survey of science hs-ess2

HS-ESS2

Earth’s Systems

Survey of

Science

Earth’s Systems“Alfred Wegener & His Theory” research worksheet

• Grab your ChromeBook & a copy of the worksheet.

• Conduct research to answer the questions in the worksheet.

Note: The “Alfred Wegener & His Theory” worksheet can be

located on the Survey of Science webpage @ link:

https://www.steilacoom.k12.wa.us/Page/6826


Guest TeacherGrab your ChromeBook & a copy of the virtual lab workbook

from the front counter.

Instructions:

• Read through the introduction & highlight or underline key

information.

• Log into Google Classroom & click on the link to the virtual

lab. Complete the virtual lab according to the procedures.

• Submit the lab workbook prior to the end of the period.

Note: The “Glencoe - Geology of Pangaea” workbook can be




Entry Task(s)What is Alfred Wegener”s theory called?

• Continental Drift

What are the four lines of evidence used by Wegener, during his

day, to support his theory?

• Climate

• Continent puzzle fit

• Fossils

• Rock

Earth’s SystemsLab Activity - Wegener’s Puzzling Continents

Instructions:

• Read through the introduction & procedures

• Complete the lab according to the procedures.

• After completing your map, complete the paragraphs at the

end.

Note: The “Lab Activity - Wegener’s Puzzling Continents”

workbook can be located on the Survey of Science webpage @

link: https://www.steilacoom.k12.wa.us/Page/6825


Entry Task(s)Take out your materials from yesterdays Alfred Wegener Lab

Activity & complete your assigned Analysis Question.

• Analysis Question #1 Groups = A, B, C, & D

• Analysis Question #2 Groups = E, F, G, & H

• Complete these individually, you will get a chance to discuss

with your group later.

Earth’s SystemsLab Activity - Wegener’s

Instructions:

• Grab a sheet of poster paper

for your team.

• Determine with your team

what is the important

information to be presented

for your summary.

• Present the information on

your poster.

(Your Position)

a.

b.

c.

Lab Activity - Wegener’s Puzzling Continents

Earth’s SystemsGlencoe - Plate Tectonics

Instructions:

• Log into google classroom & click on the file in the

assignment “Glencoe - Plate Tectonics”.

• Complete the questions as you find the answers in the text.

• Turn in the question worksheet at the end of the period.

Note: The “Glencoe - Plate Tectonics” questions can be located

on the Survey of Science webpage @ link:



Earth’s SystemsContinental Drift hypothesis & its supporting evidence.

Why did scientists question the Continental Drift hypothesis?

Glencoe.com [Glencoe/McGraw-Hill]

Earth’s SystemsPangaea

• Nearly 100 years ago, Alfred Wegener proposed that all the

continents were once part of a supercontinent (Pangaea).

• Over time, Pangaea began breaking apart & the continents

slowly moved to their present position.

• Wegener proposed the hypothesis of continental drift.

• Wegener observed the similarities of continental coastlines

now separated by oceans & how they could fit together like

pieces of a puzzle.



• The eastern coast of South

America mirrors the shape of

the west coast of Africa.



Evidence of continental movement.

• Evidence to support Wegener’s hypothesis is found in

- Climate

- Fossil

- Rock

• When Wegener pieced Pangaea together, he proposed that

the continents were located closer to the South Pole 250

million years ago.




• Wegener suggested that a large sheet of ice covered the

continents.

• Wegener studied the sediments left behind & the glacial

grooves that formed when the ice sheets melted & Pangaea

spread apart.

• This provided climate evidence for continental drift.



Evidence of continental

movement.

• The presence of an

ice sheet covering

Pangea could explain

glacial features found

on some continents

today.




• Animals & plants that live on separate continents can be

unique to that continent alone.

• Fossils of similar organisms have been found on several

continents separated by oceans.

• Fossils of a plant called Glossopteris have been found on

continents that are now separated by oceans.



Evidence of continental

• The orange area shows

where fossils of Glossopteris

have been found.

• Fossils provide evidence for

continental drift.


Pangaea




• Wegener observed that mountain ranges & rock formations

on different continents had common origins, providing rock

evidence for continental drift.

• Volcanic rock that is identical in chemistry & age has been

found on both the western coast of Africa & the eastern coast

of South America.




• The Caledonia mountain range in northern Europe & the

Appalachian Mountains in eastern North America are similar

in age, structure, & rock type.




• Wegener’s ideas were not widely accepted until nearly four

decades later.

• Scientists questioned continental drift because it was a slow

process & Wegener could not measure how fast continents

moved or how they moved.

• Scientists could not understand how continents could push

their way through the solid rock of the mantle & the seafloor.


VideoContinents Adrift An Introduction to Continental Drift and

Plate Tectonics (26:05):

Questions:

• What is seafloor spreading? What evidence supports

seafloor spreading?

• What is plate tectonics? What drives plate tectonics?

• What are the different boundaries between plates? What

occurs along these plate boundaries?

VideoContinents Adrift An Introduction to Continental Drift and

Plate Tectonics (26:05):

Synopsis: Introduction the how continents moved to their

current position through plate tectonics, the movement of

oceanic & continental plates.

Link @ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P4_m4uVO6kk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P4_m4uVO6kk

Entry Task(s)What are the layers of the Earth?

Which layers are liquid?

1.

2.

3.

4.

Earth’s SystemsSeafloor Spreading.

• 1940s & 1950s sound wave were

used to map large portions of the

ocean floor.

- Sonar

• In the Atlantic, the Pacific, & in

other oceans, a system of ridges

is present.

- mid-ocean ridges.

Glencoe.com [Glencoe/McGraw-Hill] https://www.imagenesmi.com/im%C3%A1genes/sonar-devices-e8.html

Earth’s SystemsSeafloor Spreading.

Harry Hess’ theory of seafloor spreading.


Earth’s SystemsSeafloor Spreading Evidence

Rock age of the seafloor.

• Glomar Challenger drilled into seafloor to obtain rock

samples.

• Found that the youngest rock are located closest to the mid-

ocean ridges.

• Rocks became increasingly older, farther from the ridges.

Earth’s SystemsSeafloor Spreading Evidence

Magnetic alignment.

• Magnetic fields exist that exit near the south pole & enter near

the north pole.

• Scientists determined fields have reversed several times in

the past.

• Reversals are recorded in the iron-bearing minerals of rocks

during their formation.

• The magnetic alignment of the strips run parallel to mid-ocean

ridges.

Earth’s SystemsGrab a copy of the “Seafloor Spreading” worksheet.

Instructions:

• Complete the worksheet according to the instructions

provided.

• Submit completed worksheet before the end of the period.

Note: The “Seafloor Spreading” worksheet can be located on

the Survey of Science webpage @ link:



Earth’s SystemsGrab a copy of the “Evidence for Seafloor Spreading” worksheet


Instructions:

• Complete the worksheet according to the instructions

provided.

• You will need your ChromeBook for question 2

Note: The “Evidence for Seafloor Spreading” worksheet can be




Entry Task(s)What drives the theory of seafloor spreading?

• Thermal Convection Currents.

How is Earth’s magnetic field used as evidence in support of

seafloor spreading?

• Scientists discovered magnetic directionality is recorded

during the formation of rocks.

• They run parallel to the mid-ocean ridges.

Earth’s SystemsTheory of plate tectonics

A unifying theory that states; Earth’s surface is made up of many

plates that move slowly across the mantle.

• Unifies continental drift, seafloor spreading, & other

supporting evidence.


Earth’s Plates.

• Crust & part of the upper mantle are broken into sections

(plates).

- Make up the lithosphere (≈ 100km thick).

• Plates float on a plasticlike layer of the mantle

(asthenosphere).


Plate Boundaries

• Seven large plates & about 12 smaller plates.

• Plate boundaries interact in several ways

- Divergent Boundary = diverge or pull apart

- Convergent Boundary = converge or collide

- Transform Boundary = slide alongside one another


Plate Boundaries



Plate Move Apart - Divergent

• Mid-Atlantic Ridge

- North American moving

away from Eurasian &

African plates.

Theory of plate tectonics

Plates Moving Apart - Divergent Boundaries

• Mid-Atlantic Ridge



Plates Moving Together - Convergent Boundaries

• As new crust is added in one place, it disappears below the

surface at another.

• Oceanic plate cools (becomes more dense) as it converges &

sinks below less dense continental plate.

- Subduction zone



• Volcanoes form over subduction zones.

- Deep-sea trenches form.

- High temperatures cause the ends of oceanic plates to

melt.

- Newly formed magma is forced upward forming volcanoes.

- Andes mountain range of South America; convergence of

the Nazca & South American plates.


Adapted from internet source



• Subduction zones also form where two oceanic plates

converge.

- Colder, older, denser oceanic plate bends & sinks.

- Mariana Islands in the western Pacific.



• No subduction occurs when two continental plates collide.

- Collide & crumple up, forming mountain ranges.

- Earthquakes are common at these convergent boundaries.

- Volcanoes do not form.

- Himalayas in Asia formed where the Indo-Australian plate

collides with the Eurasian plate.


Plates Slide Past Each Other

• Plates move in opposite

different rates.

- Pacific & North American plates

slide past each other, forming

the famous San Andreas Fault in

California.

Theory of plate tectonics

Plates Slide Past Each Other - Transform Boundaries

• Plates move in opposite directions or in the same direction at

different rates.

Earth’s SystemsScience Notebook Insert: reference

Entry Task(s)What are the three plate boundaries?

• Divergent

• Convergent

• Transform

Which type of boundary does NOT produce volcanoes? Explain

why not.

• Convergent, continental plate colliding with continental plate.

• Neither one subducts under the other to cause plate melting &

the formation of magma & magma chambers.


Divergent Convergent Transform

Mid-Atlantic Ridge Himalaya Mountains San Andreas Fault

Plates move away

from each other.

New crust forms

(seafloor spreading).

Occur at mid-ocean

ridges.

Some volcanoes can

form.

Plates move toward

each other (collide).

One plate usually

sinks under the other,

or subduction.

An ocean plate meets

a continental plate

(trench or volcanoes).

Two continental

plates meet (mountain

ranges).

Two ocean plates

meet (trench or

volcanic islands).

Plates slide past each

other (earthquake).

Plates move in

opposite directions.

Plates move in the

same direction at

different rates.


Plate Boundaries


Earth’s SystemsGrab a copy of the “Plate Tectonics Map” worksheet from the

front counter.

Instructions:

• Color the boundary markers using the following color key.

- Convergent = red

- Divergent = blue

- Transform = green

• Answer the questions on the backside of the page.

Note: The “Plate Tectonics Map” worksheet can be located on

the Survey of Science webpage @ link:



Earth’s SystemsGeologic Time

It is estimated that the Earth formed along with the solar system

about 4.6 billion years ago.

The geologic time scale is a summary of the major events in

Earth’s history.

This summary is broken into units:

• Eon - largest segment of geologic time

• Era

• Period

• Epoch - smallest segment of geologic time


Age of the Earth can be given in two ways.

• Relative Dating

- Civil war occurred before World War II

• Absolute Dating

- Civil War 1861-1865

- World War II 1939-1945


Determining age using relative dating.

• Law of Superposition

- In any undisturbed sequence of

rocks deposited in layers, the

youngest layer is on top and the

oldest on bottom, each layer being

younger than the one beneath it and

older than the one above it.



• Principle of inclusion

- If fragments of one type of rock

are found in another rock layer the

rock fragments must be older than

the rock layer in which they are

found.



• Faulted & folded layers

- Layers of rock that have been faulted or folded must have

been present before the actions of faulting or folding took

place.

Faulted Folded



• Rock correlation

- Matching of rock layers that can

be seen at the Earth’s surface,

over a large area.

- An outcrop is exposed rock

layers at the Earth’s surface.

Earth’s SystemsGrab a copy of the “Relative Dating” worksheet.

Instructions:

• Read through the introduction & the different relative dating

principles.

• Using the principles identify the order of layers from youngest

down to oldest.

• You will then write in the principles used to identify the layers.

Note: The “Relative Dating” worksheet can be located on the

Survey of Science webpage @ link:



Earth’s Systems“Relative Dating” worksheet.

Assessment“Relative Dating” worksheet.

• Grab a copy of the worksheet.

• Complete the relative dating of the rock layers using the

principles in the previous assignment. (not your neighbors)

• Once you have completed the worksheet, submit both

assignments in the box on the front counter.

• Grab your ChromeBook & a copy of the virtual lab workbook


Earth’s SystemsGrab your ChromeBook & a copy of the virtual lab workbook


Instructions:


information.

• Log into Google Classroom & click on the link to the virtual

lab. Complete the virtual lab according to the procedures.

• Submit the lab workbook prior to the end of the period.

Note: The “Glencoe - Fossil & Rock Dating” workbook can be




Entry Task(s)Which of the two methods of dating was used to determine the

age of the rock layers?

• Relative Dating



• Fossils can also be used in relative dating of rock layers.

• Types of fossils:

- Original Material (Preserved)

- Casts & Molds

- Replacement (Petrified Wood)

- Carbonized Films (Leaves)

- Footprints, Tracks, Etc. (only record of behavior)



• Commonly preserved hard parts of organisms:

- Bones - Hard Parts of Insects

- Shells - Woody Material

• Rarely preserved soft or easily decayed parts of organisms:

- Internal Organs - Hair

- Skin - Feathers



• To be preserved as a fossil, organisms have to be:

- Buried rapidly after death

- Preserved from decay



• Index fossils.

- Easily identifiable

- Short-lived

- Widespread occurrence



• Index fossils.


Determining age using absolute dating.

• Method of determining the age of fossils & rocks in years.

- Radiometric dating is the most common & uses the concept

of radioactive decay.

- Radioactive isotopes decay at specific rates (half-life).



• Radioactive isotope

- Atom that has a different number of neutrons.

- Causes the atom to be unstable (radioactive, parent

material).

- Breaks down into stable (daughter material) isotope at a

specific rate (half-life).

Earth’s Systems



• Radiocarbon dating uses carbon-14 = dating 100,000 years

• Uranium dating (igneous rock only) = dating 10 million years

• Rubidium-Strontium (commonly igneous rock)

• Potassium-Argon (metamorphic, sedimentary, & igneous

rock) = as young as 50,000 years.



• Half-life of commonly used isotopes.

Radioactive Parent Stable Daughter Half-Life

Carbon-14 Nitrogen-14 5730 years

Uranium 235 Lead 207 704 billion years

Uranium 238 Lead 206 4.47 billion years

Rubidium 87 Strontium 87 48.8 billion years

Potassium 40 Argon 40 1.25 billion years



• Example using radiometric dating.

- You have dated a rock using radiocarbon (carbon-14 half-

life = 5730 years) dating & discovered it contains 25% of the

parent material & 75% of the daughter material. How old is

the rock?

Earth’s SystemsGrab a copy of the “Absolute Dating” worksheet.

Instructions:


information.

• Answer the questions that can be found along the side of the

worksheet.

• Tape worksheet into your ISN as a reference worksheet.

Note: The “Absolute Dating” worksheet can be located on the

Survey of Science webpage @ link:



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