Surrender

• On April 8, 1865, General Lee surrendered his army at the Appomattox Court House

• Civil War is over

Reconstruction

• The rebuilding and healing of the country after the war

• A plan to reunite the country as quickly as possible

Reconstruction• President Lincoln came up with a plan:

– Former Confederate states: 10% of the citizens must swear loyalty to the United States

– Representatives from that state would then be sent to Congress and the state would become a part of the U.S. again

Reconstruction

• Congress did not agree with President Lincoln– They wanted HALF

of the citizens to swear loyalty

– President Lincoln did not sign the plan into law

South in Ruins

• The Civil War destroyed the South• White southerners were angry and resentful

– No desire to treat freedmen as equals

• “My shoes are gone, my clothes are almost gone. I’m sick. I’m weary. My family have been killed or scattered.” –Confederate General

Assassination

• The murder of a political or government leader

• On April 14, 1865, President Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth as he watched a play at Ford’s Theater

• He died early the next day

Andrew Johnson

• Andrew Johnson was quickly sworn into office after President Lincoln died

• Johnson blamed the war on wealthy southerners (had tricked poor farmers)– Did NOT believe that blacks should have equal

rights

• Continued Lincoln’s easy plan and pardoned hundreds of former Confederates

Andrew Johnson

• Declared secession illegal

• Passed the 13th Amendment to the Constitution– Abolished slavery

forever

Andrew Johnson• Allowed elections to

take place in the South, but only whites could vote

• Former Confederates took control again and created Black Codes– Laws that denied

African Americans many civil rights

Black Codes

• Black codes took away freedmen’s civil rights– Hoped to return them to slavery– Not allowed to vote– To travel, had to receive permission from white

employer– Had to receive permission from a judge to work

any other job besides a farmer– Violence broke out throughout the South

Freedmen’s Bureau• Congress formed the Freedmen’s

Bureau in March, 1865– Opened offices throughout the

South– Gave clothes, food, and

medicine to Freedmen– Established schools and offices

• Freedmen now became legally married and searched for lost loved ones• 4,000,000 slaves were freed!

Freedmen’s Bureau

• Northerners were outraged by the Black Codes

• Congress wanted power to defend blacks against the Black Codes– President Johnson VETOED the bill!

• Wanted each state to make their own decisions

The Freedmen’s Bureau

http://safeshare.tv/w/fBFmkFxdfS

Congress

• Congress continued to push for equal rights and had enough votes to override Johnson’s veto– Johnson claimed that Congress was filled with

traitors!

• June, 1866, the 14th Amendment was passed– Gave African American’s citizenship and said that

states had to provide equal protection for all

First Reconstruction Act

• Congress took over and changed everything• Passed the First Reconstruction Act

– Disbanded all southern state governments– New elections would take place

• Ex-Confederates could NOT vote!• Union soldiers marched in the South to keep peace

Congress in Charge• Sixteen African

Americans were elected to the US Congress

• Reforms:– First public schools

established in the South

– Taxes spread evenly among poor and rich

Congress in Charge– Congress tried

to impeach Andrew Johnson, but one vote saved him

• Impeachment: bringing of charges against an elected official

Carpetbaggers

• Many northerners moved South to start businesses – Called carpetbaggers (“Yankee invaders”)

• Southerners said that carpetbaggers made money off of the misery of the South

– Southerners who worked with carpetbaggers were called scalawags (traitors)

Sharecroppers

• Poor blacks and whites in the South became sharecroppers– System of farming where

farmers rent land and pay the landowner with a share of the crops

– http://www.phschool.com/atschool/california/webcodes/history_interactive/myp-5127/common_player.html

15th Amendment

• In 1870, the Fifteenth Amendment was passed– Guaranteed all men the right to vote

Reconstruction Ends• In 1877, Union soldiers left the South • Reconstruction Success:

– Public school system established– Industries expanded

Reconstruction Ends • Reconstruction Failure:

– White Southerners gained control of the South again and Jim Crow laws were passed

• Laws that enforced segregation, or separation of blacks and whites

• Endured racism, poverty, and segregation until the 1950’s

Ku Klux Klan (KKK)• KKK was formed to

drive out Republicans, return blacks to a state of slavery, and return southern whites to power– Members dressed in

white robes and masks to conceal their identity

Reconstruction Link

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