SURVEYING FOR ENGINEERS

MACMILLAN TITLES OF INTEREST TO CIVIL ENGINEERS

Reinforced Concrete Design 3rd EditionMosley and Bungey

Reinforced Concrete Design by ComputerMosley and Hulse

Civil Engineering Materials 4th EditionJackson and Dhir

Fundamental Structural AnalysisSpencer

Management of Engineering ProjectsStone

Engineering Hydrology 4th EditionWilson

Highway Design and Construction 2nd EditionSalter

Highway Traffic Analysis and Design 2nd EditionSalter

Civil Engineering QuantitiesSeeley

Civil Engineering SpecificationSeeley

Civil Engineering Contract Administration and ControlSeeley

Structural DesignNewton

Work Out Engineering MaterialsJohn

Work Out Fluid MechanicsBoxer

Guide to Soil MechanicsBolton

Surveying for Engineers

J. URENB.Sc., Ph.D., M.LH.T.

W.F. PRICEB.Sc., M.Sc., A.R.LC.S.

Senior LecturersDepartment of Civil Engineering

Portsmouth Polytechnic

Second Edition

MMACMILLAN

© J. Urenand W. F. Price 1978,1985

All rightsreserved. Noreproduction, copyor transmission ofthis publication maybemade withoutwrittenpermission.

No paragraph of thispublication maybe reproduced, copiedortransmitted save with writtenpermission or in accordance withthe provisions of the Copyright, Designsand Patents Act 1988,or under the termsof any licencepermittinglimitedcopyingissuedby the CopyrightLicensing Agency,90 TottenhamCourtRoad,LondonWIP 9HE.

Any person whodoes any unauthorised act in relation to thispublication maybeliable to criminalprosecution and civilclaimsfor damages.

First published1978byTHE MACMILLAN PRESSLTDHoundmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XSand LondonCompanies and representativesthroughout the world

ISBN 978-0-333-37081-0

A cataloguerecordfor this book is availablefrom the BritishLibrary

First editionreprintedfive timesSecondedition 1985Reprinted 1986,1987,1988,1989, 1990, 1991 (twice), 1992

ISBN 978-1-349-07355-9 (eBook)DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-07355-9

Contents

Preface to the Second Edition

Acknowledgements

x

xi

1. Introduction

1.11.21.31.41.51.61.71.81.9

The Royal Institution of Chartered SurveyorsLand surveyingEngineering surveyingPrinciples of engineering surveyingScaleUnitsThe Ordnance SurveyAims and limitations of this bookFurther reading

1

I355667

1111

2. Levelling

2.1 Levelling terminology2.2 Optical levels2.3 The levelling staff2.4 Principles of levelling2.5 Field procedure2.6 Booking and reduced level calculations2.7 Accuracy in levelling2.8 Errors in levelling2.9 Summary of the levelling fieldwork2.10 Additional levelling methods2.11 Applications oflevelling2.12 Contouring2.13 Further reading

12

12142728293033333737414551

vi CONTENTS

3. Theodolites and their Use 52

3.1 Principles of angle measurement 523.2 Constructional features of theodolites 533.3 Field procedures 673.4 Height measurement by theodolite

(trigonometrical heighting) 753.5 Adjustments of a theodolite 783.6 Further reading 813.7 Worked examples 82

4. Distance Measurement 85

4.1 Steel tapes 854.2 Steel taping : fieldwork and corrections 854.3 Steel taping : errors and accuracy 934.4 Steel taping : applications 954.5 Steel taping : worked examples 954.6 Other types of tape 984.7 Chaining 984.8 Optical distance measurement 994.9 Stadia tache ornetry 1004.10 Subtense tacheometry 1044.11 Electromagnetic distance measurement 1074.12 Electromagnetic waves 1074.13 Instrument characteristics 1124.14 EDM corrections 1204.15 Applications of EDM to civil engineering and surveying 1234.16 Further reading 124

S. Traversing 125

5.1 Types of traverse 1255.2 Traverse specifications and accuracy 1265.3 Bearings and coordinates 1265.4 Traversing fieldwork: reconnaissance 1295.5 Traversing fieldwork: angular measurement 1315.6 Traversing fieldwork : distance measurement 1345.7 The three-tripod system 1345.8 Traversing calculations 1365.9 Plotting traverse stations 1485.10 Whole-circle bearing and distance calculation

from coordinates 1515.11 The National Grid 1545.12 Worked examples 156

6. Triangulation and Trilateration 163

6.1 Triangulation specifications 1646.2 Triangulation figures 164

6.36.46.56.66.76.8

CONTENTS

Triangulation fieldworkTriangulation computationsReduction to centre (eccentric stations)TrilaterationCombined networksFurther reading

vii

166172182185187187

7. Intersection and Resection

7.1 Intersection7.2 Resection

8. Detail Surveying and Plotting

8.1 Control networks8.2 Drawing paper and film8.3 Detail8.4 Specifications for detail surveys8.5 Locating detail8.6 The completed survey plan8.7 Computer aided plotting8.8 Digital ter rain models (DTMs)8.9 Further reading

9. Circular Curves

9.1 Types of circular curve9.2 Terminology of circular curves9.3 Radius and degree curves9.4 Length of circular curves (Lc)9.5 Through chainage9.6 Design of circular curves9.7 Location of the intersection and tangent points in the field9.8 Location of the tangent points when the intersection point

is inaccessible9.9 Setting out circular curves9.10 Obstructions to setting out9.11 Compound circular curves9.12 Reverse circular curves9.13 Summary of circular curves9.14 Further reading9.15 Worked examples

10. Transition Curves

10.1 Radial force and design speed10.2 Superelevation10.3 Current Department of Transport design standards10.4 Use of transition curves10.5 Length of transition curve to be used (LT )

188

189192

197

197197198198200207209212213

214

214215217217217219220

220221227227228229229229

236

236237239241242

viii CONTENTS

10.6 Type of transition curve to be used 24310.7 The clothoid 24410.8 The cubic parabola 24610.9 Choice of transition curve 24910.10 The shift of a cubic parabola 24910.11 Setting out a composite curve by traditional methods 25210.12 Setting out by coordinates 25310.13 A design method for a composite curve 25510.14 Wholly transitional curves 25710.15 Summary of horizontal curve design 25910.16 Computer aided road design 25910.17 Further reading 26110.18 Worked examples 262

11. Vertical Curves 273

11.1 Gradients 27311.2 Purposes of vertical curves 27411.3 Type of curve used 27511.4 Assumptions made in vertical curve calculations 27511.5 Equation of the vertical curve 27611.6 Sight distances 27711.7 K-values 27911.8 Use ofK-values 27911.9 Length of vertical curve to be used 28111.10 Setting out the vertical curve 28111.11 Highest point of a crest, lowest point of a sag 28311.12 Summary of vertical curve design 28311.13 Vertical curves with unequal tangent lengths 28411.14 Computer aided road design 28511.15 Further reading 28511.16 Worked examples 285

12. Calculation of Areas and Volumes 290

12.1 Calculation of plan areas 29012.2 Calculation of cross-sectional areas 29712.3 Calculation of volumes 30912.4 Worked examples 318

13. Mass Haul Diagrams 322

13.1 Formation level and the mass haul diagram 32313.2 Drawing the diagram 32313.3 Terminology 32513.4 Properties of the mass haul curve 32513.5 Economics of mass haul diagrams 32613.6 Choice of balancing line 32913.7 Uses of mass haul diagrams 333

CONTENTS

14. Setting Out

14.1 Personnel involved in setting out and construction14.2 Aims of setting out14.3 Important considerations14.4 Stages in setting out14.5 Preliminaries to setting out14.6 Methods of horizontal control14.7 Methods of vertical control14.8 Positioning techniques14.9 Setting out a pipeline14.10 Setting out a building to ground-floor level14.11 Transfer of control to ground-floor slab14.12 Setting out formwork14.13 Setting out column positions14.14 Controlling verticality in multi-storey structures14.15 Transferring height from floor to floor14.16 Setting out using laser instruments14.17 Applications of setting out from coordinates14.18 Accuracy of setting out14.19 Further reading14.20 Worked examples

Index

ix

335

336337337338339340344351354358359359360360364365372376378379

383

Preface to the Second Edition

In the seven years that have passed since the publication of the first edition ofSurveying for Engineers there have been several developments in engineeringsurveying, particularly in Electromagnetic Distance Measurement (EDM), micro­computers, data processing and in the acceptance of the need for a greater degreeof control when setting out engineering works.

Consequently, when compiling this second edition, we have attempted to keepin step with current attitudes and, although the style of the book remains the same,several significant changes have been made.

The optical levels and levelling chapters have been combined as have the threedistance measurement chapters. Much of the optical distance measurement materialhas been removed since such equipment and methods have been largely supersededby EDM techniques.

New chapters have been introduced dealing with triangulation, trilateration,intersection and resection since engineers are coming into contact with thesetechniques to a much greater extent than was the case in the past.

Within exist ing chapters, many amendments and changes have been incorporated.The setting-out chapter has been extended since this topic has gained in importancein recent years . The new Department of Transport design standards for highwaysare discussed in the curve chapters, trigonometrical heighting is introduced intothe theodolites chapter, computerised plotting methods are discussed in the detailsurveying chapter and more worked examples have been included throughout thebook .

An introductory chapter has been added to provide a background to the subjectand a guide to the professional and government bodies which are involved insurveying.

Although the book has been written with civil engineering students in mind , itis hoped that it will also be found useful by practising engineers as well as by anyother students who undertake engineering surveying as a subsidiary subject.

The text covers engineering surveying up to the end of virtually all first-yearand most second-year degree, diploma and BTEC courses in civil engineering,engineering geology, geography, surveying and other related disciplines atuniversities, polytechnics and colleges of technology. Other courses for which itis thought useful are 0 and A level surveying and the professional examinationsof the various civil engineering related institutions.

J. URENW. F. PRICE

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank all those who have contributed in any way to thepreparation of this book and , in particular, the following persons andorganisations.

Mr J . R. Smith and Mr P. F. Gardner, two of our colleagues at PortsmouthPolytechnic, for their considerable help and advice when reading and criticisingthe original draft.

Mr P. A. Stead, Head of the Department of Civil Engineering at PortsmouthPolytechnic.

The photographic section at Portsmouth Polytechnic and, in particular,Mr K. Purdy, for considerable help with many of the photographs.

The British Standards Institution for permission to publish table 14.1 whichis reproduced from the British Standard Code ofPractice on Accuracy inBuilding, BS 5606.

The Building Research Establishment and, in particular, its Director , forpermission to publish figures 4.5 and 4.6 which are Crown copyright and arereproduced from BRE Digest 114.

The Construction Industry Research and Information Association forpermission to reproduce figures 14.7, 14.11, 14.17 and 14.53 which are takenfrom The CIRIA Manual ofSetting Out Procedures.

The Department of Transport for permission to publish tables 10.1 and 11.1and figures 11.4 and 11.5.

Geotronics (UK) Ltd and, in particular, Mr B. McGuigan, for providingfigures 4.22a, 4.25, 4.27 and 4.28.

Hall and Watts Ltd for providing figure 4.27.The National Swedish Institute for Building Research and, in particular,

Dr John van den Berg, for permission to reproduce figures 14.5,14.14,14.16,14.18 ,14.19,14.31 ,14.32,14.33,14.34,14.35,14.37,14.38 , 14.39, 14.40,14.41,14.42 and 14.43.

The Ordnance Survey for providing material reproduced in figure 6.3 andsection 1.7.

The Property Services Agency, Central Survey Branch, Department of theEnvironment and, in particular, Mr S. G. Taylor, for providing figures 8.6, 8.8,8.9 and 8.10.

The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors for providing material on whichfigures 1.1 and 1.2 and sections 1.1 and 1.2 are based.

Smail Sons and Co. Ltd for providing figure 12.8.

Spectra Physics Ltd and, in particular, Mr A. Middlemas, for providing figures14.46,14.47,14.49,14.51 and 14.52 .

The Survey and General Instrument Co. Ltd for obtaining permission fromKern and Co. Ltd to publish figures 2.13a, 3.3b, 3.7,3.18, 4.22b , 4.24 and 4.26.

Tellumat Ltd for providing figure 4.19.Wild Heerbrugg (UK) Ltd and, in particular, Mr B. C. N. Snelling, for

permission to publish figures 2.9, 2.12, 2.13b, 3.3a, 3.6, 3.8 , 3.9, 3.10, 3.13,3.16,3.17,3.18,4.14,4.26,4.28 and 14.44.