sustainability and renewable energy in architecture an overview (2008)
DESCRIPTION
An overview of sustainability and understanding how to design sustainable buildingsTRANSCRIPT
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SUSTAINABILITY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY IN ARCHITECTURE
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INTRODUCTION TO SUSTAINABILITY
WHAT IS SUSTAINABILITY
The best-known definition of sustainability or sustainable development is the definition
by the World Commission on Environment and Development.
"forms of progress that meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability
of future generations to meet their needs.―
ENVIRONMENTAL
SOCIAL ECONOMIC
THE ‘TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE’
Sustainability is about considering the social,
economic and environmental implications of
what we do with a view to minimising the
negative effects on people and quality of life,
both now and in the future.
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INTRODUCTION TO SUSTAINABILITY
WHY SHOULD WE BE SUSTAINABLE?
ECONOMIC BENIFITS – 2ND FASTEST
GROWING ECONOMY, INNOVATION IN
CONSTRUCTION STILL NOT SATISFACTORY
SOCIAL BENEFITS – BETTER SAFER AND
HEALTHY LIVING CONDITIONS FOR EVERYONE
EVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS – REDUCE
POLLUTION, CONSERVE OUR RESOURCES
IS SOMEONE TRYING TO TELL US SOMETHING ?
- Environmental Impact of people – Noticeable
Climate Change
- Increasing Oil price per barrel
- 50% of oil resources already exploited
- 120 million barrels a day by 2025
- Highest % of CO2 in 50 years
- 30% increase in energy demand by 2025
- Less potable water actually used for drinking
and cooking
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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT POLICIES
KOYOTO AGREEMENT – 1997
The Kyoto protocol is an international and legally binding agreement to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions worldwide (industrialized nations). It came into force in
February 2005 after being agreed at a 1997 UN conference in Kyoto, Japan. A total of 174
nations ratified the pact to reduce the greenhouse gases emitted by developed countries
to at least 5% below 1990 levels by 2008-12.
BALI AGREEMENT – 2007
Delegates from over 180 nations, together with observers from intergovernmental and
non-governmental organizations, meet to negotiate a new pact to succeed the Kyoto
protocol, which expires in 2012
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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT POLICIES
INDIAN SUSTAINABILITY POLICY –
The Government of India has established a separate Financial
Institution since 1987. Indian Renewable Energy Development
Agency (IREDA) based in New Delhi.
‘RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES' will have a share of 6%
from the present level of 1.67% by the year 2012’ - Ministry for
Non-conventional Energy Sources (MNES)
KERALA ENERGY POLICY –
The total electricity generation in 2001-2002 is 7142 MU from
an installed capacity of 2601.18 MW. These are projected to
reach about 23,000 Gwh and 3800 MW in 2005-06, a steep
Increase.
WIND TURBINES , THERMAL POWER STATIONS AND
MICRO HYRO POWER
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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT POLICIES
THE CHALLENGES TO SUSTAINABILITY IN INDIA
FINANCIAL – WHAT IS VIABLE WILL DEPEND ON PROJECTS
TECHNOLOGY AND SKILL DEFECIT
RACE AGAINST INTERNATIONAL CONSTRUCTION INDUSRTY
STANDARDS WITH INCREASING CLIENTS DEMANDS
LACK OF ENFORCEABLE POLICIES AND TARGETS
DRIVERS FOR SUSTAINABILITY IN INDIA
COMMITMENT TO REDUCE C02 / GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS ?
SOCIAL ASPECTS – HEALTHY AND SAFE ENVIRONMENT ?
TAPPING RENEWABLE ENERGY - EXPECTED TO REACH HIGHEST
RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCER IN THE WORLD
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SUSTAINABILITY IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
AVERAGE OF 48% ENERGY PRODUCED IS USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
84% OF OPERATION ENERGY - HEATING/COOLING, VENTILATION AND LIGHTING
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BUILDING ENERGY - TERMINOLOGY
MEASURING POWER CONSUMPTION IN BUILDINGS
ENERGY IS MEASURED AS POWER CONSUMED IN WATTS OR KILO WATTS PER HOUR
1 UNIT = 1 KW = 1000 W
Annual KW hours = (kilowatts x number of hours use/day x 365 days)
A 60 Watt bulb used for 50 hrs per week / 2610 hrs per year = 156.6 KWh
ELECTRICITY - PRIMARY ENERGY
NATURAL GAS – SECONDARY ENERGY
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BUILDING ENERGY - TERMINOLOGY
CARBON FOOTPRINT OR CARBON EMISSION
CO2 IS ONE OF THE PRIMARY CONTRIBUTOR TO
GREEN HOUSE GAS EFFECT AND GLOBAL
WARMING
73% OF GREEN HOUSE GASSES IS CO2
BUILDING ARE RATED BY THE CARBON
EMISSION IT PRODUCES DURING
CONSTRUCTION, OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE THROUGH OUT ITS LIFE CYCLE
CARBON EMISSION FACTOR –
IT IS A MEASURE OF THE AMOUNT OF CO2 IN
KILOGRAMS, THAT IS EMITTED IN PRODUCING
1KWH OF ENERGY – Kg CO2 / KWh
Electricity = 0.43
Natural Gas = 0.19
Gasoil / Petrol = 2.68
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BUILDING ENERGY - TERMINOLOGY
CARBON FOOTPRINT OR CARBON EMISSION
OUR 60 W BULB CONSUMING 156.6 KWh per Annum = 156.6 X 0.43 = 67.4 Kg CO2 / Annum
AVERAGE HOUSE MONTHLY CONSUMPTION = 651 KWh = 7812 KWh annually
CARBON EMISSION = 7812 X 0.43 = 3360 Kg CO2 / Annum = 3.36 TONNES OF CO2
CARBON FOOTPRINT = 3.36 / 4 (people) = 0.84 T is your carbon foot print from building alone
<< MAN’S CARBON FOOTPRINT = 0.84 T
CAMEL’S CARBON FOOTPRINT NIL OR DOES HE CARE ? >>
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BUILDING ENERGY - TERMINOLOGY
THERMAL COMFORT
Thermal comfort is very difficult to define. The best that you can realistically hope to achieve is a
thermal environment which satisfies the majority of people in the workplace, or put more simply,
‘reasonable comfort’.
Environmental factors:
Air temperature
Radiant temperature
Air velocity
Humidity
Personal factors:
Clothing Insulation
Metabolic heat – User Activity
THERMAL COMFORT – STANDARD CONDITIONS
Optimum air temperature range 20-24 ° C
Radiant summer temperature of 21 – 26 ° C
Optimum humidity range 40-60%
min recommended fresh air rate 10 L/s per 10
m2
Optimum air movement 0.1-0.5 m/s (naturally
ventilated), 0.1-0.2 m/s (air-conditioned).
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BUILDING ENERGY - TERMINOLOGY
DEGREE DAYS –
Cooling Degree Day measures how high the average daily temperature is relative to a
reference temperature such as 18 C (or how many degrees of cooling are required).
If the average daily temperature for June 3rd is 20C then 20 - 18 = 2 deg
Therefore the result is 2 Cooling Degree Days or 2C of cooling required.
If the average temperature for June 3rd had been 10C then it is 8 heating degree
days. Cooling degree days cannot be negative.
New Delhi UK - Birmmingham
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BUILDING ENERGY - TERMINOLOGY
HEAT TRANSFER IN BUILDINGS
Radiant energy is responsible for between 45% and 93% of the heat transfer into, or out of a building.
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BUILDING ENERGY - TERMINOLOGY
THERMAL CONDUCTANCE - U VALUE
U-value is a measure of a materials ability to conduct heat. The thermal performance of windows and
walls is commonly stated in U-values.
EMISSIVITY - E VALUE
Emissivity is the ability of a surface to emit or transfer radiant energy through itself - everything has an
E-value
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BUILDING ENERGY - TERMINOLOGY
THERMAL MASS
‘Thermal mass’ is the characteristics of a material to absorb heat, store it, and at a later time, release it.
Material Conductivity W/mK Vol heat capacity kJ/m3K
Water 1.9 4186
Cast concrete (dense) 1.4 2300
Granite 2.1 2154
Dense concrete block 1.8 2000
Sandstone 1.6 1800
Clay tiles 0.52 1770
Rammed earth 1.1 1675
Clay plaster 0.91 1650
Brick 0.72 1360
Dense plaster 0.05 1300
Flooring screed 0.41 1000
Plasterboard 0.17 800
Lightweight plaster 0.16 600
Lightweight concrete block 0.11 600
Fibreboard 0.06 300
Timber flooring 0.14 780
Carpet 0.07 260
Rockwool insulation 0.035 42
Fibreglass insulation 0.04 9
HOW THERMAL MASS WORKS
‘In summer, thermal mass absorbs heat that
enters the building.
In hot weather, thermal mass has a lower initial
temperature than the surrounding air and acts
as a heat sink.
By absorbing heat from the atmosphere the
internal air temperature is lowered during the
day, with the result that comfort is improved
without the need for supplementary cooling.
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ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT USING ECOTECT
THERMAL ANALYSIS
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
A ZERO CARBON BUILDING IS ONE WHOSE NET CARBON EMISSION IS ZERO
ACHIEVEMENT THORUGH AN INTEGRATED PROCESS :-
BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN – USE PASSIVE METHODS
ENERGY EFFICIENT SYSTEMS
RENEWABLE ENERGY
LOW ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT MATERIALS
HEALTH AND SAFTEY
PLANNING AND FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
IDENTIFY CLIENT ASPIRATIONS
PLANNING AT CONCEPT STAGE – ARCHITECTS/ ENGINEERS / PROJECT
MANAGERS
PAYBACK PERIOD OF INVESTMENT IN SUSTAINABLE DESIGN
ACHIEVING ENVIRONMENTAL CERTIFICATES
PARTNERING / CO WORK WITH CONTRACTOR AND SUPPLIERS
IMPLEMENT AND MONITOR
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
SUSTAINABLE DESIGN PRINCIPLES
REDUCE ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF BUILDINGS BY DESIGN
REDUCE ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF BUILDINGS BY ENERGY
EFFICIENT SYSTEMS – COOLING, LIGHTING E.T.C
GENERATE ON SITE RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR CONSUMPTION
USE REUSABLE/ RECYCLED MATERIALS
REDUCE WASTE
REDUCE WATER CONSUMPTION
USE MODERN METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION
HEALTH AND SAFTEY
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
DESIGN AND SPECIFICATION OF BUIDING FABRIC / MATERIALS
USE THERMAL MASS EFFICIENTLY
CREATE A THERMAL LAG WITH HEAVY MASS DURING DAY – THICK WALLS /
DENSE MATERIALS, HIGH U - VALUE
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
DESIGN AND SPECIFICATION OF BUIDING FABRIC / MATERIALS
REDUCE RADIANT HEAT FROM THE BUILDING FABRIC USING RADIANT HEAT BARRIER
RADIANT HEAT BARIER - Radiant barriers function by reducing heat transfer by radiation.
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
DESIGN AND SPECIFICATION OF BUIDING FABRIC / MATERIALS
GLAZED FACADE – LOW E DOUBLE / TRIPPLE GLAZED FACADE WITH HIGH U- VALUE
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
DESIGN AND SPECIFICATION OF BUIDING FABRIC / MATERIALS
RENEWABLE MATERIALS
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
VENTILATION DESIGN – NATURAL VENTILATION
TEMPERATURE OF AIR IS THE BIGGEST FACTOR IN DETERMINING THERMAL COMFORT –
50% OF COOLING LOST FROM BUILDING IS THROUGH VENTIALTION
NATURAL VENTILATION HAS THE BENEFIT OF NO / LOW ENERGY CONUMPTION
SITE PLANNING – ORIENTATION TO DRAW IN PREVALING COOL WINDS
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
VENTILATION DESIGN – NATURAL VENTILATION
SITE PLANNING – ORIENTATION TO DRAW IN PREVALING COOL WIND
USING CUMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS ASSESMENT – FLUENT /FLOVENT SOFTWARE
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
VENTILATION DESIGN – NATURAL VENTILATION
ENABLE NATURAL VENTILATION THROUGH BUILDING INTELLIGENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
SINGLE SIDE VENTILATION
CROSS VENTILATION STACK VENTILATION
SINGLE SIDE VENTILATION
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
VENTILATION DESIGN – NATURAL VENTILATION
WIND CATHCERS - MONODRAUGHT
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
VENTILATION DESIGN – MIXED MODE VENTILATION / DISPLACEMENT VENTILATION
ATRIA
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
VENTILATION DESIGN – MIXED MODE VENTILATION / GORUND SOURCE COOLING VENTILATION
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
VENTILATION DESIGN – MIXED MODE VENTILATION
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
MECHANICAL VENTILATION NATURAL VENTILATION
MIXED MODE VENTILATION GIVES ALL THE
BENEFITS OF NATURAL VENTILATION AND
BETTER CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
SOLAR ARCHITECTURE – SOLAR SHADING DESIGN
OPTIMISE SHADING TO REDUCE SOLAR HEAT GAIN THROUGH WINDOWS AND WALLS
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
SOLAR ARCHITECTURE – SOLAR SHADING AND DAY LIGHT CONTROL USING
OPACITY OF THE GLAZED FACADE
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
SOLAR ARCHITECTURE – SOLAR SHADING AND DAY LIGHT CONTROL USING
OPACITY OF THE GLAZED FACADE USING NANOGEL INSULATION
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
SOLAR ARCHITECTURE – NATURAL DAY LIGHT SYSTEMS - SUNPIPE
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
SOLAR ARCHITECTURE – NATURAL DAY LIGHT SYSTEM S - SUNPIPE
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
SOLAR ARCHITECTURE – EVAPORATIVE COOLING – WATER WALL
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
ENERGY EFFICIENT SYSTEMS – CO GENERATION SYSTEM
COMBINED SYSTEM THAT GENERATE POWER AND USE WASTE HEAT FOR ABSORPTIVE
COOLING
THE PUMP INSIDE THIS SYSTEM WORKS AT LOWER POWER THAN AIR CONDITIONING
SYSTEMS
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
ENERGY EFFICIENT SYSTEMS – EVAPORATIVE COOLING
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
ENERGY EFFICIENT SYSTEMS – EVAPORATIVE COOLING - HUMIDIFIERS
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
ENERGY EFFICIENT SYSTEMS – EVAPORATIVE COOLING
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
RENEWABLE ENERGY – ENERGY FROM RENEWABLE RESOURCES
PHOTOVOLTAICS – SOLAR ENERGY
Solar panels work by converting light directly into an electric current. PV solar panels only
require day light not direct sunlight. Does not have moving parts and last 25 years.
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
RENEWABLE ENERGY – ENERGY FROM RENEWABLE RESOURCES
PHOTOVOLTAICS – SOLAR ENERGY
BUILDING INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTAICS
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
RENEWABLE ENERGY – ENERGY FROM RENEWABLE RESOURCES
PHOTOVOLTAICS – SOLAR ENERGY
BUILDING INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTAICS
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
RENEWABLE ENERGY – ENERGY FROM RENEWABLE RESOURCES
WIND TURBINE – SOLAR ENERGY
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
RENEWABLE ENERGY – ENERGY FROM RENEWABLE RESOURCES
WIND TURBINE – SOLAR ENERGY
TYPES OF WIND TURBINES
HORIZONTAL AXIS – MORE EFFICIENCY
VERTICAL AXIS
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
RENEWABLE ENERGY – ENERGY FROM RENEWABLE RESOURCES
WIND TURBINE – BUILDING INTEGRATED
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
RENEWABLE ENERGY – ENERGY FROM RENEWABLE RESOURCES
GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMPS
SystemPrimary Energy
Efficiency (%)
CO2 emissions
(kg CO2/kWh heat)
Oil fired boiler 60 - 65 0.45 – 0.48
Gas fired boiler 70 - 80 0.26 – 0.31
Electrical heating /cooling 36 0.9
Conventional electricity + GHSP 120 - 160 0.27 – 0.20
Green electricity + GHSP 300 - 400 0.00
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
RENEWABLE ENERGY – ENERGY FROM RENEWABLE RESOURCES
GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMPS – UNDER FLOOR HEATING / COOLING
Ground Collector
4kW (minimum) COOLING for
1kW Electricity
Under Floor Cooling
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
SUSTAINABLE DRAINAGE – SUDS
Sustainable Drainage is an environmentally-friendly way of dealing with surface water runoff to avoid
problems associated with conventional drainage practice. These problems include reducing flooding
SUDS is a new approach to drainage that keeps water on site longer, prevents pollution and allows
storage and use of the water.
Reed bed water
polishing
Settlement pond
Bio-digester plant
The Water
Cycle
The Water Cycle
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
SUSTAINABLE DRAINAGE - SLOW DOWN RUN OFF RATE
PORUS PAVINGS AND GROUND COVER WATER STORE IN SMALL PONDS LANDSCAPE WATER FEATURES
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
SUSTAINABLE DRAINAGE - GREEN ROOF AND RAINWATER HARVESTING
BENEFITS OF GREEN ROOF
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
SUSTAINABLE DRAINAGE - GREEN ROOF AND RAINWATER HARVESTING
There are three main types of green roof:
— extensive: which can be extensive sedum or extensive
bio diverse
— simple intensive which can also be bio diverse
— intensive.
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
EXAMPLES – COUNCIL HOUSE 2, AUSTRALIA – GREEN STAR RATING
SOLAR SHADING DESIGN
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
EXAMPLES – COUNCIL HOUSE 2, AUSTRALIA
COOLING STRATEGY
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
EXAMPLES – COUNCIL HOUSE 2, AUSTRALIA
COOLING STRATEGY
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
EXAMPLES – COUNCIL HOUSE 2, AUSTRALIA
WATER REUSE
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
EXAMPLES – BEDDZED , UK – FIRST ZERO CARBON DEVELOPMENT
BIO CLIMATIC DESIGN
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
EXAMPLES – BEDZED , UK – FIRST ZERO CARBON DEVELOPMENT
RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY EFFICIENT DESING
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT METHOD / RATING
TWO MAIN ESTABLISHED ASSESMENT METHODS –
BREEAM - Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method, UK
LEED – Leadership in Energy And Environment Design
BREEAM, have been designed to assess the holistic environmental performance of
buildings. Performance is assessed against a range of categories; Energy, Transport,
Pollution, Materials, Water, Ecology and Health and Wellbeing. Credits are obtained under
each of these categories, and each credit carries a particular number of points. The result is
an environmental rating for the building on a scale of Pass, Good, Very Good or Excellent.
A LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT IS MADE STARTING FROM ACQUIRING RAW
MATERIALS TO CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION UNTIL DEMOLITION OF BUILDING
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT METHOD / RATING
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT METHOD / RATING
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ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS
FUTURE OF SUSTAINABILITY
NEW TARGETS
CHANGE IN CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
ACHIEVE LOWEST ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
DEVELOPE A SAFE AND HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT