surface engineering: science and technology iisurface engineering covers a wide range of surface...
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SURFACE ENGINEERING:SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY II
Edited by:Ashok Kumar
Yip-Wah ChungJohn J. MooreGary L. Doll
Kyoshi YatsuiD.S. Misra
SURFACE ENGINEERING:SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY II
Proceedings of a symposium sponsored bythe Surface Engineering Committee of
the Materials Processing & Manufacturing Division (MPMD) ofTMS (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society).
Held during the TMS 2002 Annual Meeting inSeattle, Washington
February 17-21, 2002
Partial funding for this publication was provided for by the Seeley W. Mudd Fund
Edited by:Ashok Kumar
Yip-Wah ChungJohn J. MooreGary L. Doll
Kyoshi YatsuiD.S. Misra
A Publication of
A Publication of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society184 Thorn Hill Road
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© 2002
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface ......................................................................................................................................... ix
Nanomaterials
Modifying the Surface of Nanoparticles by Coating ................................................................ 3D.V. Szabó, S. Schlabach, B. Xuand D. Vollath
Formation of Photonic Nanocomposites by Surface Engineering OverInorganic Nanoparticles ............................................................................................................ 15
N. Kambe
Micro To Nano-Small Research For Fuels and Combustion ................................................. 25C.E. Bunker, J.R. Gord, T.R. Meyer,M.S. Brown, V.R. Katta, D.A. Zweifel,B.A. Harruff and Y-P. Sun
Formation of Gold Nanowires with MgO Surfaces ................................................................ 35A. Ueda, R.R. Mu, V.C. Saunders,T.C. Livingston, M.H. Wu and D.O. Henderson
Dense Deposition of Nanocomposites By a Compact YAG Laser ......................................... 43M. Senna and K. Hamada
Aqueous Chemical Growth of Advanced Nanostructured Metal OxidesThin Films .................................................................................................................................. 51
L. Vayssieres
Purification of Aluminum Nitride Nanosized Powder Synthesized byPulsed Wire Discharge .............................................................................................................. 61
C. Cho, Y. Kinemuchi, T. Suzuki,H. Suematsu, W. Jiang and K. Yatsui
Engineered Nanomaterial Hard Coatings on Metal and PolymerSubstrates ................................................................................................................................... 69
A. Singhal and G. Skandan
Synthesis of Nickel Ferrite Nanosized Powders by Pulsed Wire Discharge ......................... 79K. Ishizaka, Y. Kinemuchi, T. Suzuki,H. Suematsu, W. Jiang and K. Yatsui
Reinforced Epoxies Using Carbon Nanotubes ........................................................................ 89R.A. Bley, D. Beascoechea and R. Niedner
vi
Tunable Self-Assembly of Carbon Nanotubes on Silica Surface ........................................... 99Z.J. Zhang, B.Q. Wei and P.M. Ajayan
Issues in Surface Engineering
Laser Surface Modification of Electronic Properties in Wide Band GapMaterials ................................................................................................................................... 113
I.A. Salama, N.R. Quick and A. Kar
Preparation of TiFe Thin Films of Hydrogen Absorbing Alloy by IntensePulsed Ion-Beam Evaporation ................................................................................................ 125
T. Saikusa, T. Suzuki, H. Suematu,W. Jiang and K. Yatsui
Surface Modification of Austenitic Stainless Steels .............................................................. 133H. Ocken and R. Asay
Synthesis of Functional Materials using Pulsed Power Technology ................................... 143K. Yatsui, W. Jiang, H. Suematsu,T. Suzuki, Y. Kinemuchi and S.C. Yang
Surface Modification of P/M TiC Reinforced Iron Matrix Composites ............................. 153O.N. Dogan, D.E. Alman, J.A. Hawkand P. Danielson
Functionally Graded Materials Produced with High Power Lasers ................................... 163J.T. De Hosson and Y. Pei
Advances in Coating Technology
Nucleation and Growth of Cubic Boron Nitride Under DifferentSubstrate Bias .......................................................................................................................... 179
Q. Li, Y. Lifshitz, L.D. Marks, I. Belloand S.T. Lee
Role of Precursors on the Formation of CNX Deposited by PE-HF-CVD .......................... 189D. Dumitriu and A. Karami
Optimization of Thermoelectric Properties in Boron Carbide Thin FilmsPrepared by Ion-Beam Evaporation ...................................................................................... 199
H. Suematsu, I. Ruiz, K. Kobayashi,M. Takeda, D. Shimbo, T. Suzuki,W. Jiang and K. Yatsui
Developing a MoSi2+ SiC Oxidation Resistance Coating for MO,a Prototype Refractory Metal ................................................................................................. 207
E.C. Hixson, G.G.W. Mustoe, J.J. Moore,H.J. Kleebe, D.L. Olson and C. Suryanarayana
vii
The Influence of Particle Energy Distributions on the Microstructure andProperties of Reactively Sputtered Titanium Oxide and Titanium NitrideThin Films ................................................................................................................................ 217
C. Muratore, J.J. Moore and J.A. Rees
Effects of Bias-Enhanced Nucleation and Growth of Diamond Films onCopper and Transition-Metal Alloy Substrates .................................................................... 227
A. Kumar and A.K. Sikder
Epitaxial Nucleation of Diamond Polytypes on Silicon by Direct IonBeam Deposition ...................................................................................................................... 239
Q. Li, X.F. Duan, Y. Lifshitz, F.Y. Meng,N.G. Shang, I. Bello and S.T. Lee
Characterization of Materials
Development of Cermet Thin Films Coatings ....................................................................... 369B. Mishra, J. Zhou and F. Kustas
Relative Nanomechanical and Raman Studies of Diamond-Like CarbonThin Films ................................................................................................................................ 251
J. Goldsmith, E. Sutter, J. Moore,B. Mishra and M. Crowder
Fabrication and Characterization of Mechanical Properties of Ultra-Thin Silicon Microcantilevers ................................................................................................. 261
P.B. Zantye, A.K. Sikder, R.K. Sharmaand A. Kumar
Influence of Surface Roughness on Coercivity and MagneticInteractions in CoCrX (X=Pt,Pd,Ta,B) Thin Film Media .................................................... 273
M. Tarakci and S. Guruswamy
Mechanical Properties of Microstructural Evaluation of ChromiumContaining Hard Coatings on Fe-Mn-Al Alloy ..................................................................... 283
J-W. Lee and J.-G. Duh
Curvature Method as a Tool to Evaluate Shape Memory Effects forTiNiCu Thin Films ................................................................................................................... 293
Y. Fu, H. Du and S. Zhang
Observation of Surface-Related Phenomena During In-situNanoindentation in a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) ...................................... 305
A.M. Minor, E.T. Lilleodden, E.A. Stachand J.W. Morris
Comparison in Characteristics of Electroless Deposited and MagnetronSputtered Ni-P-W Coatings .................................................................................................... 315
F-B. Wu, Y.-Y. Tsai and J.-G. Duh
viii
Oxidation/Corrosion/Nitridation/Diffusion
Factors Controlling In-Plane Cracking of Thermal Barrier Coatings ............................... 327Z. Zhang, J. Kameda, A.H. Swanson,S. Sakurai and M. Sato
The Corrosion Behavior of PVD-Grown WC-(Ti1-xAlx) N FilmsMultilayers in 3.5%NaCl Solution ......................................................................................... 337
S.H. Ahn, J.H. Yoo, Y.S. Choi, J.G. Kimand J.G. Han
Ferritic Nitrocarburising in Fludised Bed ............................................................................. 347D.M. Fabijanic, P.D. Hodgson and G.L. Kelly
Surface Phenomena in Diffusion Limited Capillary Flow in a ReactivePorous Film .............................................................................................................................. 357
R. Asthana
Author Index .............................................................................................................................. 379
Subject Index ............................................................................................................................. 381
ix
PREFACE
The symposium titled “Surface Engineering: Science and Technology II” was organizedby Ashok Kumar, Y. W. Chung, John J. Moore, Gary L. Doll, D. S. Misra and Kiyoshi Yatsui, andheld in Seattle, Washington, during the TMS annual meeting, February 17-21, 2002. This volumeconsists of invited and contributed papers from national and internationals researchers represent-ing universities, federal laboratories and industries. Surface engineering covers a wide range ofsurface modification processes that are directed at the creation of tailor-made surface characteris-tic of materials. The objective of this symposium is to provide a multi-disciplinary discussion onsurface related phenomena by which materials performance may be enhanced through engineeredinterface and surface modification technologies.
The objective of this symposium is to provide a forum for multi-disciplinary discussions on phe-nomena where materials-performance may be enhanced through engineered surfaces and inter-faces. The materials science of hard and wear-resistant coatings, including nanostructured coat-ings, is a scientifically challenging problem with immediate technological applications in ma-chine and machining tools, magnetic recording and others manufacturing industries. This sympo-sium has served as a forum to review key aspects, discuss ongoing current research and speculateon future trends relating to the science, technology and applications of coatings, surface treat-ments and surface analysis for the enhanced performance of engineered components and devices.We wish to thank all the authors, particularly the invited speakers and referees, for their contribu-tions to the success of this symposium. We also acknowledge the University of South Alabama,the Northwestern University/Materials Research Center, Colorado School of Mines, The TimkenCompany, I. I. T. Bombay and Nagaoka University of Technology for the resources the organizersused to organize the symposium and complete this book. Special thanks are also extended to Mr.Steve Kendall from TMS for his assistance in editing this book.
Dr. Ashok Kumar Dr. Yip-Wah ChungDept. of Mechanical Engr. & Dept. of Materials Sci.& Engr.Center for Microelectronics Research Northwestern UniversityUniversity of South Florida Evanston, IL 60208Tampa, FL 33620 Tel: (847)491-3112, Fax: (847)491-7820
Dr. John J. Moore Dr. Gary L. DollAdvanced Coating & Surface Engr. Lab The Timken CompanyColorado School of Mines P.O. Box 6930Golden, CO 80401-1887 Canton, OH 44706
Dr. Kiyoshi Yatsui Dr. D. S. MisraExtreme Energy Density Research Institute Department of PhysicsNagaoka University of Technology I. I. T. BombayNagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
379
AUTHOR INDEX
AAhn, S.H., 337Ajayan, P.M., 99Alman, D.E., 153Asay, R., 133Asthana, R., 357
BBeascoechea, D., 89Bello, I., 179, 239Bley, R.A., 89Brown, M.S., 25Bunker, C.E., 25
CCho, C., 61Choi, Y.S., 337Crowder, M., 251
DDanielson, P., 153De Hosson, J.T., 163Dogan, O.N., 153Du, H., 293Duan, X.F., 239Duh, J.-G., 283, 315Dumitriu, D., 189
FFabijanic, D.M., 347Fu, Y., 293
GGoldsmith, J., 251Gord, J.R., 25Guruswamy, S., 273
HHamada, K., 43Han, J.G., 337Harruff, B.A., 25Hawk, J.A., 153Henderson, D.O., 35Hixson, E.C, 207Hodgson, P.D., 347
IIshizaka, K., 79
JJiang, W., 61, 79, 125, 143, 199
KKambe, N., 15Kameda, J., 327Kar, A., 113Karami, A., 189Katta, V.R., 25Kelly, G.L., 347Kim, J.G., 337Kinemuchi, Y., 61, 79, 143Kleebe, H.J., 207Kobayashi, K., 199Kumar, A., 227, 261
LLee, J-W., 283Lee, S.T., 179, 239Li, Q., 179, 239Lifshitz, Y., 179, 239Lilleodden, E.T., 305Livingston, T.C., 35
MMarks, L.D., 179Meng, F.Y., 239Meyer, T.R., 25Minor, A.M., 305Mishra, B., 251Moore, J., 207, 217, 251Morris, J.W., 305Mu, R.R., 35Muratore, C., 217Mustoe, G.G.W., 207
NNiedner, R., 89
OOcken, H., 133Olson, D.L., 207
380
PPei, Y., 163
QQuick, N.R., 113
RRees, J.A., 217Ruiz, I., 199
SSaikusa, T., 125Sakurai, S., 327Salama, I.A., 113Sato, M., 327Saunders, V.C., 35Schlabach, S., 3Senna, M., 43Shang, N.G., 239Sharma, R.K., 261Shimbo, D., 199Sikder, A.K., 227, 261Singhal, A., 67Skandan, G., 67Stach, E.A., 305Suematsu, H., 61, 79, 143, 199Suematu, H., 125Sun, Y-P., 25Suryanarayana, C., 207Sutter, E., 251Suzuki, T., 61, 79, 125, 143, 199Swanson, A.H., 327Szabó, D.V., 3
TTakeda, M., 199Tarakci, M., 273Tsai, Y.-Y., 315
UUeda, A., 35
VVayssieres, L., 51Vollath, D., 3
WWei, B.Q., 99Wu, F-B., 315Wu, M.H., 35
XXu, B., 3
YYang, S.C., 143Yatsui, K., 61, 79, 125, 143, 199Yoo, J.H., 337
ZZantye, P.B., 261Zhang, S., 293Zhang, Z., 327Zhang, Z.J., 99Zweifel, D.A., 25
381
SUBJECT INDEX
AAdhesion, 340Annealing
Annealing Temperature, 320-321Ni3P, 315, 319-322
AlN Content, 61-65, 67Alumindum Nitride (AlN), 61-65, 67
BBia-Enhance, 227, 228, 233Bode Plot, 342Boron Carbide, 199-205Boron Nitride, 179
CCarbon Nanotubes, 89, 94, 98
Multi Walled, 91, 94Single Walled, 90-91, 94
Capilary Flow, 357, 358, 360CFD, 25, 27, 28, 31Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), 52, 94,
227-230, 240, 251Chromizing
Chromization, 283-284Pack Chromizing, 284-285, 299, 291
CNx Films, 189, 190CoCr, 273, 274, 280, 281Coercivity, 273, 274, 278, 280, 281Combustion, 25Composite, 153, 154, 158, 160
Epoxy/Nanotube, 94-98Copper, 227Corrosion, 138, 139CPE, 344Cracking, 163Crystalline, 126Curvature Method, 295
DD.C. –Bias, 227Deposited Energy, 61, 65-67Diamond, 239-248, 251Diamond Films, 227-230, 233-235, 237, 238Diffusion, 357-359, 363, 367Droplet, 341
EEIS, 339-340ERDA, 190
FFe-Mn-Al Alloy, 284, 286, 289, 292
Fe-Mn-Al-C Alloy, 284Ferimagnetism, 79, 80, 86Fluid-Bed Reactor, 347, 347Four Point Bending, 329FT-IR, 189, 191, 193Fuels, 25
GGallium Arsenide, 113Galvanic Current Density, 342Gas Sensor, 79, 80, 84, 85Gold, 35, 36, 40, 41
HHard Coatings, 69HF-CVD, 189, 190, 283Hydrogen Absorbing Alloy, 126
IInductance, 61-67Intense Pulsed Ion-Beam Evaporation, 126Internal Stress, 181Ion-Beam Evaporation, 143-148, 151, 199-
205
KKaufman Ion Source, 240, 242
LLarge Area High Resolution Transmission
Electron Microscopy, 199, 200, 202Laser, 43, 44, 49, 163-176
MMagnetron Sputtering, 179, 180Mechanical Properties, 283MEMS, 25, 29, 261, 262, 306Metal Oxide, 51, 53, 56MgO, 35-39, 41Microcantilevers, 263, 264
382
MicrohardnessDegradation, 321Peak-Hardness, 320-321Precipitation, 315, 316, 320-322
Microstructures, 284, 285Microwave Plasma Process, 3-5, 12
Synthesis, 5Molybdenum, 207, 208MoSi2, 207, 208, 209, 211
NNanocoating, 43, 49Nanocomposites, 43, 44, 49, 51, 55, 58Nanoindentation, 76, 266, 267, 305, 306,
308, 310, 312Nanomaterial, 69Nanomechanical, 251-253Nanoparticles, 3-9, 12
Coated Nanoparticles, 5, 7-9Morphology, 7Properties, 9
Nanosize Powder, 79-87Nanotubes, 99-108Nanowire, 35, 40, 41NEMS, 29NiFe2O4, 79-87, 149, 150Nitrocarburising, 347, 348
OOxidation Resistant Coating, 207
PPlasma, 217-218, 223-225Plasma Enhanced-Hot Filament CVD, 189-
198Ammonia, 189-198Dimethylamine, 189, 190, 192-194Methane, 189-192Precursors, 189-198Trichloroethylene, 189, 190, 194-198
Plasma Spray, 327, 328Polymer, 3-5, 11, 12Polymerization, 93Porosity, 163, 340Porous Films, 357, 366Powder Metallurgy, 153
PropertiesDispersion Behavior, 9, 10High Frequency, 12, 13Magnetic, 11, 12Suspension Behavior, 10
Pulsed Wire Discharge (PWD), 61-63, 67,79-87, 143, 144, 149-151
RR.F. Sputtering
Magnetron Sputtering, 283-286Raman, 251-252, 257-258Residual Stress, 163, 327
SScratch Test, 283-285, 291
Critical Load, 283-285, 289-291Shape Memory, 293, 298SiC, 163-175Silica, 99, 104, 106, 107Silicon Carbide, 113, 207, 214Sputter-Deposition, 294Stabilized Chronium Process, 133, 134, 137Stainless Steel, 133-135Steel, 347-355Stress, 293, 298, 299Surface Roughness, 273, 274SWNT, 89-94, 97, 98
TTEM, 179, 180-184, 239-241, 305, 306,308-312Tests
Flexural Stress, 95-97Thermal Barrier Coatings, 163, 327Thermal Conductivity, 129Thermoelectric Properties, 199-205Thin Films, 51-54, 199-205, 251, 273
FT-IR, 189, 191, 193, 196-197Hardness, 189, 191-197
TiC, 153, 154, 158, 160, 161, 163-176TiFe (Titanium Iron), 125, 147-148TiNiCu Thin Films, 293, 294Titanium Nitride, 217-224Titanium Oxide, 217-223, 225Transparent Coating, 72
383
VVia Hole, 148
WWide Bandgap, 113, 123
XX-Ray Diffraction, 128XPS, 113, 116, 119, 120, 122
YYbaCuO, 145-147
ZZero Resistance Ammeter (ZRA), 340