Surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia, on October 19, 1781. Oil, John Trumbull.

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Colonization to Revolution, Beginnings–1783

Native Americans, Europeans, and Africans come together in the Americas. American colonists revolt against English rule.

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Colonization to Revolution, Beginnings–1783

SECTION 1

SECTION 2

SECTION 3

Three Worlds Meet

The English Colonies

The American Revolution

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Section 1

Three Worlds MeetNative American, European, and African cultures come together in the Americas.

The First Americans

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Three Worlds Meet

• 12,000 years ago, the first peoples migrate to America

1SECTION

• By 1500, there are hundreds of cultural groups in North America

• Many societies develop in the AmericasMap

Societies of West Africa

• By mid-1400s, Songhai people begin their own empire

• By 1200s, kingdom of Mali becomes most powerful state

• Kingdom of Ghana prospers from 700s to mid-1000s by controlling the trade of gold and salt.

Societies of Europe

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1SECTION

• By 1000s, feudal system characterizes most of Europe

• Feudalism—lords use king’s lands and, in return, are loyal to king

• During 1300s, feudal system weakens and kings become stronger

• Renaissance (1300—1600)—time of increased interest in learning

European Exploration

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1SECTION

• Explorer Christopher Columbus sails west, lands in America in 1492

• Vasco da Gama finds all-water route from Europe to Asia

• Brings back geographic knowledge that changes European views

European countries were looking for an all-water route to Asia so they could have part of the spice trade.

Interactive

Pepper was one of the most profitable trade items shipped to Europe.

Competition for Empire

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1SECTION

• Conquistadors (soldiers) explore Americas in 1500s, claim for Spain

• Europeans explore to spread Christianity to people including Native Americans by building missions, expand empires, become rich

• England, France, Netherlands explore and colonize the Americas

• The movement of living things traded between hemispheres—Columbian Exchange (see next slide)

• Spanish establish missions—settlements—in Americas

• Slavery in America begins in 1600 to provide labor; because Native Americans quickly died from overwork and disease.

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Section 2

The English ColoniesBritain establishes a group of diverse colonies in North America.

Jamestown

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The English Colonies2SECTION

• Colonists face hardships; at least half the people died; but colony still survived;

• earn profits from tobacco farming; colony NOT founded for religious reasons

• Jamestown (1609)—first permanent English settlement in Americas

• House of Burgesses first representative assembly in American colonies. It was a form of self government.

• Assembly gives more local control to colonists

New England Colonies

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2SECTION

• Pilgrims—religious group that separated from Church of England ;Plymouth was formed for religious reasons

• Pilgrims sail to Massachusetts in 1620

• Agree to obey laws for good of colony— They sign the Mayflower Compact which was a form of self government.

• Puritans—religious group wanting to “purify” the Church of England

• 1,000 Puritans arrive in America in 1630

• Growing population of colonists conflict with Native Americans

Image

Image

The Plymouth colonists faced many hardships and at least half of them died.

Jamestown Plymouth

Founded for religious reasons

No Yes

Had a form of self government

Yes Yes

Faced hardships Yes Yes

At least half of the people died

Yes Yes

Know this information for the test!

Middle and Southern Colonies

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2SECTION

• Dutch settle colony of New Netherlands (1624); renamed New York

• Middle colonies: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware

• William Penn creates colony for Quakers, region called Pennsylvania

• Southern colonies: Virginia, Maryland, Carolina, and Georgia

• Between 1607 and 1732, southern colonies are founded

Map

Colonial Economies

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2SECTION

• Middle colonies grow cash crops

• New Englanders survive through subsistence farming, fishing

• Southern colonies grow plantation crops; use enslaved African labor

• By 1750, over 235,000 enslaved Africans are in America

• Triangular Trade—trade goods for slaves, then trade slaves for goods

• They endure hardships, resist slavery in different ways

Chart

“The Growth” of Representative Government

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2SECTION

• Includes right to elect representatives to government

• Magna Carta (1215) played a part by granting rights to English noblemen and freemen

• American colonists form representative assemblies (although British controlled them)

• American colonists claim these rights

• British rulers William and Mary uphold the English Bill of Rights

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•The Glorious Revolution played a part. During this, the English Bill of Rights were upheld by William and Mary and American colonists were quick to claim these rights. The English Bill of Rights played a part in the growth of representative government.

The French and Indian War

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2SECTION

• French and Native Americans destroy British trading posts; start war

• British and French compete over fur trade in French-claimed territory

• French and Indian War (1754—1763)—British defeat French and Canada was passed from France to Britain.

• Treaty of Paris ends French power in North America

Interactive Test hint: France did NOT gain control of British colonies and the border between French and British territory was not agreed upon. France LOST everything!!!!

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Section 3

The American RevolutionThe American colonists fight to gain independence from Britain.

Tighter British Control

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The American Revolution3SECTION

• Sugar Act (1764)—tax sugar, other products; colonial leaders protest

• To pay off debts, British Parliament taxes American colonists heavily

• Stamp Act (1765)—require official stamp on documents; more protests

• Parliament repeals Stamp Act in 1766

Interactive

Colonial Resistance Grows

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3SECTION

• In protest, colonists boycott British goods

• Townshend Acts (1767)—suspends New York’s assembly; tax goods

• Colonists protest by destroying 342 chests of tea at Boston Tea Party

• British repeal Townshend Acts but pass Tea Act (1773)

• Youths and British soldiers fight, 5 civilians killed—Boston Massacre

Image

Image

The Road to Lexington and Concord

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3SECTION

• First Continental Congress bans trade with Britain, calls on each colony to train troops

• Britain punishes colonists by passing strict Intolerable Acts (1774)

• Colonists fight British troops at Lexington and Concord; start war

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Declaring Independence

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3SECTION

• British soldiers and colonists fight at Bunker Hill (1775)

• George Washington becomes the commander of the Continental Army

• Political leader Thomas Jefferson writes Declaration of Independence

• July 4, 1776, Continental Congress adopts Declaration of Independence

• Declaration of Independence states that people have unalienable rights

Map

Image

The Early Years of the War

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3SECTION

• 40 to 45 percent are Patriots—supporters of the Revolution

• 20 to 30 percent of Americans are Loyalists— supporters of Britain

• In late 1776, Washington and his troops retreat

• British defeated at Battles of Saratoga; turning point in war

• Washington’s troops defeat British allies at Trenton and Princeton

Map

Map

The War Expands

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3SECTION

• Washington and troops endure harsh winter (1777—1778) at Valley Forge

• France forms alliance with United States; sends funds, supplies, troops

• American privateers capture hundreds of British merchant ships

Image

The Path to Victory

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3SECTION

• Surprise attacks weaken British hold on southern colonies

• British take control of Georgia, Charles Town (Charleston)

• American and French defeat British at Yorktown (1781)

• Treaty of Paris of 1783—ends war, United States gains independence

Interactive

NEXT

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