The Cardiovascular System: Transport and

SupplyPart TWO

12

Cardiovascular Cardiovascular SystemSystem

Cardiovascular system transports nutrients and oxygen to cells in body while carbon dioxide and waste products of cells' metabolism are removed

Cardiovascular Cardiovascular SystemSystem

Pump that circulates the

transport medium

(blood) is the heart

System OverviewSystem Overview

The circulatory system uses the

heart as a pump and transports

through blood vessels to

organs and the smallest

tissues and cell

The circulatory system uses the

heart as a pump and transports

through blood vessels to

organs and the smallest

tissues and cell

Hematology-Study of Hematology-Study of Blood and Blood DiseaseBlood and Blood Disease

Blood is a fluid form of

connective tissue

Blood is a fluid form of

connective tissue

Four to six liters of blood

in human body

Four to six liters of blood

in human body

Blood constitutes

7-9% of total body

weight

Blood constitutes

7-9% of total body

weight

HematologyHematology

Blood Plasma is LiquidBlood Plasma is Liquid

Plasma is yellowish, straw-colored liquid that comprises about 55% of blood's volume

90% water; other 10% contains nutrients, salts, oxygen, hormones and other regulatory substances

Blood Plasma is LiquidBlood Plasma is Liquid

Plasma is yellowish, straw-colored liquid that comprises about 55% of blood's volume including:

Fibrinogen, a substance needed for blood clotting, and globulins involve antibodies for protection from infection

Blood with Plasma Blood with Plasma ProteinsProteins

Plasma proteins are important group of dissolved substances that include albumin, which aids in keeping correct amount of water in blood

Plasma proteins are important group of dissolved substances that include albumin, which aids in keeping correct amount of water in blood

Blood-Formed Blood-Formed ElementsElements

ErythrocytesErythrocytes

LeukocytesLeukocytes

ThrombocytesThrombocytes

Figure 12-12Composition of blood.

Erythrocytes-RBCsErythrocytes-RBCs

Red blood cells created by red bone marrow

through process called

erythropoiesis because they

lack nucleus to reproduce

themselves

Erythrocytes-RBCsErythrocytes-RBCs

With the aid of iron-containing red pigment called hemoglobin (“iron” and

“protein”), RBCs transport oxygen from the lungs to

the cells in the body and transport CO2

Figure 12-13WBCs and their function

Polymorphonuclear•Neutrophils•Eosinophils •BasophilsMononuclear•Monocytes •Lymphocytes

Leukocytes are

guardians from invasion and infection

Neutrophils: most aggressive in cases

where bacteria attempt to destroy tissue

Leukocytes-WBCsLeukocytes-WBCs

Phagocytosis is process in which neutrophils surround and ingest invader and attempt to destroy it by

utilizing lysosomes that release powerful

enzymesAs infection occurs, body produces higher than

normal number of neutrophils

Leukocytes-WBCsLeukocytes-WBCs

Leukocytes-WBCsLeukocytes-WBCs

Eosinophils: utilized to combat parasitic

invasions and variety of body irritants that lead

to allergies

Basophils: believed to be involved with allergic reactions and inflammation; important because they secrete chemical heparin, which helps to keep blood from

clotting

Leukocytes-WBCsLeukocytes-WBCs

Monocytes: found in higher than normal amounts when chronic infection occurs

Destroy invaders through phagocytosis

Even though they take longer to arrive on scene of infection than

neutrophils, numbers are greater and they destroy more bacteria

Leukocytes-WBCsLeukocytes-WBCs

Lymphocytes: protect us from infection by using process that produces antibodies that inhibit or directly attack invaders

PlateletsPlatelets

Smallest formed elements and

are responsible for blood's

ability to clot

Platelets stick together and plug hole in blood vessel and can

release substance called serotonin, which causes smooth

muscle constriction and decreased blood flow

Blood TransfusionBlood Transfusion

Person needing blood transfusion cannot

randomly select blood donor because of

antigens, substance that stimulates immune system to produce

antibodies

Blood TransfusionBlood Transfusion

An antigen can be a foreign protein

introduced into the body through wounds, blood

transfusions.If they are not “native” to

the body and different from “self antigens” they stimulate a response

Antibodies will react with antigens that caused them to form, and antigens stick together in little clumps, called agglutination

AgglutinationAgglutination

AgglutinationAgglutination

What is agglutination?

a reaction in which particles (as red blood

cells or bacteria) suspended in a liquid

collect into clumps and which occurs especially as a serologic response to

a specific antibody

What is agglutination?

a reaction in which particles (as red blood

cells or bacteria) suspended in a liquid

collect into clumps and which occurs especially as a serologic response to

a specific antibody

Blood TypesBlood Types

Type A blood is very common;

approximately 41% of American

population has this type of blood

"A" represents specific type of

self-antigen found on cell membrane

of red blood cell

Blood TypesBlood Types

• Type A has no anti-A antibodies, but has anti-B antibodies

• Type B has no anti-B antibodies but has anti-A antibodies

• Type AB has no anti-A or anti-B antibodies

• Type 0 has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies

Blood TransfusionBlood Transfusion

If the wrong blood type is given to a person, their

antibodies would attack donated red

blood cells and destroy them because they see

cells as foreign material; antibodies cause

agglutination, resulting in serious harm and even

death

Special blood

antigens were first found in blood of

Rhesus monkeys, and labeled Rh

factor

Blood TypesBlood Types

Blood TypesBlood Types

Found in 85% of white and 88% of black population of United States

If individual has this antigen

they are said to be Rh positive, if not they are Rh

negative

Found in 85% of white and 88% of black population of United States

If individual has this antigen

they are said to be Rh positive, if not they are Rh

negative

Rh negative patients have antibodies against Rh

factor

Rh negative patients have antibodies against Rh

factor

Rh positive patients have no antibodies

against Rh factor

Rh positive patients have no antibodies

against Rh factor

Figure 12-14Blood types and results of donor and

recipient combinations.

Blood Typing SlideBlood Typing Slide

1. The slide shows agglutination when blood added to type A, so blood has antibodies for Type A

2.The slide shows agglutination when blood added to type B, so blood has antibodies for Type B

3.The slide shows no agglutination when blood added to Rh factor, so blood has no antibodies for Rh factor

Type O positiveType O positive

Type O has both antibodies for Type A and B and so agglutinates

with Type A and Type B blood

Type O positive has no antibodies for Rh factor because it has the Rh

antigen and so there was no agglutination

Hemolysis of BloodHemolysis of Blood

Hemolysis is the destruction or dissolution of red blood cells, with subsequent release of

hemoglobin. This occurs, for example, when blood recipients are given a blood type that agglutinates with their blood due to antibodies present in the recipient.

Blood Typing Blood Typing WorksheetWorksheet

Complete Worksheet on BloodTypes in class for

credit

Complete Worksheet on BloodTypes in class for

credit