survey of agricultural systems plant science · define terms: photosynthesis – the food-making...

SURVEY OF AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS

Plant Science

Define Terms:

⬜ Annual – A plant that completes its life cycle in one year or less.

⬜ Biennial – A plant that needs two years to complete its life cycle.

⬜ Dicot – A plant with two seed leaves.⬜ Fertilizer – A material that supplies nutrients to

plants.⬜ Monocot – A plant with one seed leaf.⬜ Perennial – A plant that needs more than two

years to complete its life cycle.

Define Terms:

● Photosynthesis – The food-making process of plants.

● Plant Science – The science of plant growth, care, and management.

● Respiration – The process by which plants convert food to energy.

● Soil – The outer layer of the earth’s crust that supports plant growth.

● Transpiration – The process by which a plant loses water vapor.

List the products obtained from plants and name the species that produce them

●Grain Crops – -Rice - Soybeans-Wheat - Corn-Milo - Barley -Oats -Rye


●Fiber Crops – -Cotton-Flax

Fiber Crop


●Fruit Crops – • Apples -Berries• Cherries - Citrus • Grapes -Peaches

Fruit Crops


● Vegetable Crops – -Broccoli -Tomatoes-Corn -Green Beans-Potatoes -Peas-Lettuce -Squash-Onion -Cabbage

Vegetable Crops


●Forestry – -Lumber -Paper-Mulch -Poles-Fuel Wood -Plywood-Veneer -Pilings

Forestry

Identify the Four Major Parts of a Plant and their Functions

● Leaf – Plant part consisting of a stipule, petiole, and a blade.

● Stem – Supports the leaves and conducts the flow of water and nutrients.

● Roots – Typically lie underground, bears no leaves and acts as the foundation for the plant.

● Flower – Reproductive part of the plant.

Leaf

●Functions:● A leaf is an above ground plant organ specialized for

photosynthesis. For this purpose, a leaf is typically flat and thin. The flatness of leaves works to expose the chloroplasts to move light and to increase the absorption of carbon dioxide at the expense of water loss. Also the site in most plants where transpiration takes place. Leaves can store food and water.

Leaf

● Cross Section of Leaf -

Stem

●Functions: ● Support for and the elevation of leaves, flowers, and

fruits. The stems keep the leaves in the light and provide place for the plant to keep its flowers and fruits.

● Transport fluids between the roots and shoots in the xylem and phloem.

● Storage of nutrients.● Production of new living tissue.

Roots

●Functions: ● Absorption of water and inorganic nutrients.● Anchoring of the plant body to the ground.● Storage of food and nutrients.● Two types of roots: Fibrous and Taproot

Root

●Fibrous Root System

Fibrous Root

Root

●Taproot System:

Taproot

Flower

●Functions:

● Reproduction

● Attract Pollinators

Flower

sepal

petal

filamentanther

stigma

style

ovary

pistil

Flower

Pistil – Female part of flowerStigma – Receives the pollenStyle – Take pollen travels downOvary – Contains ovules

Stamen – Male part of flowerPollen – Sexual reproductive cellAnther – Manufactures pollenFilament – Supports anther

Flower

Parts of a Flower

Parts of a Flower

● 1 – Stigma● 2 - Style● 3 – Anther● 4 – Filament● 5 - Petal

Plant Life Cycles

● Annuals are plants that complete their life cycle in one year or less. They have to be replanted annually. Example: Marigold

Plant Life Cycles

● Biennial’s are plants that need two years to complete their life cycle. Example: Radish

Plant Lifecycle

● Perennials are plants that require more than two years to complete their growing seasons. Example: Woody Plants

Photosynthesis

● Plants need carbon dioxide to manufacture food.● Animals (humans) need oxygen to live.● It is a series of processes in which light energy is

converted to a simple sugar.● It only occurs in the light.● It is the conversion of carbon dioxide and water in

the presence of light and chlorophyll into glucose, oxygen, and water.

Respiration

● Respiration is a process by which living cells (plant or animal) take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide.

● Occurs both in light and dark.● Respiration is a breaking down process, it uses the

sugars and starches produced by photosynthesis and converts them into energy.

Photosynthesis vs. Respiration

●Photosynthesis: Light Energy

6CO2 + 12H2O --------- C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O Chlorophyl

Carbon Dioxide + Water into Glucose+Oxygen+Water

●Respiration:

C6H12O6+6O2 -------- 6CO2+6H2O + Heat (energy)

Glucose + Water into Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

Transpiration

● Transpiration is a process similar to evaporation. It is the process of losing water vapor from parts of a plant, similar to sweating. This process mainly occurs in the leaves but can also occur in other parts of the plant. Water vapor is released from the stomata on the under side of the leaf. This is a cooling process of the plant. The U.S. EPA estimates that an acre of corn transpires approx. 4000 gallons of water each day.

Tissues responsible for the transfer and of nutrients and water

● Xylem -Transports water & nutrients up.● Phloem -Transports manufactured food down.

● In monocots, the xylem and phloem are arranged in tubes.

● In dicots, the xylem and phloem are arranged in rings

Monocot vs. Dicot

Monocots

Common Examples:-Grass -Cattails-Lilies -Onions-Orchids -Corn

Dicots

Common Examples:-Broadleaf Trees -Shrubs-Most Flowers -Vegetables

Identify Requirements for Plant Growth

● Primary Nutrients

● Secondary Nutrients

● Micronutrients

Primary Nutrients

● Nitrogen (N)

● Phosphorus (P)

● Potassium (K)

Commercial Fertilizers

● Nitrogen (N) – Phosphorus (P) – Potassium (K)● N – P – K ● Example: 100lb container of fertilizer with a grade of

13 – 13 – 13 contains; 13%(N) – 13% (P) – 13% (K)The rest is inert filler material.

Primary Nutrient Deficiencies

● Nitrogen – General yellowing of the older leaves (bottom of the plant). The rest of the plant is often light green.

● Phosphorus – Leaf tips look burnt, followed by older leaves turning a dark green or reddish-purple.

● Potassium – Older leaves may wilt, look scorched. Interveinal chlorosis begins at the base, scorching inward form the leaf margins.

Nitrogen Deficiency

Phosphorus Deficiency

Potassium Deficiency

Soil Texture

● Texture refers to the proportion and size of soil particles.

● It can be determined very accurately in lab by mechanical analysis or very quickly in the field with “ribbon test.”

● Sand – Largest particle● Silt – Medium particle● Clay – Smallest particle

Ribbon Test

1) Make a stiff ball2) Rub the mud ball between thumb and forefinger.3) Note the degree of coarseness and grittiness due to

the sand particles.4) Squeeze the mud between the fingers and then pull

you thumb and finger apart.5) Note the degree of stickiness due to the clay

particles.6) Make the soil slightly more moist and note that the

clay leaves a “slick” surface on the thumb and fingers.

Ribbon Test

Course-Textured (sandy) Soil

● Loose and single grained.

● Individual grains can be easily seen and felt.

● Squeeze in hand and it will fall apart when pressure is released. Squeeze when moist it will form a cast, but crumble when touched.

Medium-Textured (loamy) Soil

● Even texture sand, silt, and clay.

● A loam is mellow with a smooth and gritty feel yet fairly smooth and highly plastic.

● Squeezed when moist it will form a cast that can be handled quite freely without breaking.

Fine-Textured (clay) Soil

● Usually forms very hard lumps or clods when dry.

● It is usually very sticky when wet and is quite plastic when the moist soil is pinched between the thumb and fingers.

● It will form a long flexible “ribbon.”

Soil Texture

• Sandy texture has difficulty in retaining water and thus nutrients are not made available to the plants growing in such a soil.

• A clayey soil is poorer in aeration (due to stagnation of water) thus debilitating the plant growth.

• Loamy soil (a mixture of clay and sand) is the best textured soil for crop cultivation since it has all the beneficial aspects not found in the sandy and clayey soil.

Soil

● Mineral Matter – 45%

● Water – 45%

● Air – 5%

● Organic Matter – 5%

Soil Sample

● Soil Sample – is the analysis of a soil sample to determine nutrient content composition and other characteristics, including containments.

● Tests are usually performed to measure fertility and indicate deficiencies that need to be remedied.

Soil Sample Analysis

● U of A Cooperative Extension Service.

● These test are run FREE of charge to all Greene County citizens.

Soil pH

● It is the measure of the soil acidity (acid) or alkalinity (basic).

● 0 - 6.9 is Acidic● 7.0 is Neutral● 7.1 – 14.0 is Basic

● Lime is used if soil is Acidic to raise.● Urea is used if soil is Basic to lower.

survey of agricultural systems plant science · define terms: photosynthesis – the food-making...

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