supportive text for this material is in kardong pgs. 145-152 & 177-186 you will be responsible...
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Supportive text for this material is in Kardong pgs.
145-152&
177-186
You will be responsible for this content… make sure you know the vocabulary
Skeletal System
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Functions:
• Support
• Protection
• Movement
• Storage
• Blood cell
production
http://www.art.net/~rebecca/LifeDrawing2.html
What types of animals DON’T have osseous skeletons?
List some examples of organs protected… Do all movements rely on skeletal system?
What types of elements are most likely stored in bone?
What does the skeletal system have to do with blood cells?
Skeletal System
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Bones
Cartilage Ligaments
Tendons
Are bones dead?
What components comprise the skeletal system?
http://www.art.net/~rebecca/LifeDrawing2.html
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How does cartilage relate to the skeletal system?!?
Origin, growth and repair depend on hyaline cartilage!
Chondroblasts Chondrocytes
Lacunae Perichondrium
Fibroblasts Blood vessels
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Cartilage growth occurs in 2 regions…
1) Periphery via perichondrial cell division and matrix deposition
Appositional growth
Interstitial growth
2) Internally via chondrocyte division and matrix deposition
Mary, Mary quite contrary how does your cartilage grow?!?
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Explain why damaged cartilage takes a long time to heal. Why doesn’t articular cartilage have a perichondrium, blood vessels, or nerves?
Take 5!!!
Discuss with your neighbor and predict
an answer.
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Consist of 2 primary regions
Epiphyses
Diaphysis
The ends of longs bones, primarily cancellous bone
The shaft of long bones, primarily compact bone
What are the anatomical structures of long bones?
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Cartilage (hyaline) plate between 2 regions plays special role!!!
Epiphyseal plate
The cartilage grows and becomes osseous tissue.
Why wouldn’t you want growth here as an adult?
What are the anatomical structures of long bones?
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What is a good term for the membrane “around” the “bone” ?
Periosteum
2 layers, contains blood vessels & nerves
Single layer of cells lining medullary cavity and cancellous spaces
Endosteum
What are the anatomical structures of long bones?
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Marrow
Types:Red
Yellow
Distribution:Flat bones
Long bones
Site of blood cell formation
Mostly lipids, energy storage
Location of red marrow
Location of yellow marrow
What are the anatomical structures of long bones?
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Flat
Short
Irregular
“Cancellous sandwich”
no “dia” or “epi” physes
Would you expect diaphysis?
No diaphysis, small epiphyses possible
What are the anatomical features of flat, short and irregular bones?
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Looking at this tissue… it is mostly matrix
Mostly (65%) inorganic Hydroxyapatite~ Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
Organics are collagen and proteoglycans (35%)
What are the histological features of bone?
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Of the 2 components: fibers (=1) vs. Crystals (=2) Which type are missing from these bone A?
Which type are missing from B?
Normal long bone
ANo collagen
BNo minerals
What are the histological features of bone?
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Types of bone cells:(Most likely to have “osteo”)
OsteogenicCells from endosteum and inner periosteum
OsteoblastsCells forming matrix
OsteocytesCells “trapped” in matrix
OsteoclastsMultinucleated cells “remodel” matrix
What are the histological features of bone?
Stem CellsOsteochondral progenitor cells
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Bone is classified depending on the arrangement of cells and matrix.
Woven ~ Collagen fibers are randomly arranged
Lamellar ~ Collagen fibers are arranged parallel
What are the other categories of bone besides the shapes (ex. Long, irregular etc.)?
Types:
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Cancellous (spongy)
~ Network of mineralized bone (Trabeculae) with many spaces
~ Marrow fills up these spaces in life
What are the other categories of bone besides the shapes (ex. Long, irregular etc.)?
Types:
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Referring back to our discussion of striae and collagen fibers, what direction do you suppose the trabeculae align in relation to stress?
Types:
Cancellous (spongy)
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Compact ~ Dense lamellar bone that is mineralized (mature) with numerous units (osteons) arranged around blood vessels
Compare this photomicrograph to
the diagram and locate the listed structures
What are the other categories of bone besides the shapes (ex. Long, irregular etc.)?
Types:
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Compact bone has a specialized canal system for the transport of nutrients and waste products. Why isn’t such a system necessary in cancellous bone? Why not hyaline cartilage?
Take 5!!!
Discuss with your neighbor and predict
an answer.
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2 patterns of ossification:
Intramembranously
Endochondrally
Note: Both types start as woven bone, which is remodeled as it matures into lamellar bone
Originally connective tissue membrane
Originally cartilage that is ossified
How does your bone grow?
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Intramembranous Ossification
• Occurs during fetal development and “finishes” by 2 years of age
• Woven bone fibers connect and thicken forming trabeculae (cancellous bone)
• Outer layer of osteoblasts create outer layer of compact bone
fontanelsHow does your bone grow?
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Endochondral Ossification
How does your bone grow?
• Occurs during fetal development and “finishes” by “20-something”• Hyaline cartilage model formed• Presence of blood vessels on periphery stimulates osteochondral progenitor cells to become “osteos” rather than “chondros”• Internal chondrocytes die and are replaced by vessels and osteo cells
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• Hyaline cartilage model formed… everything is “chondro”
• Blood vessels invading perichondrium stimulate osteogenic cells to become osteoblasts
• Perichondrium now becomes periosteum
• New osteoblasts form bone collar
How does your bone grow?Endochondral Ossification
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• Buds of connective tissue from periosteum invade cartilage model. Bring in osteogenic cells.
• Osteoblasts form bone as medullary cavity enlarges
Then what happens?
• Bone growth progresses towards the ends medullary cavity enlarges
How does your bone grow?
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• Osteoblasts form bone in Secondary ossification center, beginning of epiphysis
How does your bone grow?
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• When bone is mature epiphyseal plate is ossified and becomes epiphyseal line
How does your bone grow?
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During endochondral ossification, calcification of cartilage results in the death of chondrocytes. Later in the process, ossification of the bone matrix does not result in the death of osteocytes. Why is this so?
Take 5!!!
Discuss with your neighbor and predict
an answer.
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We’ve talked about bone growth in length… what about diameter?
Can bone display interstitial growth?
• Appositional deposition and resorption
How does your bone grow?
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How does your bone grow?
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Factors affecting bone growth:
• Nutrition Proteins Vitamins D & C
• Hormones Growth hormone Thyroid hormone Sex hormones
Needed for organic portion of matrix
Needed for Ca absorption and Collagen formation
Stimulates overall growthStimulates bone growth and works with GH
Stimulates bone growth BUT also closure of epiphyseal plate
How does your bone grow?
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Ca and P homeostasis
Calcium: needed for nerve cell action, muscle contraction, blood clotting and more
Phosphorus: needed as a component of ATP, DNA and RNA
Why are these elements important?
How does the Skeletal System regulate Ca & P?
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Ca and P homeostasis regulated in part via 2 hormones:
Calcitoninminor role… secreted by thyroid gland
PTH (parathyroid hormone)comes from parathyroid glands
How does the Skeletal System regulate Ca & P?
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PTH+PTH = +blood Ca
via bone, intestine and kidney activities
Calcitoninminor role…
+Calcitonin = -blood Ca
How does the Skeletal System regulate Ca & P?
Which “osteo” cells do you suppose this hormone stimulates to cause a reduction in blood Ca levels?