surfuctant by zagros a umar
TRANSCRIPT
Surfactants
PRESENTING BY: ZAGROS A.OMAR
SUPERVISE: Dr, ROONAK
Soran University Faculty of Science 2015-2016
Outline
HISTORY OF SURFACTANTDEFINATION OF SURFACTANTTYPES OF SURFACTANTSTRECTURAL AGGREGATESMICELLESAPLICATION OF SURFACTANTSEFETY AND INVIRONMENTAL RESK REFRENCE
HISTORY OF SURFACTANT
the first discovery of surfactant In 1929 Kurt von Neergaard, a German-born physiologist working in Switzerland
Is a surface-active agent, a wetting agent, a substance, is Natural or synthetic,
substance such as a detergent, that can reduce the surface tension of a liquid and thus allow it to foam or penetrate solids.
inition
Surfactant classification according to the composition of their head: nonionic, anionic, cationic, amphoteric
Anionic surfactantsIn these surfactants the hydrophilic group is negatively charged. They are the most widely used type of surfactants for laundering, dishwashing liquids and shampoos. They are particularly good at keeping the dirt. Four anionic surfactants are used:a)alkylbenzene sulfonates
b) alkyl sulfates
c) alkyl ether sulfates
d) soaps
Cationic surfactantsWith these surfactants, the hydrophilic head is positively charged.there are several types, each used for a specific purpose.(a) Mono alkyl quaternary systems
b) Esterquats
Nonionic surfactantsThese surfactants do not bear an electrical charge and are often used together with anionic surfactants. An advantage is that they do not interact with calcium and magnesium ions in hard water.
Amphoteric surfactantsAmphoteric (or zwitterionic) surfactants are so called because the head-group carries both a negative and positive charge. A range of methods is used to produce such materials, which contain ammonium ion (a cation). The negatively charged group can be carboxylate, -CO2
-, sulfate, -OSO3- or
sulfonate, -SO3-. A long-chain carboxylic acid reacts with a diamine to form a
tertiary amine. On further reaction with sodium chloroethanoate, a quaternary salt is formed:
4 nm
Unimers Normal micelles
sphericalcylindrical
Bilayer lamellaReverse micelles
Inverted hexagonal phase
Surfactant Aggregates
MicellesDirect micelles
Surfactant Solubilized organicmolecules (oil)
H2O
Reverse micelles
H2O
n-decaneC10H22
Surfactant
H2O
Micelle
Applications
Safety and environmental risks
Most anionic and nonionic surfactants are nontoxic.
REFERENCE
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/surfactanthttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/surfactant
http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/2003/July/amphiphiles.asp http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/2003/July/amphiphiles.asp
http://www.kidport.com/reflib/science/humanbody/cardiovascular/http://www.kidport.com/reflib/science/humanbody/cardiovascular/Capillaries.htmCapillaries.htm
http://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org/materials-and-applications/surfactants.html. http://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org/materials-and-applications/surfactants.html.
Mayer, Robert G. Mayer, Robert G. Embalming: History, Theory, and Practice. Embalming: History, Theory, and Practice. New York: New York: Mcgraw-Hill Medical, 2012. Print.Mcgraw-Hill Medical, 2012. Print.