supra- and subliminal priming piotr jaśkowski department of cognitive psychology university of...
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Supra- and subliminal priming
Piotr JaśkowskiDepartment of Cognitive PsychologyUniversity of Finance and Management, Warszawa
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incongr
RT
Task: Respond with the hand the arrow points to
congr
Source: Jaśkowski, Consc.Cogn., 2006
Prime is fully visible
What is supraliminal priming?
prime
target
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What is subliminal priming?
Semantic priming
Source: Dehaene et al., Nature 1998
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What is subliminal priming?
Source: Dehaene et al., Nature 1998
prime target
V-V six three
A-V 6 three
V-A six 3
V-V 6 3
Semantic priming
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What is subliminal priming?
Source: Dehaene et al., Nature 1998
Priming effect
PE = RT(incomp.) – RT(comp.)
Positive compatibility effect (PCE):
Negative compatibility effect (NCE):
PE > 0
PE < 0
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What is subliminal priming?
Source: Dehaene et al., Nature 1998
Semantic priming
PCE for all conditions
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50 ms
comp. incomp.
RT
target
Respond to the target’s side
Source: Neumann & Klotz, Att Perform.1994
Motor priming
What is subliminal priming?
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What is this talk about?
• Is it possible to control subliminal processing?
• How neutral is a neutral mask?• Is a double dissociation a proof for
subliminal processing?
Questions to answer
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Is it possible to control subliminal processing?
Source: Merikle & Joordans, Consc.Cogn., 1997
Stroop-like task
######$&%$
267 ms
#####
33 ms
redSubliminal situation
300 ms
redSupraliminal situation
Task: call the target’s color
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Is it possible to control subliminal processing?
Source: Merikle & Joordans, Consc.Cogn., 1997
Stroop-like task
#####red
compatible condition: 25% trials
#####red
incompatible condition: 75% trials comp.
RT
incomp.
comp.
RT
incomp.
supraliminal
subliminal
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Is it possible to control subliminal processing?
• The reversed effect was found under the supraliminal condition, because under this condition participants had the possibility to ‘‘capitalize on the predictive information provided by the primes’’.
• Strategical control can be exercised only under supraliminal condition.
Stroop-like task
Source: Merikle & Joordans, Consc.Cogn., 1997
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• If there is no control over subliminal stimuli:– It should be possible to trigger one’s response
against one’s will. – It should be possible to trigger one’s response by
means of several subsequently presented subliminal primes.
Is it possible to control subliminal processing?
Problem
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Is it possible to control subliminal processing?
Source: Jaśkowski et al., J.Cogn.Neurosci., 2003
Multiple priming
Task: respond with left/right key depending on target position.
Target
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Is it possible to control subliminal processing?
35 ms35 ms
35 ms35 ms
35 ms35 ms
35 ms35 ms
prime duration = 11.6 ms
target duration = 100 ms
Source: Jaśkowski et al., J.Cogn.Neurosci., 2003
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Is it possible to control subliminal processing?
Source: Jaśkowski et al., J.Cogn.Neurosci., 2003
Condition 80/20- 20% compatible
prim
ing se
quen
ce
- 80% incompatible
Condition 20/80- 80% compatible- 20% incompatible
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250
300
350
400
450
20-80 80-20
Rea
ctio
n tim
e (m
s)
comp
incomp
Is it possible to control subliminal processing?
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
20-80 80-20
Pe
rce
nt
corr
ect
comp
incomp
Rea
ctio
n tim
e (m
s)
Source: Jaśkowski et al., J.Cogn.Neurosci., 2003
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Is it possible to control subliminal processing?
Conclusions:
• Even when stimuli are subliminal participants can control their influence on their behavior:– Plausibly, they can augment or damp the
subliminal influence off-line. – A need for such a regulation partcipants can
infer from observation of their own performance.
Source: Jaśkowski et al., J.Cogn.Neurosci., 2003
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Is it possible to control subliminal processing?
Source: Wolbers et al. Cerebral Cortex, 2005
Correction of performance is mediated by frontal cortex
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Strategical control can be exercised only under supraliminal condition.
Is it possible to control subliminal processing?
Source: P. Collins, www.philcollins.co.uk
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• A mask reduces the participants’ conscious accessibility to the prime information, but it does not affect response to the target provided that the mask is neutral.
• A mask is neutral if it induces no response to the target.
How neutral is a neutral mask?
Negative compatibility effect
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incongr
RT
Task: Respond with the hand the arrow points to
congr
Source: Eimer & Schlaghecken, JEP:HPP, 1998
Negative compatibility effect
How neutral is a neutral mask?
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Negative compatibility effect
Source: Verleger et al., JEP:General, 2004
negative
comp.
RT
incomp.
comp.
RT
incomp.
positive
How neutral is a neutral mask?
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How neutral is a neutral mask?
A mask does not affect response to the target provided that it is neutral.
Source: P. Collins, www.philcollins.co.uk
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comp.
RT
incomp.
negative (NCE)
comp.
RT
incomp.
positive (PCE)
NCE vs. PCE
Source: eg. Klapp & Hinkley, JEP:Gen, 2002
Is a double dissociation an evidence for subliminal processing?
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• NCE for masked and PCE for unmasked stimuli is a stronger evidence than for nonconscious influences. This dissociation shows that there are different mechanisms underlying conscious and nonconscious processing.
• If there is a qualitative difference in performance under the masking and nonmasking condition, it is a strong evidence for subliminal processing.
Source: Klapp & Hinkley., JEP:HPP, 2005
Is a double dissociation an evidence for subliminal processing?
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possible mask temporal positions
Negative compatibility effect
NCE: efficient maskingNCE: efficient masking
NCE: no maskingNCE: no masking
Is a double dissociation an evidence for subliminal processing?
Source: Jaśkowski, JEP:HPP, in press
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Source: Jaśkowski, JEP:HPP, in press
Negative compatibility effectNo masking at allNo masking at all
Is a double dissociation an evidence for subliminal processing?
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If there is a qualitative difference in performance under the masking and nonmasking condition, it is a strong evidence for subliminal processing.
before you conculude like this.
Oh, think twice...
Source: P. Collins, www.philcollins.co.uk
Is a double dissociation an evidence for subliminal processing?
Advice 3
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• Have different types of priming (semantic, perceptual, motor etc.) common features (dynamics, persistence etc.)?
Arrowness
How far can you go with generalization?
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Negative compatibility effect
Is a double dissociation an evidence for subliminal processing?
mask
Source: Jaśkowski & Ślósarek, Consc.Cogn., in press
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before you try to generalize your finding
Is a double dissociation an evidence for subliminal processing?
Advice 4
Oh, think twice...
Source: P. Collins, www.philcollins.co.uk
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Conclusions
• We control if our performance is or not consistent with our goals even if the stimuli are subconsciously processed.
• A mask is not a neutral stimulus. It is actively processed and our behavior is corrected according to the information the mask brings.
• Not every double dissociation is an evidence for subliminality.
• Be careful with generalizations!