survey of primates - university of calgary · anth 311 3 adaptive radiation • the multiplication...

ANTH 311

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Survey of the PrimatesSurvey of the Primates

Classification of the order Primates


Superfamily:End -OIDEA

CebOIDEA

Family:End -IDAE

CebIDAE

Subfamily:End -INAE

ColobINAE

Genus and species:Both in italic or underline; First letter of genus= capital letter

Pongo pygmaeus

Alternative classificationPrimates

Prosimii Anthropoidea

Lemurs, lorises, galagos and tarsiers

Primates

Strepsirhini Haplorhini

Order

Suborder

Order

Suborder

Monkeys, apes and humans

Lemurs, lorises, galagos

Tarsiers, monkeys, apes and humans

Classification of the order PrimatesSuborder Prosimii - Prosimians

Early diverging

Lemuriformes Lorisiformes Tarsiiformes

Prosimii

“primitive”(retained more ancestral traits)

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Prosimian Characteristics:Found in Africa, Asia, Indonesia

Lorisiformes Lemuriformes Tarsiformes

Prosimian Characteristics:Nocturnal (mostly)Large eyes Tapetum (layer of cells that cause “eye shine”)

Independently mobile earsImmobile upper lipInexpressive faceRely on scent marking

Strepsirhine (Lemurs and Lorises)Characteristics:

Strepsirhine (Lemurs and Lorises)Characteristics:

Rhinarium – most hairless pad at end of

nose; enhances sense of smell

Main mode of locomotion:

Vertical clinging and leaping


Prosimii

Lemuriformes:

Contains 5 families and a total of more than 20 species –great diversity in infraorderlemuriformes.

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Adaptive Radiation• the multiplication and diversification of an

evolving lineage, producing many descendent species

• Occurs when new adaptive opportunities become available• new environments/habitats or• new adaptive potential in the lineage

• Ex. Lemurs on Madagascar, Mammals in the early Cenozoic

Lemuriformes includes

the smallest primates

(the mouse lemur, not

the gorilla)

LemuriformesOnly found on the island of Madagascar

Lemuriformes

Aye-aye

Smaller lemurs tend to be nocturnal, insectivorous, and solitary

LemuriformesLemurs

Indris & sifakas

Larger lemurs tend to be diurnal with diverse diets and social organizations

Some arboreal

Some terrestrial

Ringtailed Lemurs


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Prosimii

Lorisiformes Characteristics:

Contains 2 Families:

Galagidae

Lorisidae

Lorisiformes

Strictly Nocturnal (active at night)

Shared common ancestor with lemurs in the Eocene

Why did some lemurs become diurnal, but no lorises did? Competition on mainland Africa

Lorisiformes are solitary

Diet – insects and fruit


Prosimii

Lorisiformes Characteristics:

Contains 2 Families:

Galagidae – VCL, Africa only

Lorisidae – Slow climbers, Africa and SE Asia

Lorisiformes

Family Galagidae

•galagos and bushbabies

•vertical clingers and leapers

•geographic range: Mainland Africa

Lorisiformes

Lorisidae

•lorises, slow lorises, angwantibos, and pottos

•slow climbers

•Geographic range: Mainland Africa and S.E. Asia


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Prosimii

Tarsiiformes Characteristics:

Only one living genus (Tarsius) and 5 species

Genus Tarsius

Tarsiiformes

Tarsiiformes distributionFound only in Southeast Asia

Alternative classificationPrimates

Prosimii Anthropoidea

Lemurs, lorises, galagos and tarsiers

Primates

Strepsirhini Haplorhini

Order

Suborder

Order

Suborder

Monkeys, apes and humans

Lemurs, lorises, galagos

Tarsiers, monkeys, apes and humans

Tarsiers

Taxonomically intermediate between lemurs/lorisesand monkeys/apes

Don’t really fit – separate suborder? Living fossil?

Haplorrhine designation reflects important differences between tarsiers and lemurs/lorises (strepsirrhines)

Dry nose (no rhinarium)

No tapetum (despite being nocturnal)

No dental comb

Other features like post orbital closure, unfused mandibularsymphasis, bicornate uteris

Unique Tarsiers characteristics

Largest eyes relative to body size of any living creature (cannot be moved in their sockets)

Can swivel their necks 180º in either direction

Elongated tarsal bones- great leapers

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Classification of the order PrimatesSuborder Anthropoidea

Monkeys, Apes, and Humans

All diurnal (except one - Owl monkey)

Rely less on scent (olfaction) than prosimians

Reduced sense of smell and hearing

Flatter faces

Dry noses

Mobile upper lip – more expressive faces

Small immobile ears

Suborder Anthropoidea

Anthropoidea

Platyrrhini Catarrhini

Flat, side facing nostrils

New World Monkeys

Suborder

Infraorder


Downward facing nostrils

Old World Monkeys, Apes and Humans

Catarrhini

Platyrrhini

Suborder AnthropoideaPlatyrrhini Catarrhini

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New World Monkeys

Classification of New World Monkeys

Callitrichidae Cebidae Atelidae

Platyrrhini

Ceboidea

New World Monkeys Distribution

MexicoCentral+South America

Found in the “new world”

Also called neotropical monkeys, or neotropical primates

Traits of New World MonkeysAll have tails

Some have prehensile tails

Smaller body size than OWM

All arboreal

Many Old World Monkeys are terrestrial. Why no New World?

Greater predation pressure for a relatively small-bodied radiation?

Availability of productive savannah-type habitats is lower in the neotropics?


Cebidae Atelidae

Platyrrhini

Ceboidea

Callitrichidae

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Family Callitrichidae:Marmosets and Tamarins

Smallest monkeys

Claws instead of nails (except big toe)

Pair bonded

Twins

Male care of infants

Sexually monomorphic

Territorial

Family Callitrichidae


Atelidae

Platyrrhini

Ceboidea

Callitrichidae Cebidae

Family Cebidae – very diverse in appearance, diet, social organization

Owl Monkey AotusSquirrel Monkey SaimiriCapuchin CebusUakari CacajaoSaki PitheciaTiti monkeys Callicebus

Owl/Night Monkey (Genus Aotus) Squirrel monkeys (Genus Saimiri)

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Capuchin monkeys

Genus Cebus

Uakari (Genus Cacajao)

Saki (Genus Pithecia) Titi monkeys (Genus Callicebus)


Platyrrhini

Ceboidea

Callitrichidae Cebidae Atelidae

Family AtelidaeFamily with prehensile tailsFemale dispersalLarge bodiedFolivores & Frugivores

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Atelidae - Includes 4 genera

Spider monkeys Ateles

Howler monkeys Alouatta

Wooley monkey Lagothrix

Muriquis* Brachyteles(*aka wooley spider monkey)

Spider monkey (Genus Ateles)

Howlers (Genus Alouatta) Wooley monkey (Genus Lagothrix)

Infant

Muriqui (Brachyteles arachnoides)

Woolly spider monkey

Karen Strier site in Brazil

Review

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Anthropoidea

Platyrrhini Catarrhini

Flat, side facing nostrils

New World Monkeys

Suborder

Infraorder


Downward facing nostrils

Old World Monkeys, Apes and Humans

Catarrhini

Cercopithecoidea Hominoidea

All Old world monkeys

Infraorder

Superfamily

Infraorder Catarrhini

Apes and Humans


Old world monkey distribution = the “old world” (Africa, Europe, Asia) Cercopithecoidea – Old World Monkeys

Found in a wide variety of environments

Some species are terrestrial – live mainly on the ground

All diurnal

All single births – twins as common as in humans

Bigger than NWM

Often sexually dimorphic

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Superfamily Cercopithecoidea

Cercopithecoidea

Cercopithecidae

Cercopithecinae Colobinae

Superfamily

Family

Subfamily

Baboons,Macaques,Guenons, etc.

Colobus, Langurs,Proboscis

Subfamily Cercopithecinae

Cercopithecoidea

Cercopithecidae


Superfamily

Family

Subfamily



Cercopithecinae

Have cheek pouches (sacs inside cheeks to store food)

Some have ischial callosities (thick callused skin pads for sitting)

Cercopithecinae

Many parts of Africa and Asia

Sexually dimorphic

Exhibit range of different habitats,

diets, social organization

Mostly terrestrial

Mostly omnivorous

Mostly female-bonded

Cercopithecinae

Very diverse – many generaExamples:Baboon PapioMacaques MacacaGuenon CercopithecusMandrill MandrillusPatas ErythrocebusMangabey Cercocebus

Baboons (Genus Papio)

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Baboons are omnivores Studies of Baboons

Probably best studied primate

Used as a model for early human behavior

Pioneer research of Irven DeVore

Amboseli baboons –Jeanne Altmann

Long-term studies of Pumphouse Gang –Shirley Strum

Macaques (Genus Macaca)Macaca mulatta

(Rhesus macaque)

Genus Erythrocebus

Patas monkeys

Genus Cercocebus - Mangabeys

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Genus MandrillusDrill and Mandrill

Genus Theropithecus

Gelada “baboon”

Subfamily Colobinae

Cercopithecoidea

Cercopithecidae


Superfamily

Family

Subfamily



Subfamily Colobinae

Anatomically specialized leaf eatersSacculated stomach to support bacteria for digestion of cellulose

Colobus monkeys – Africa

Langurs and leaf monkeys – Asia

More arboreal species

Subfamilies:Cercopithecinae and Colobinae


Africa : Three genera

Black and white colobus(Colobus)

Olive colobus(Procolobus)

Red colobus(Piliocolobus)

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Asia : Langursand Leaf monkeys

Hanuman Langur

Douc Langur

Chinese Golden Monkey

Odd-nosed monkeysProboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus)

Catarrhini

Cercopithecoidea Hominoidea

All Old world monkeys

Infraorder

Superfamily

Infraorder Catarrhini

Apes and Humans

Classification of the order PrimatesSuperfamily Hominoidea

Hominoidea

Hylobatidae HominidaePongidae

Gibbons and Siamangs

Gorillas, Chimps,

Orangutans

Humans

Superfamily

Family

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Superfamily Hominoidea: Apes and Humans

No tails

Larger size and weight

Larger brain to body weight ratio

More upright posture

Longer gestation and maturation

Apes distribution

Hylobatidae Pongidae Hominidae

Hominoidea

Family Hylobatidae – Lesser Apes-

Gibbons and Siamangs

Lesser apes

Southeast Asia

Pair living (monogamous)

Gibbons andSiamangs

Siamang

Gibbon

Brachiation

Anatomical requirements:

Long, strong armsElongated hook-like fingersShortened/reduced thumbsShort hind limbsErect, infexible spine

Hylobatidae Pongidae Hominidae

Hominoidea

Three genera of great apes:

Genus Pongo: Orangutans

Genus Gorilla: Gorillas

Genus Pan: Chimpanzees and Bonobos

Family Pongidae – Great Apes-

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Knuckle-walking Orangutan(Pongo pygmaeus)

Asian great ape

SolitaryArborealFrugivore

Orangutan distributionFound only on the islands of Borneo and Sumatra

Distribution of orangutans shown in red

Orangutan- Quadrumanus locomotion

Gorilla (Genus Gorilla)

African

Ground dwelling

Diet – leaves, shoots, stems, some fruit

Social organization –variable – one or two males with females and young

Gorilla distribution

Currently 3 subspecies:

G. g. gorilla, western lowland gorilla, brown-grey

G. g. graueri, eastern lowland gorilla, black-coated

G. g. beringei, mountaingorilla. Hair longer

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Gorilla (Genus Gorilla)Prominent saggital and nuchal crests

Chimpanzee ( Genus Pan)

African

Terrestrial & Arboreal

Omnivores

Hunt (esp. red colobus)

Make and use tools

Chimpanzee(Pan troglodytes)

Bonobo(Pan paniscus) Genus Pan distribution

Bonobo ( Genus Pan)“Pygmy chimpanzee”

More bipedal behavior

Strong bonds among females

Family Hominidae-Humans-Defining characteristics?

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Review

Lesserapes

Great apes

Humans

survey of primates - university of calgary · anth 311 3 adaptive radiation • the multiplication...

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