PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES,

NEW DELHI, INDIA, DECEMBER 1993

VOLUME 1

SURFACE-WATER HYDROLOGY

Water Science and Technology Library VOLUME 16/1

Editor-in-Chief V. P. Singh, Louisiana State University,

Baton Rouge, U.S.A.

Editorial Advisory Board

M. Anderson, Bristol, U.K. L. Bengtsson, Lund, Sweden

A. G. Bobba, Burlington, Ontario, Canada S. Chandra, New Delhi, India M. Fiorentino, Potenza, Italy

W. H. Hager, Zürich, Switzerland N. Harmancioglu, Izmir, Turkey

A. R. Rao, West Lafayette, Indiana, U.S.A. M. M. Sherif, Giza, Egypt

Shan Xu Wang, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China D. Stephenson, Johannesburg, South Africa

PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES,

NEW DELHI, INDIA, DECEMBER 1993

Volume 1

SURFACE-WATER HYDROLOGY

edited by

VIJAY P. SINGH Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,

Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, U.S.A.

and

BHISHM KUMAR National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, India

SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.

A C.LP. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

ISBN 978-94-010-4174-4 ISBN 978-94-011-0389-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-0389-3

Printed on acid-free paper

All Rights Reserved © 1996 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1996 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1996

No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,

including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

To

Mother India

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE .................................................. Xl

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................ xiii

SECTION 1 : INVESTIGATION OF HYDROLOGIC PROCESSES

Profess Studies in Forest Hydrology: A Worldwide View by P. F. Ffolliott and K. N. Brooks ................................. 1

Modelling Evapotranspiration of Dune Vegetation by P. J. M. de Laat and P. Varoonchotikul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 19

Paleohydrology of Quaternary River Systems of North Bihar Plains, India by R. Sinha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 29

Modelling the Effects of Climate Change on the Hydrologic Response of a Mountain Watershed by A. S. Limaye, A. K. Sikka, B. Rajagopalan, and J. P. Riley. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 43

Operational Hydrology Aspects of Desertification by A. Ben-Zvi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 53

Spatial Estimation Techniques for Precipitation Analysis - Application to a Region in India by B. Rajagopalan, A. K. Sikka, D. S. Bowles, and A. S. Limaye ............................................. 61

SECTION 2: HYDROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS

Design Criteria for the Improvement of Hydro­meteorological Data Acquisition Systems: Automation of Sicily Networks by G. Rossi, A. Ancarani, and A. Jakomin ............................ 79

A New Automatic Rainfall Sensor by B. Kumar, V. C. Goyal and S. Gupta ............................. 95

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An Automatic Electronic Infiltrometer by B. Kumar ................................................. 105

SECTION 3: DYNAMICS OF OVERLAND FLOW

Modeling Surface Runoff with Kinematic, Diffusion, and Dynamic Waves by V. M. Ponce ............................................... 121

Computational Aspects in Kinematic Modelling by B. H. Schmid and W. Summer .................................. 133

Effect of Vedemikov Number on Overland Flow Dynamics by V. M. Ponce and K. T. Dillenberger .............................. 149

SECTION 4: MODELING BASIN RESPONSE

Complexity, Uncertainty, and Systematic Error in Hydrologic Models by L. J. Lane and M. H. Nichols ................................... 175

The Most Probable Hydrologic Response of Fractal River Networks by P. Claps, M. Fiorentino and G. Oliveto ............................ 191

Bayesian Unit Hydrographs by A. R. Rao ................................................. 205

Predicting Runoff Using Artificial Neural Networks by A. T. Hjelmfelt, Jr. and M. Wang ................................ 233

Use of Digital Elevation Model in Runoff Modeling by P. K. Garg ................................................ 245

SECTION 5: FLOOD ROUTING

Physically Based Linear Flood Routing Modeling by W. G Strupczewski .......................................... 261

Reliability of the Muskingum Method for the Prediction of Flood Wave Propagation

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by A. Giorgini and G. Mendicino .................................. 297

Stratified Muskingum Routing in Natural Channels by M. Karmegam .............................................. 325

Transfer Function Models for Hydrologic Flood Routing by M. P. Cherian and P. K. Pal .................................... 333

Effect of Cross-Sectional Shape on Free-Surface Instability by V. M. Ponce and P. J. Porras ................................... 343

Flow Resistance Estimation for Large-Scale Roughness by V. A. Copertino, B. de Bemardinis, F. A. Sciancalepore, and A. Sole ..................... . ................. 355

Warning of Application of the Chezy-Manning Formula Regardless of Channel Shape by W. G. Strupczewski .......................................... 371

SECTION 6: STOCHASTIC MODELING OF STREAM FLOW

Streamflow Analysis and Synthesis by Pattern Recognition Techniques by U. S. Panu ................................................ 387

Moment Evolution of the Outflow Rate from Nonlinear Conceptual Reservoirs by Karmeshu and H. Schurz ...................................... 403

Comparative Study of Stochastic Models for Seasonal Streamflow Generation by K. Srinivasan and M. C. Philipose ................................ 415

Adaptivity in Stochastic Modelling and Forecasting by A. W. Jayawardena .......................................... 429

Short Term Daily Flow Prediction for Tropical Watershed by M. V. Somasundaram and S. K. Srinivasan ......................... 443

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Role of the Rainfall Input in the Real Time Flood Forecasting by K. Singh and M. Majumdar .................................... 457

Changes in Flow Characteristics of the River Murray in the Last 100 Years by B. L. Maheshwari, K. F. Walker and T. A. McMahon .................. 473

SECTION 7: FLOOD FREQUENCY ANALYSIS

On the Statistical Frequency Analysis of Hydrological Extremes by F. Ashkar ................................................. 485

Estimation of Extreme Floods with Particular Reference to Southern Africa by D. Stephenson .............................................. 505

Functional Relationships and Asymptotic Properties of Distributions of Interest in Hydrologic Frequency Analysis by F. Ashkar, B. Bobee and T. B. M. J. Ouarda ........................ 521

Frequency Analysis of Upper Cauvery Flood Data by L-Moments by A. R. Rao and K. Hamed ...................................... 537

Flood Prediction by Use of Partial Duration Series by A. Ben-Zvi ................................................ 557

Comparison of Five Distributions for Suitability in Flood Frequency Analysis in Bangladesh by M. A. Karim and J. A. Chowdhury ............................... 567

Investigation of Potential Flash Floods for Ungaged Region Using the Kriging Method by T. J. Chang and H. Y. Sun ..................................... 477

SECTION 8: DROUGHT ANALYSIS

A Stochastic Characterization of Palmer Drought Severity Index by G. V. Loganathan, S. Mostaghimi, M. K. Tchaou, and V. K. Lohani .............................................. 593

PREFACE

Water is vital to life, maintenance of ecological balance, economic development, and sustenance of civilization. Planning and management of water resources and its optimal use are a matter of urgency for most countries of the world, and even more so for India with a huge population. Growing population and expanding economic activities exert increasing demands on water for varied needs--domestic, industrial, agricultural, power generation, navigation, recreation, etc. In India, agriculture is the highest user of water.

The past three decades have witnessed numerous advances as well as have presented intriguing challenges and exciting opportunities in hydrology and water resources. Compounding them has been the growing environmental consciousness. Nowhere are these challenges more apparent than in India. As we approach the twenty­first century, it is entirely fitting to take stock of what has been accomplished and what remains to be accomplished, and what accomplishments are relevant, with particular reference to Indian conditions.

India has had a long tradition of excellence spanning over several millennia in construction of water resources projects. She has produced civil engineers of highest quality, some of whom rank among the best in the world. In keeping with India's tradition of honoring distinguished engineers at their retirement, it was decided to hold an International Conference on Hydrology and Water Resources, December 20-22, 1993, in New Delhi, to celebrate the retirement of Professor Satish Chandra, Director of the National Institute of Hydrology at Roorkee, who has had a long and distinguished career spanning over three decades in hydrologic education, research, and development. Through this forum, it was hoped to bring together from all over the world researchers, educationists, and practitioners to New Delhi, India, to present the results of their latest work, to share their experiences, to interact with Indian water resources professionals, and to, hopefully, set the stage for future course of hydrology and water resources.

The objectives of this conference were therefore (1) to assess the current state of the art of hydrology and water resources, (2) to discuss applicability of hydrologic and water resources models, (3) to enhance interdisciplinary interaction, (4) to discuss research needs in hydrology and water resources, and (5) to determine the directions for further research.

We received an overwhelming response to our call for papers. The subject matter of the conference was divided into 36 major topics encompassing virtually all facets of hydrology and water resources. Each topic comprised an invited state-of-the-paper and a number of contributed papers. These contributions provided a natural blend to evolve a synthesized body of knowledge on that topic. Extended abstracts of all the invited and contributed papers were assembled in a pre-conference proceedings volume. This helped stimulate discussion and exchange of ideas during the conference.

The papers presented at the conference were reviewed by the Organizing Committee. As a result, some of the papers did not pass the review and were therefore eliminated from inclusion in the final proceedings. The papers contained in this book, SURFACE-WATER HYDROLOGY, represent one part of the conference contributions.

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The other parts are embodied in three separate companion books, SUBSURFACE-WATER HYDROLOGY, WATER-QUALITY HYDROLOGY, and WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT, which are being published simultaneously. Arrangement of the contributions in these books under four different titles was a natural consequence of the diversity of topics presented in the papers. These books can be treated almost independently, although some overlap may exist between them.

This book contains eight sections encompassing major aspects of surface-water hydrology. Each section usually starts with invited state-of-the-art papers, followed by contributed papers. Beginning with investigation of hydrologic processes in the first section, the papers go on to discuss hydrological measurements in Section 2, dynamics of overland flow in Section 3, modeling basin response in Section 4, flood routing in Section 5, stochastic modeling of stream flow in Section 6, flood frequency analysis in Section 7, and drought analysis in the concluding Section 8.

The book will be of interest to researchers as well as those engaged in practice of Civil Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Hydrology, Water Resources, Earth Resources, Forestry, and Environmental Sciences. The graduate students as well as those wishing to conduct research in water resources planning and management will find this book to be of particular value.

We wish to take this opportunity to express our sincere appreciation to all the members of the Organizing and Advisory Committees, the Louisiana State University administration, and the Indian Association of Hydrologists. Numerous other people contributed to the conference in one way or another, and a lack of space does not allow us to list all of them by name here. We would, nonetheless, like to single out Mr. S. S. Kanwar, who served as Assistant Conference Organizing Secretary, for his inordinate assistance and effort without which the conference would not have come to fruition. Numerous other people contributed to the conference to varying degrees. The authors, including the invited keynote speakers, contributed to the conference technically and made the conference what it was; and this book is largely a result of their efforts. The session chairmen/co-chairmen administered the sessions in a positive and professional manner. We owe our sincere gratitude to all of these individuals.

If the success of a conference is measured in terms of the quality of participants and presentations, then most people would agree that this was a very successful conference. A large number of internationally well-known people, who have long been recognized for their contributions and have long been at the forefront of hydrologic and water resources research, came to participate in the conference. More than 20 countries, covering five continents and most of the countries of the world active in research in hydrology and water resources, were represented. It is hoped that long and productive personal associations and friendships will develop as a result of this conference.

v. P. Singh Conference Chairman B. Kumar Organizing Secretary

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The International Conference on Hydrology and Water Resources was sponsored and co­sponsored by a number of organizations. The sponsors supported the conference financially without which it might not have come to fruition. Their financial support is gratefully acknowledged. The co-sponsors extended their support by announcing the conference through their journals, periodicals, transactions, newsletters, or magazines. The publicity so gained helped with increased participation in the conference, and is sincerely appreciated. The following is a list of symposium sponsors and co-sponsors.

Sponsors

Wallac Oy Finland

Pharmacia United Limited New Delhi, India

Electrotek Instruments Inc. Madras, India

Elron Instruments Company Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, India

Department of Power Govt. of Arunachal Pradesh ltanagar, India

Environmental Measurements & Control Cochin, India

AIC Agro Instruments (P) Ltd. Calcutta, India

Spectrum Associates New Delhi, India

Anubhav Printers & Packers Roorkee, India

Ajay Printers Roorkee, India

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Co-Sponsors

American Geophysical Union USA

International Association for Hydraulic Research The Netherlands

International Water Resources Association USA

Soil and Water Conservation Society USA

Association of American Geographers USA

International Statistical Institute The Netherlands