suscos 2016/2018 design of sustainable constructions · institute for sustainability and innovation...

SUSCOS 2016/2018

Constança Rigueiro

Design of sustainable

constructions

[email protected]

Timisoara, March of 2017

CLASS #TU5

Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering

SUSCOS 2016/2018 3Design of sustainable constructions

Cradle to gate of a column



Goal of the analysis: Comparative environmental analysis of a load-bearing column, with different cross-sections (see Table 1), considering a “cradle-to-gate” approach

Define system boundaries and functional unit.

Expected results: Table or flow chart with inputs and outputs per functional

unit / reference.

EXAMPLE:



EXAMPLE:

1. Functional Unit: A simple-supported column, 5 m long, with a load bearing capacity of an axial force of 5000 kN and a bending moment of 100 kNm(around the strong axis for the profile column).

2. System Boundaries: A “cradle-to-gate” approach including the following processes:

Extracção das matérias primas

TransporteProdução dos

materiais

Cradle to Gate



3. For the transportation of raw materials to the plant for the production of materials, consider the following distances:

• Transportation of raw materials for steel: 7000 km (by ship);

• Transportation of crushed aggregates: 100 km (by road);

• Transportation of natural aggregates: 80 km (by road);)

• Transportation of cement: 500 km (by train).

4. Characterization factors are provided in Tables 1.

5. Impact categories: Acidification (AC), Global Warming (GW), PhotochemicalOxidation (POCP), renewable and non-renewable energies.

EXAMPLE:



6. Prepare inventory data - environmental data:

(Calculate quantities per functional / declared unit, calculate raw material

transport (txkm), prepare table with compilation of all data per functional /

declared unit)

EXAMPLE:



Impact categories GWP POCP AP

(units)(kg CO2 eq.) – Dióxido

de Carbono(kg C2H4 eq.) - Etileno

(kg SO2 eq.) – dióxido

de enxofre

CO – monóxido de

carbono0,0320

NOx - oxido de azoto0,0280

0,7000

SOx – monóxido de

enxofre1,0000

CH4 - Metano 21,0000 0,0070

CO2 – Dióxido de

carbono1,0000

N2O – óxido nitroso 310,0000 0,5000

HCl – ácido clorídrico 0,8800

Table 1 - Characterization factors

EXAMPLE:



Table 2 – Characteristics of the columns

EXAMPLE:

Solution 1 2 3 4 5 6

Type Circular

hollow

section

Circular hollow

section

Steel profile Steel profile Composite circular

section

Composite circular

section

Material(s) Steel

(S355)

HSS (S690) Steel (S355) HSS

(S690)

Steel (S355) Concrete HSS (S690) Concrete

Sectionϕ350 ϕ250 HD HD ϕ350 ϕ250

Masses 426.15 kg 289.15 kg 464.72 kg 416.05 kg Steel: 219.79 kg

Conc.: 1034.09 kg

Rebars: 115.16 kg

(TOTAL: 1369.04 kg)

Steel: 255.76 kg

Conc.: 541.70 kg

Rebars: 68.37 kg

(TOTAL: 865.84 kg)



Table 3. LCI data for the production of 1 kg of steel (assuming BF)

EXAMPLE:

Type of steel/section (functional unit - 1 kg)

Emissions to air, gProduction of steel

for rebars

Production of steel

for tubes

Production of steel

profiles

Production of high

strength steel

CO (g) 11.28 9.62 18.72 18.72

NOx (g) 1.736 2.08 2.437 2.437

SOx (g) 1.439 3.10 2.642 2.642

CH4 (g) 3.023 5.651 4.058 4.058

CO2 (g) 1163 1590 1454 1454

N2O (g) 0.0961 0.0898 0.08048 0.08048

HCl (g) 0.03582 0.0934 0.0482 0.0482

Renewable energy (MJ) 2.222 2.577 2.483 2.483

Non-renewable energy (MJ) 16.488 22.005 21.264 21.264



Table 4. LCI data for the production of 1 m3 of concrete

EXAMPLE:

energy

(MJ)

(per m3 of

produced

concrete)

Crushed

aggregates

(kg)

Gravel/sand

extraction

(kg)

Cement production

(kg)

Production of

concrete

(m3)

Amount of

gravels/aggregates/cement

in conrete

1200 700 400 1

Renewable energy 7.860 0.010 0.001 0.183 93.949

Non-renewable energy 0.669 0.001 0.000 3.875 1607.056

Emissions to air (g)

CO 0.035 0.001 0.000 0.001 6.345

Nox 0.154 0.012 0.001 2.003 850.872

Sox 0.112 0.001 0.000 1.003 403.940

CH4 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.031

CO2 63.500 1.425 0.073 807.500 328674.400

N2O 0.007 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.195



ANÁLISE AMBIENTAL DE CICLO DE VIDA



Table 5. Environmental impacts of transportation (Data from ecoinvent)

EXAMPLE:

Type of transport (functional unit - 1 tkm)

Impact category Unit

Transport, lorry 16-32t,

EURO5/RER

Transport, freight,

rail/RER

Transport, transoceanic

tanker/OCE

Acidification kg SO2 eq 4.63E-04 2.12E-04 1.38E-04

Global warming kg CO2 eq 1.54E-01 3.93E-02 5.62E-03

Photochemical

oxidation kg C2H4 1.93E-05 8.92E-06 5.15E-06

Non renewable, fossil MJ eq 2.42E+00 5.04E-01 8.08E-02

Non-renewable, nuclear MJ eq 1.56E-01 2.08E-01 8.13E-03

Renewable, biomass MJ eq 4.81E-03 7.63E-03 2.83E-04

Renewable, wind, solar,

geothe MJ eq 1.29E-03 3.49E-03 1.52E-04

Renewable, water MJ eq 3.02E-02 2.79E-02 9.25E-04



• This lecture was prepared for the Edition 2 of SUSCOS (2013/15) by

Helena Gervásio (UC).

• This lecture was improved for SUSCOS (2016/2018) by Constança Rigueiro (UC)

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