U Goodenia pinnatifida Cut-leaf Goodenia U Goodenia pusilliflora Small-flower Goodenia

**Grevillea lavandulacea Lavendar Grevillea R Hakea rugosa Dwarf Hakea Hardenbergia violacea Native Lilac Helichrysum leucopsideum Satin Everlasting U Hypoxis glabella var. glabella Tiny Star Kennedia prostrata Scarlet Runner Lepidosperma congestum Clustered Sword-sedge

Lepidosperma sp. Sword-sedge/Rapier-sedge

Lepidosperma viscidum Sticky Sword-sedge Leptorhynchos squamatus ssp. squamatus Scaly Buttons Leucophyta brownii Coast Cushion Bush Lobelia gibbosa Tall Lobelia Lomandra collina Sand Mat-rush R Lomandra densiflora Soft Tussock Mat-rush Lomandra effusa Scented Mat-rush R Lomandra micrantha ssp. micrantha Small-flower Mat-rush Lomandra multiflora ssp. dura Hard Mat-rush Lysiana exocarpi ssp. exocarpi Harlequin Mistletoe Maireana brevifolia Short-leaf Bluebush Maireana enchylaenoides Wingless Fissure-plant U Maireana rohrlachii Rohrlach's Bluebush R V Malva preissiana Australian Hollyhock Melaleuca lanceolata Dryland Tea-tree U Microseris lanceolata Yam Daisy Microtis arenaria Notched Onion-orchid Microtis unifolia complex Onion-orchid Muehlenbeckia gunnii Coastal Climbing Lignum

Myoporum insulare Common Boobialla Neurachne alopecuroidea Fox-tail Mulga-grass Olearia ramulosa Twiggy Daisy-bush Olearia sp. Daisy-bush Opercularia turpis Twiggy Stinkweed


Oxalis perennans Native Sorrel Pheladenia deformis Bluebeard Orchid Pimelea curviflora var. sericea Curved Riceflower Pimelea glauca Smooth Riceflower Pimelea micrantha Silky Riceflower R Pimelea serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia Thyme Riceflower Pittosporum angustifolium Native Apricot R Poa poiformis var. poiformis Coast Tussock-grass Podolepis muelleri Button Podolepis V E Pomaderris paniculosa ssp. paniculosa Mallee Pomaderris U Poranthera triandra Three-petal Poranthera R

Prasophyllum odoratum Scented Leek-orchid Prasophyllum patens Broad-lip Leek-orchid Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum Jersey Cudweed Ptilotus nobilis var. nobilis Yellow-tails V Ptilotus spathulatus f. spathulatus Pussy-tails R Pultenaea tenuifolia Narrow-leaf Bush-pea R Rhagodia candolleana ssp. candolleana Sea-berry Saltbush Salsola tragus Buckbush Scaevola albida Pale Fanflower Schoenus breviculmis Matted Bog-rush Scleranthus pungens Prickly Knawel R Sclerolaena diacantha Grey Bindyi R Senecio pinnatifolius Variable Groundsel Senna artemisioides Desert Senna Setaria constricta Knotty-butt Paspalidium R

Sida corrugata var. corrugata Corrugated Sida Sporobolus virginicus Salt Couch Stackhousia monogyna Creamy Candles Thelymitra nuda Scented Sun-orchid Themeda triandra Kangaroo Grass Thysanotus juncifolius Rush Fringe-lily Thysanotus patersonii Twining Fringe-lily Tricoryne tenella Tufted Yellow Rush-lily Velleia arguta Toothed Velleia R Vittadinia australasica var. australasica Sticky New Holland Daisy R

Vittadinia blackii Narrow-leaf New Holland Daisy

R

Vittadinia cuneata var. cuneata f. cuneata Fuzzy New Holland Daisy

Vittadinia gracilis Woolly New Holland Daisy

Vittadinia megacephala Giant New Holland Daisy R

Wahlenbergia littoricola Coast Bluebell R Wahlenbergia luteola Yellow-wash Bluebell Wahlenbergia stricta ssp. stricta Tall Bluebell Wurmbea dioica ssp. dioica Early Nancy Zygophyllum confluens Forked Twinleaf R


* See definitions of Conservation Status Codes (http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/parks/management/plans.html)

** Record provided by Friends of Marino Conservation Park Group

^ Native species but not endemic to the park (potential garden escape or planting)

+ Planted native species

Table 3: Native Fauna Species Recorded in Hallett Cove Conservation Park (Data from 1998 – 2005, based on DEH databases and observations of Friends of Hallett Cove Conservation Park)

Common Name Scientific Name Conservation Status* ML

Mammals

Koala^ Phascolarctos cinereus

Birds

Australian Hobby Falco longipennis U Australian Magpie Gymnorhina tibicen Australian Pelican Pelecanus conspicillatus Australian Shelduck Tadorna tadornoides Australian Wood Duck Chenonetta jubata Black-faced Cormorant Phalacrocorax fuscescens Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike Coracina novaehollandiae Black-shouldered Kite Elanus axillaris Brown Falcon Falco berigora Caspian Tern Sterna caspia Crested Pigeon Ocyphaps lophotes Crested Tern Sterna bergii Dusky Moorhen Gallinula tenebrosa Eurasian Coot Fulica atra Galah Cacatua sp. Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo Little Black Cormorant Phalacrocorax sulcirostris Little Pied Cormorant Phalacrocorax melanoleucos Little Raven Corvus mellori Little Wattlebird Anthochaera chrysoptera U Magpie-lark Grallina cyanoleuca Musk Lorikeet Glossopsitta concinna Nankeen Kestrel Falco cenchroides New Holland Honeyeater Phylidonyris novaehollandiae Noisy Miner Manorina melanocephala Pacific Gull Larus pacificus U Pacific Heron Ardea pacifica U Pied Cormorant Phalacrocorax varius Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio


Common Name Scientific Name Conservation Status* ML

Rainbow Lorikeet Trichoglossus haematodus Red Wattlebird Anthochaera carunculata Richard's Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae Silver Gull Larus novaehollandiae Silvereye Zosterops lateralis Singing Honeyeater Lichenostomus virescens Spotted Pardalote Pardalotus punctatus punctatus U Stubble Quail Coturnix novaezelandiae

Superb Blue Wren Malurus cyaneus Welcome Swallow Hirundo neoxena White-faced Heron Egretta novaehollandiae White-plumed Honeyeater Lichenostomus penicillatus Willie Wagtail Rhipidura leucophrys

Reptiles

Bougainville's Skink Lerista bougainvillii Dwarf Skink Menetia greyii

Sleepy Lizard Tiliqua rugosa

Invertebrates

Australian Painted Lady Vanessa kershawi Black and White Sedge-skipper Antipodia atralba Common Brown Heteronympha merope merope Common Grass-blue Zizina labradus labradus Fringed Heath-blue Neolucia agricola agricola Meadow Argus Junonia villida calybe Monarch Danaus plexippus plexippus Rayed Blue Candalides heathi heathi White-banded Grass-dart Taractrocera papyria papyria


^ Not locally indigenous


Table 4: Native Fauna Species Recorded in Marino Conservation Park (1993 – 2007, based on DEH databases and observations by Friends of Marino Conservation Park)

Common Name Scientific Name Conservation Status* SA ML

Mammals

Koala ^ Phascolarctos cinereus

Birds

Australian Magpie Gymnorhina tibicen Black-faced Cuckoo Shrike Coracina novaehollandiae Black-shouldered Kite Elanus axillaris Bronzewing Pigeon Phaps chalcoptera Brown Falcon Falco berigora Brown Goshawk Accipiter fasciatus Brown Songlark Cincloramphus cruralis Crested Pigeon Ocyphaps lophotes Crimson Rosella Platycercus elegans Eastern Rosella Platycercus eximius Galah Cacatua roseicapilla Little Raven Corvus mellori Magpie-lark Grallina cyanoleuca Mistletoe Bird Dichaeum hirundinaceum Musk Lorikeet Glossopsitta concinna New Holland Honeyeater Phylidonyris novaehollandiae Pardalote Pardalotus sp. Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus R R Purple-crowned Lorikeet Glossopsitta porphyrocephala Quail Coturnix sp. Rainbow Lorikeet Trichoglossus haematodus Raven Corvus sp. Red Wattlebird Anthochaera carunculata Richard's Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae Salt-bush Blue Theclinesthes serpentata serpentata Silvereye Zosterops lateralis Singing Honeyeater Lichenostomus virescens Weebill Smicrornis brevirostris Welcome Swallow Hirundo neoxena White-plumed Honeyeater Lichenostomus penicillatus Willie Wagtail Rhipidura leucophrys Yellow-rumped Thornbill Acanthiza chrysorrhoa

Invertebrates

Australian Painted Lady Vanessa kershawi Black and White Sedge-skipper Antipodia atralba Common Grass-blue Zizina labradus labradus Icilius Hairstreak Jalmenus icilius


Common Name Scientific Name Conservation Status* SA ML

Lesser Wanderer Danaus chrysippus petilia Meadow Argus Junonia villida calybe Monarch Danaus plexippus plexippus Rayed Blue Candalides heathi heathi Two-spotted Line-blue Nacaduba biocellata biocellata Wattle Blue Theclinesthes miskini miskini


^ Not locally indigenous


Table 5: Introduced Plant Species Recorded in Hallett Cove Conservation Park (Data from 1990 – 2004, based on DEH databases and observations by Friends of Hallett Cove Conservation Park)

Common Name Scientific Name Declared

African Boxthorn Lycium ferocissimum ^ Angled Pigface Carpobrotus chilensis Annual Cat's-tail Rostraria cristate Apple Of Sodom Solanum linnaeanum Artichoke Thistle Cynara cardunculus ssp. flavescens Aster-weed Aster subulatus Bearded Oat Avena barbata Black Nightshade Solanum nigrum Blowfly Bush Rhamnus alaternus Boneseed Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera # and ^ Branched Centaury Centaurium tenuiflorum Bridal Creeper Asparagus asparagoides # and ^ Bristle-tail Grass Psilurus incurvus Broad-leaf Cotton-bush Gomphocarpus cancellatus Burr-medic Medicago polymorpha var. polymorpha Caltrop Tribulus terrestris ^ Cape Weed Arctotheca calendula Cluster Clover Trifolium glomeratum Clustered Dock Rumex conglomeratus Coastal Galenia Galenia pubescens var. pubescens Common Centaury Centaurium erythraea Common Evening Primrose Oenothera stricta ssp. stricta Common Mouse-ear Chickweed Cerastium glomeratum Common Onion-grass Romulea rosea var. australis Common Sow-thistle Sonchus oleraceus Couch Cynodon dactylon Cretan Weed Hedypnois rhagadioloides Cut-leaf Mignonette Reseda lutea Dandelion Taraxacum officinale Delicate Hair-grass Aira elegantissima Dwarf Rush Juncus capitatus False Brome Brachypodium distachyon False Caper Euphorbia terracina ^ False Hawkbit Urospermum picroides False Sowthistle Reichardia tingitana Fennel Foeniculum vulgare Fescue Vulpia myuros Fiddle Dock Rumex pulcher ssp. pulcher Field Madder Sherardia arvensis Galenia Galenia secunda



Gazania Gazania linearis Golden Pallensis Asteriscus spinosus Great Brome Bromus diandrus Hairy Plantain Plantago bellardii Hare's Ear Bupleurum semicompositum Hare's Tail Grass Lagurus ovatus Hare's-foot Clover Trifolium arvense var. arvense Hop Clover Trifolium campestre Horehound Marrubium vulgare ^ Large Quaking-grass Briza maxima Lesser Quaking-grass Briza minor Lincoln Weed Diplotaxis tenuifolia ^ Little Club-rush Isolepis marginate Long Heron's-bill Erodium botrys Malta Thistle Centaurea melitensis Narrow-leaf Clover Trifolium angustifolium Nut-grass Cyperus rotundus ssp. rotundus ^ Olive Olea europaea ssp. europaea ^ Onion Weed Asphodelus fistulosus ^ Ox-tongue Helminthotheca echioides Paddy Melon Cucumis myriocarpus Paspalum Paspalum dilatatum Perennial Ryegrass Lolium perenne Pimpernel Anagallis arvensis Pincushion Scabiosa atropurpurea Pussy Tail Pentaschistis pallida Red Brome Bromus rubens Ribwort Plantago lanceolata var. lanceolata Rice Millet Piptatherum miliaceum Rough Cat's Ear Hypochaeris radicata Rough Clover Trifolium scabrum Rough Plantain Plantago arenaria Rough Sow-thistle Sonchus asper ssp. glaucescens Saffron Thistle Carthamus lanatus Salvation Jane Echium plantagineum ^ Sea Spurge Euphorbia paralias Sea-lavender Limonium companyonis Skeleton Weed Chondrilla juncea Small Bedstraw Galium murale Small Hair-grass Aira cupaniana Soursob Oxalis pes-caprae ^ Spiny Burr-grass Cenchrus longispinus Spurred Vetch Vicia monantha



Stink Grass Eragrostis cilianensis Stinkweed Dittrichia graveolens Thread Iris Moraea setifolia Turnip Weed Rapistrum rugosum ssp. rugosum Two-horned Sea Rocket Cakile maritima ssp. maritima Upright Yellow Flax Linum strictum ssp. strictum Wall Barley-grass Hordeum leporinum Wall Fumitory Fumaria muralis White Arctotis Arctotis stoechadifolia Wild Sage Salvia verbenaca var. verbenaca Wireweed Polygonum aviculare Witch-grass Panicum capillare var. brevifolium Woolly Clover Trifolium tomentosum

# Declared under the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999

^ Declared under the Natural Resources Management Act 2004


Table 6: Introduced Plant Species Recorded in Marino Conservation Park (Data from 1991 – 2002, based on DEH databases and observations by Friends of Marino Conservation Park)


African Boxthorn Lycium ferocissimum ^ African Corn-flag Chasmanthe floribunda var. floribunda Aleppo Pine Pinus halepensis ^ Apple Of Sodom Solanum linnaeanum Artichoke Thistle Cynara cardunculus ssp. flavescens Avellinia Avellinia michelii Barley-grass Hordeum sp. Bearded Oat Avena barbata Black Nightshade Solanum nigrum Blowfly Bush Rhamnus alaternus Boneseed Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp.

monilifera # and ^

Bridal Creeper Asparagus asparagoides # and ^ Bristly Ox-tongue Helminthotheca echioides Broad-leaf Cotton-bush Gomphocarpus cancellatus Brome Bromus sp. Buffalo Burr Solanum rostratum Caltrop Tribulus terrestris ^ Castor Oil Plant Ricinus communis Common Heliotrope Heliotropium europaeum Common Iceplant Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Onion-grass Romulea rosea var. australis Common Sow-thistle Sonchus oleraceus False Brome Brachypodium distachyon False Caper Euphorbia terracina ^ False Sowthistle Reichardia tingitana Fat Hen Chenopodium album Fern Grass Catapodium rigidum French Flax Linum trigynum Galenia Galenia secunda Gazania Gazania rigens Golden Pallensis Asteriscus spinosus Golden Wreath Wattle Acacia saligna Hare's Tail Grass Lagurus ovatus Horehound Marrubium vulgare ^ Horse Thistle Onopordum acaulon Kikuyu Pennisetum clandestinum Lesser Quaking-grass Briza minor Lincoln Weed Diplotaxis tenuifolia ^ Little Medic Medicago minima var. minima Malta Thistle Centaurea melitensis



Narrow-leaf Clover Trifolium angustifolium

Narrow-leaf Vetch Vicia sativa ssp. nigra Nut-grass Cyperus rotundus ssp. rotundus ^ Olive Olea europaea ssp. europaea ^ Onion Weed Asphodelus fistulosus ^ Onion-grass Romulea sp. Palm Palmae sp. Paspalum Paspalum dilatatum Pimpernel Anagallis arvensis Pincushion Scabiosa atropurpurea Pyramid Tree Lagunaria patersonii Ribwort Plantago lanceolata Rice Millet Piptatherum miliaceum Rigid Fescue Catapodium rigidum Rough Cat's Ear Hypochaeris radicata Rough Clover Trifolium scabrum Safron Thistle Carthamus lanatus Salvation Jane Echium plantagineum ^ Sea-lavender Limonium companyonis Silver-leaf Nightshade Solanum elaeagnifolium ^ Smooth Cat's Ear Hypochaeris glabra Soldier Thistle Picnomon acarna ^ Soursob Oxalis pes-caprae ^ Spreading night-phlox Zaluzianskya divaricata Squirting Cucumber Ecballium elaterium Star Thistle Centaurea calcitrapa Stiff Tumbleweed Amaranthus albus Thread Iris Moraea setifolia Three-cornered Garlic Allium triquetrum ^ Tree Mallow Lavatera arborea Turnip Weed Rapistrum rugosum ssp. rugosum Upright Yellow Flax Linum strictum ssp. strictum Ward's Weed Carrichtera annua Wild Sage Salvia verbenaca var. verbenaca Wild Turnip Brassica tournefortii Wireweed Polygonum aviculare Yellow Sun Pallenis spinosa

# Declared under the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999

^ Declared under the Natural Resources Management Act 2004


Table 7: Introduced Animal Species Recorded in Hallett Cove and Marino Conservation Parks (Data from 1998 – 2003, based on DEH databases and observations by Friends of Hallett Cove Conservation Park and Friends of Marino Conservation Park)

Common Name Scientific Name

Mammals

Brown Hare ^ Lepus capensis Domestic Cat Felis catus Red Fox Vulpes vulpes

Birds

Common Starling Sturnus vulgaris Eurasian Blackbird Turdus merula Eurasian Skylark Alauda arvensis European Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis European Greenfinch Cardulis chloris House Sparrow Passer domesticus Mallard # Anas platyrhynchos Rock Pigeon Columba livia Spotted Turtle-dove Streptopelia chinensis

# Hallett Cove Conservation Park only

^ Marino Conservation Park only


References Bourman RP and Alley NF (1990). Stratigraphy and environments of deposition at Hallett Cove during the

Late Palaeozoic. Mines and Energy Review, South Australia, No. 157; 68-82. Department of Mines and Energy, South Australia.

Cooper, HM, Kenny, M and Scrymgour, JM (1972). Hallett Cove: A Field Guide. South Australian Museum, Adelaide.

Drexel, JF and Preiss, WV (Eds), (1995). The geology of South Australia. Vol. 2, The Phanerozoic. South Australia, Geological Survey, Bulletin, 54.

Dyson, IA and von der Borch, CC (1986). A field guide to the geology of the late Precambrian Wilpena Group, Hallett Cove South Australia. In: A.J. Parker (compiler) One Day Geological Excursions of the Adelaide Region: 17-40. Eight Australian Geological Convention, February 1986.

Giesecke, R (Ed.) (1999). A Field Guide to the Geology of Hallett Cove and Other Localities with Glacial Geology on Fleurieu Peninsula. Field Geology Club of South Australia Inc., South Australia.

Hasenohr, P and Corbett, D (Eds.). (1986) A Field Guide to the Coastal Geology of Fleurieu Peninsula. Field Geology Club of South Australia Inc., South Australia.

Preiss, WV (1987). The Adelaide Geosyncline Late Proterozoic Stratigraphy, Sedimentation, Palaeontology and Tectonics. Bulletin Geological Survey of South Australia, 53.

Stow DA (2005). Sedimentary Rocks in the Field: A Color Guide. Manson Publishing, London.

Taylor, JK, Thomson, BP and Shepherd, RG (1974). The Soils and Geology of the Adelaide Area. Bulletin 46. Department of Mines, Geological Survey of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia.

Vickers-Rich P and Rich TH (1993). Wildlife of Gondwana. Reed Australia.


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