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May 6, 2016 Sustainability at IUPUISustainability Tracking and Assessment
Developed for the IUPUI Office of SustainabilitySpring 2016 SPEA Capstone
Environment
Society
Economy
Contact InformationClient
Jessica Davis, Director IUPUI Office of Sustainability
Lockefield Village980 Indiana Avenue, Room 4408
Indianapolis, IN [email protected]
317-278-1308
GHG STARSErskine (Pete) Hunter
Point of [email protected]
317-650-2541
Katherine Boyles [email protected]
317-709-0904
Meredith [email protected]
317-414-5580
Elspeth (Elby) O'[email protected]
765-543-1437
Kindra [email protected]
317-431-3879
SPEA V600 FacultyTeresa Bennett
[email protected] 9173
Dr. Seth [email protected]
317-278-4898
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Objective 1: Greenhouse Gas EmissionsLiterature ReviewSustainability in Higher EducationScholars have noted an array of dimensions that distinguish a sustainable university. Typically, these include an effort to minimize negative environmental effects, the production of research and the promotion of social justice, as well as a balance between social and economic interests (Valezquez et al., 2005; Alshuwaikhat & Abubakar, 2008). As institutions that develop learners and decision makers, universities are perceived to have a unique role in fostering sustainability within a given culture (Viebhan, 2002).
While most universities have a goal of practicing what they teach with regard to sustainable practices and seek to manage operations with environmental goals in mind, unique pressures can make this challenging. Among other things, campuses face management challenges “akin to small cities”, as well as shrinking revenues, which may limit investment in sustainability programs. Furthermore, the typical structure of universities can impede the kind of large-scale change that a comprehensive approach to sustainability might require (Krizek et al., 2011).
The Business of Campus SustainabilityResearch has demonstrated that non-residential buildings consume 30-40% of the entire nation’s energy (Smith, 2015) and add 30-40% percent to atmospheric emissions (Garza-Reyes, 2015). While many universities dismiss green building practices as too costly, in fact, the “first costs” involved in designing and building a sustainable building are small as compared to the longer-term “life cycle” costs involved. “Facility operations and maintenance and demolition/capital renewal cost over the useful life of the building can be up to 40 times greater than the design and construction costs,” (Hodges & Elvey, 2005, p. 50).
For existing facilities, monitoring and managing energy use can have a substantial impact on the bottom line. Benchmarking studies demonstrate that a significant portion of a campus operating budget is likely to be spent on utilities, at a typical rate of $1.50-$2.00 per square foot (Hodges & Elvey, 2005). As many universities maintain millions of square feet of campus buildings, capturing even incremental savings for any given structure has the potential to yield millions of dollars in savings. This is the most recognized gain associated with utility cost avoidance programs, but additional, less obvious benefits of such conservation efforts also include: avoidance of expensive plant investment fees from utility suppliers; the potential to defer or eliminate the need to invest capital in additional equipment installations or upgrades, the possibility of deferring costly utility infrastructure upgrades; general maintenance savings; improved indoor environmental quality; free publicity; and an effective recruiting tool (Morris, 2005).
Best PracticesIncreasingly, universities with medical and public health programs are considering the connection between campus sustainability and health. With a renowned hospital and schools of public health, nursing, and medicine, Johns Hopkins University self-identified as having a unique responsibility for embedding sustainability in its operations and curriculum. As the largest private employer in the state of Maryland, they recognized an opportunity to serve as an example and to help shape policy by developing sustainable practices related to recycling, energy use, food services, purchasing, green
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building strategies, as well as transportation (Walker & Lawrence, 2004). Similarly, Medical University of South Carolina, which reformed their medical school curriculum in conjunction with the Sustainable Universities Initiative, cited the fact that environmental health risks are a primary cause of illness in the US, but most healthcare professionals receive only minimal training in environmental health (Jeman et al., 2004).
Sustainability at an institution of higher education requires “more than just information dissemination to influence and close the attitude – behavior gap” (Too & Bajracharya, 2013, p. 58). This oftentimes begins with the institution incorporating sustainability into their university vision and mission. The administration for each campus ultimately determines how to characterize their sustainable university, but all definitions will include some aspects of minimizing the negative impacts of resource utilization. One example of this is greenhouse gas emissions. These gasses are a negative impact resulting from the utilization of other resources on college campuses. The individual institutional definitions for sustainability influence the structure, policies, goals, and objectives for the campus. Strategies for improving sustainability for the campus can then be developed, implemented, and evaluated for effectiveness.
Sustainability on urban campuses comes with increased challenges. Urban campuses reside within larger communities; upon which they are dependent. Issues of policy, mass transportation, recycling and waste removal, and availability of alternate sources of renewable energy are all reliant, to some degree, on the greater community within which the university resides. These urban institutions may have some influence over these factors, but are oftentimes at the mercy of decision-makers within the larger community. The community engagement initiatives for institutions of higher education on urban campuses are vital in influencing these factors.
Technical BackgroundGHGs are atmospheric gasses that trap heat in the atmosphere by absorbing and emitting infrared radiation from the sun (Tufts Institute of the Environment, 2002). The Kyoto Protocol identified six major GHGs: The most prevalent GHGs--carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N20)--are naturally occurring. Man-made GHGs-- hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) -- are less prevalent (UN, 2014; Tufts Institute of the Environment, 2002). Human activities produce both naturally occurring and man-made GHGs (WRI, 2013).
Scientists widely agree that increasing concentrations of GHGs contribute to global warming and that global warming causes climate change (Franchetti & Apul, 2013). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), an international scientific body, is the leading authority on the state of knowledge on climate change. The IPCC reviews climate change information produced worldwide and provides assessments of the scientific basis of climate change to governments at all levels in order to develop climate-related policies (IPCC, 2013). IPCC assessments form the baseline knowledge for United Nations Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) / Kyoto Protocols as well as the GHG Protocols (IPCC, 2013; WRI, 2013). IPCC identified changes in atmospheric concentrations of anthropogenic GHG emissions as the dominant cause of global warming and linked global warming to increased atmospheric and ocean temperatures, diminished snow and ice, and sea level rise (IPCC, 2014; IPCC, 2007).
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STARS 2.0 Technical ManualAASHE published the STARS 2.0 Technical Manual in 2013. The manual addressed sampling and data standards for a GHG inventory. Included in the manual are three salient issues regarding methodology, measurement timeframes, and supplemental descriptions. First, the methodology is to be consistent with the World Resources Institute (WRI) Greenhouse Gas Protocol Corporate Standard. AASHE permits campuses to use online inventory calculators, such as the Campus Carbon Calculator (AASHE, 2013).
Second, the two measurement timeframes are the baseline year and performance year. The baseline year may be any year from 2005 to the present. The performance year is the year in which the most recent GHG emission data are available from the three years prior to the last STARS submission (AASHE, 2013). To ensure baseline and performance year data are valid and reliable, campuses follow the same standards and collection practices for both timeframes. While collection practices will be institution-specific, the manual specified three standards. First, GHG emissions data must be from a single consecutive single year or an average of three consecutive years. Second, building space and annualized population figures must closely overlap the same period as from which GHG emission data are drawn. Lastly, campuses may choose the annual start and end dates based on fiscal year or calendar year (AASHE, 2013). IUPUI presently lacks a baseline year. Without historical data, IUPUI may use performance year data for both the baseline and performance year. However, points will not be awarded in the first STARS submission. Points may be awarded in subsequent submissions in which the established baseline is used (AASHE, 2013).
Third, supplemental descriptions to the GHG inventory are required for the following five circumstances (AASHE, 2013):
1. If an independent third party verifies IUPUI’s GHG emissions inventory, then the internal and/or external verification process must be described.
2. If institution-catalyzed carbon offsets are reported for the performance year, then the local offsets program(s) are described.
3. If carbon sequestration is reported for the performance year, then the carbon sequestration program and reporting protocol used are described.
4. If carbon storage from on-site composting is reported for the performance year, then the composting and carbon storage program is described.
5. If purchased carbon offsets are reported for the performance year, then the purchased carbon offsets, including third party verifier(s) and contract timeframes, are described.
Greenhouse Gas Accounting ConceptsThe World Resources Institute (WRI) and World Business Council on Sustainable Development (WBCSD) developed the Greenhouse Gas Protocol Corporate Standard (“GHG Protocol”) to standardize how GHG emissions are measured, managed, and reported (Ranganathan et al., 2004). The GHG Protocol provides GHG accounting standards, a set of common concepts, systems, and protocols that guide institutions toward transparent and accurate emission reporting.
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Per the Greenhouse Gas Protocol Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard, Revised Edition (“GHG Protocol”), campuses are to track and report GHG emissions listed in the UNFCCC/Kyoto Protocol. The primary focus of a GHG inventory is on CO2 emissions. Emissions of CH4, N2O, and HFCs are likely to account for only a small portion of total emissions, and emissions of PFCs, NF3, and SF6 are unlikely on campuses (Second Nature, 2016).
BoundariesThe carbon management process, from GHG inventory to institutionalization, involves three types of boundaries: organizational, operational, and temporal (Ranganathan et al., 2004; UNHSI, 2015).
Organizational boundaries contain the facilities and/or property that an institution owns or controls in terms of operations and from where the institution will measure and report emissions (Ranganathan et al., 2004). There are two approaches to determine organizational boundaries: the (financial or operational) control approach and equity share approach (UNHSI, 2015). GHG Protocol recommends institutions select the most comprehensive approach, and then consistently apply the approach across processes and time (Ranganathan et al., 2004). However, the control approach is most common (UNHSI, 2015).
There are two control approach types: financial control and operational control. The financial control approach accounts for all building space that the institution has monetary control over. Examples of monetary control include utility payments and the maintenance and repair of buildings. The operational control approach accounts for all owned or leased buildings over which the institution has practical ownership of operations (UNHSI, 2015). The equity share approach accounts for all facilities over which an institution has some degree of ownership, based on the institution’s economic interest and percentage of ownership of operations (UNHSI, 2015).
Operational boundaries contain emissions sources that an institution will measure and report. The process of determining operational boundaries involves identifying emissions associated with operations, defining the level of responsibility for emissions, and categorizing emissions (Ranganathan et al., 2004). GHG inventory and management presents two challenges for higher education institutions. First, defining responsibility for emissions has the potential for “double counting” of GHG sources between entities and individuals. Second, institutions must balance competing objectives: be accountable for their impact on global warming and undertake pragmatic, operational reduction strategies (UNHSI, 2015).
The “scopes” accounting concept developed by the GHG Protocol assists institutions in overcoming GHG inventory and management challenges by delineation of direct and indirect emission sources for accounting and reporting purposes (UNHSI, 2015; Second Nature, 2016). Classification of direct and indirect emissions is dependent on an institution’s approach for setting organizational boundaries (Ranganathan et al., 2004).
Figure 1 illustrates the parameters of the three emissions scopes. Scope 1 emissions originate from stationary combustion, mobile combustion, and fugitive emissions sources. Scope 2
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emissions result from purchased electricity to benefit the campus. Scope 3 emissions are related to off-campus activities or operations such as travel or purchased goods and services. While there are three scopes, GHG STARS limited its literature review and inventory data collection to Scope 1 and Scope 1 emissions pursuant to the Statement of Work.
Figure 1. Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Scopes 1-3
Source: UNHSI, 2015
Scope 1: Direct Emissions Direct GHG emissions are physically produced on campus and originate from sources that are completely owned or controlled by the institution (Ranganathan et al., 2004). Scope 1 emissions include stationary combustion, fugitive emissions, mobile combustion, and agricultural emissions.
Stationary Combustion: On-campus stationary fuel emissions result from stationary fuel combustion of oil, coal, natural gas, and other fuel sources by on-campus equipment, excluding vehicle fuel use. Direct combustion of fossil fuels is used for heating, cooling, and/or electricity generation. Thus, common on-campus stationary fuel emission sources are boilers, furnaces and cogeneration plants (UNHSI, 2015; Ranganathan et al., 2004). Emissions from cogeneration sources are separated from other stationary fuel sources. In accordance with IPCC protocol, Scope 1 emissions do not include CO2 emissions from biogenic sources.
Mobile Combustion: Emissions from all fuel used in direct transportation sources. All vehicles owned and leased by the institution are included.
Fugitive Emissions: Fugitive emissions originate from agricultural sources, such as fertilizer use and animal husbandry. Fertilizer application on grounds can lead to the production and emission of nitrous oxide (N2O), while livestock produces methane (CH4) through their digestive process of enteric fermentation (EPA, 2015). Nitrogen-containing fertilizers can release
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up to 10% of N2O after ground application (UNHSI, 2015). At the university-level, methane emissions from livestock are likely to be less than 1% of total emissions (UNHSI, 2015). Additionally, fugitive emissions originate from refrigerant and chemical sources and from intentional or unintentional releases of GHG compounds (Ranganathan et al., 2004; EPA, 2014). IPCC and the GHG Protocol do not require the inclusion of CFCs or HCFCs in greenhouse gas inventories (UNHSI, 2015). However, HFCs and PFCs are strong greenhouse gasses that have 100-year global warming potential (GWP) factors generally greater than 1,000 times that of CO2 (EPA, 2014). Common refrigerant and chemical sources are refrigeration and air conditioning systems and the purchase and release of industrial gasses (EPA, 2014).
Scope 2: Indirect Emissions Indirect GHG emissions originate from sources owned or controlled by external entities but directly linked to an institution’s energy consumption (Ranganathan et al., 2004; UNHSI, 2015). Emissions from scope 2 convert energy sources that release greenhouse gas emissions when used, such as fossil fuels, to energy sources that do not. There are three indirect emissions, as noted below (UNHSI, 2015).
Purchased Electricity: Emissions that result from the production of purchased electricityPurchased Steam: Emissions that result from the production of purchased steamPurchased Chilled Water: Emissions that result from the production of purchased chilled water
Temporal boundaries refer to measurement timeframes. The temporal boundaries are predetermined for IUPUI, per the accounting requirement specified in the STARS 2.0 Technical Manual (ASSHE, 2013).
Inventory CalculatorAn online inventory calculator must be consistent with the methodological standards detailed in the GHG Protocol. Per the GHG Protocol, an inventory calculator should track and report GHG emissions listed in the Kyoto Protocol: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N20), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) (UN, 2014).
A widely used campus GHG inventory tool is the web-based University of New Hampshire Sustainability Institute (UNHSI) Campus Carbon Calculator. Over 2,000 schools across North America that publicly report their institutional greenhouse gas emissions use the UNHSI Campus Carbon Calculator (UNHSI, 2015). The UNHSI Calculator is the synthesis of the non-profit Clean Air-Clean Planet’s (CA-CP) Campus Carbon Calculator and UNHSI’s Carbon Management and Analysis Platform (CarbonMap).
The UNHSI Calculator meets the AASHE methodology requirement specified in the STARS 2.0 Technical Manual. The Calculator uses methodologies consistent with the GHG Protocol and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) national-level inventory protocols (Ranganathan et al., 2004; UNHSI, 2015). The UNHSI incorporates data from the Third and Fourth Assessments of the IPCC. Per AASHE’s recommendation, GHG STARS used the UNHSI Campus Carbon Calculator™, Version 1.0, for the FY 2015 emissions inventory (AASHE, 2013).
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The UNHSI Calculator has three major functions: conduct GHG inventory; project emissions in future; and evaluate carbon reduction projects. The Calculator inventories the six greenhouse gasses specified by the Kyoto Protocol. It can calculate and project emissions for the years 1990-2060. Lastly, it can illustrate changes and trends in emissions over time (UNHSI, 2015). Once inventory data are entered, the UNHSI Calculator provides users with multiple output views. Users can view net cumulative GHG emissions or annual GHG emissions by source category or annual emissions by GHG.
A major benefit of the UNHSI Calculator is usability. The user is not required to manually convert or calculate data prior to entering into the calculator. For example, users are able to input categories of emissions in their original measurement units, and then the Calculator converts original units into a standard unit. A standard unit of measure is necessary in order to conduct a GHG emissions inventory, given the numerous categories of emissions and their multiple measurement units. Per the GHG Protocol and IPCC Assessment Reports, the UNHSI Calculator normalizes each non-CO2 GHG into a metric ton of CO2 equivalent (MT-eCO2) using a 100-year Global Warming Potential (GWP) factor value. GWP factors describe the radiative forcing impact of one unit of a given GHG relative to one unit of CO2 and measure the extent to which each GHG contributes to anthropogenic climate change (WRI, 2013). Each GHG has a different GWP factor. While IPCC Assessment Reports expresses GWPs over 20, 100, and 500-year time horizons, the GHG Protocol mandates campuses use a 100-year time horizon (IPCC, 2014; WBCSD & WRI, 2004).
Greenhouse Gas Emissions IUPUI Data CollectionThis section describes the data collection methods for institutional data and categories of emissions, as well as data requirements, for the FY 2015 GHG emissions inventory. The three categories of emissions inventory each have their own data items to be collected. There is both required data and typical data items on campus for Scope 1, Scope 2, and institutional data for this process. Scope 1 and Scope 2 have 46 and 6 possible data items, respectively. Institutional data has 35 possible data items. GHG STARS addressed or verified 84 out of 87 data items on IUPUI’s campus. GHG STARS was unable to collect three data items on Scope 2 sources for IUPUI’s residential housing units within the project’s timeframe, because Scope 2 data are separated by University and housing components.
Per AASHE’s recommendation, GHG STARS used the UNHSI Campus Carbon Calculator™, Version 1.0, for the FY 2015 emissions inventory (AASHE, 2013). GHG STARS used the operational control approach to set the organizational boundary. Only the primary IUPUI campus in downtown Indianapolis is included. The operational boundary is limited to Scope 1 and Scope 2. The temporal boundary is for FY 2015.
GHG STARS planned and managed the inventory collection process. GHG STARS collected institutional data on IUPUI and greenhouse gas emissions from the university. Data collection began on February 4th, 2016, and ended on February 29th, 2016. GHG STARS gathered institutional data from online records and email exchanges with IUPUI staff. GHG STARS gathered Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions data from with IUPUI staff identified by the client (See Table B1 of Appendix B for the list of IUPUI contacts) via email exchanges. GHG STARS
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provided each IUPUI contact for Scope 1 and Scope 2 with an Excel spreadsheet that outlined requested data and data requirements. Appendix B shows the data request spreadsheets provided to IUPUI contacts. After GHG STARS compiled the data, GHG STARS input the data into the UNHSI Campus Carbon CalculatorTM for analysis.
For FY 2015, IUPUI Scope 1 emissions originate from mobile emissions and fugitive agricultural emissions sources. Specifically, GHG STARS obtained information on fleet fuel purchases, animal husbandry, and fertilizer use. For fleet fuel, IUPUI purchased eight fuels. Total purchased gallons equaled 74,871.62; 57,656.41 gallons of gasoline and 11,948.5 gallons of E85. For animal husbandry, IUPUI owned and managed an average annual count of 80 swine in three locations. Lastly, for fertilizer use, IUPUI used 127.4 pounds of synthetic fertilizer with a nitrogen content of 46%. IUPUI Scope 2 emissions originate from purchased electricity, steam, and chilled water. In FY 2015, IUPUI purchased 135,374,094 kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electricity, 566,052.95 million pounds (Mlbs.) of steam, and 39,364,797 ton-hours (TnHrs) of chilled water. Table 2 shows collected data for the six emissions categories of Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions found on the IUPUI main campus. Purchased electricity represented the largest emissions category, with 135, 374,094 kWh in FY 2015. Table B9 in Appendix B provides the collected calculator data and sources of data used in the inventory.
Table 1. Collected Emissions Inventory Data, FY 2015
Emissions Category Amount UnitPurchased Electricity 135,374,094 kWhPurchased Steam 566,052.95 Mlbs.Purchased Chilled Water 39,364,797 TnHrsFleet Fuel 74,871.62 GallonsFertilizer (46% nitrogen) 127.4 PoundsSwine 80 Count
The following subsections detail the data collection process for institutional data, Scope 1 data, and Scope 2 data.
Institutional Data CollectionInstitutional data for the STARS inventory is broken down into three categories: population data, budget data, and physical space data. The Campus Carbon Calculator uses institutional data to normalize greenhouse gas emissions. This allows for some comparison between dissimilar institutions. This system works to account for variances in the composition of institutional students and employees, the size of the institution’s budget as a measure of campus activity, and the physical size and makeup of the campus.
PopulationPopulation data includes the following components; full-time equivalent students, full-time staff, part time staff, full-time faculty, and part-time faculty. Additionally, there are several components of the full-time equivalent students that are broken out separately: residential students, full-time commuting students, part-time commuting students, non-credit students, and
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summer students. GHG STARS used the above components to determine the weighted campus users through the following formula:
Weighted Campus Users = (residential students + residential employees + in-patient hospital beds) + 0.75[(full-time equivalent enrollment - residential students) + (full-time equivalent employees – residential employees) - full time equivalent of distance education students] (ASSHE, 2013)
The number of full-time equivalent students and full-time commuting students was verified through e-mail by Matthew Pistilli, Director of Assessment and Planning at IUPUI. GHG STARS referenced reports on the University Institutional Research and Reporting website to obtain full time and part time populations of faculty and staff at IUPUI. Josh Skillman, Associate Director of Housing and Residence Life at IUPUI, provided the number of residential students via email to GHG STARS. Stephen Hancock, Management Analyst for Institutional Research and Decision Support at IUPUI, provided the number of non-credit students. The number of in-patient hospital beds is not applicable in the case of the IUPUI campus.
BudgetBudget data consists of the total IUPUI operating budget, the research budget, and the energy budget. GHG STARS referenced reports on the University Institutional Research and Reporting website to obtain the total operating budget. GHG STARS received the research budget from an e-mail from Etta Ward, Executive Director of Research Development at IUPUI. Lastly, the energy budget is listed from an e-mail from Jeff Kaden, Director of Energy Management and Utilities.
Physical SpacePhysical space data consists of total space on the IUPUI campus, laboratory space, parking structure space, dining space, residential space, and athletics facilities space. Reports on the University Institutional Research and Reporting website provided the total campus and laboratory spaces. Total parking structure space is referenced from an e-mail from John Stuart, Campus Facilities Services at IUPUI. Dining space and athletics facilities space figures are referenced from e-mails from Steve Stringer, Manager for Grounds Services for Campus Facilities Services at IUPUI. Total residential space at IUPUI is taken from an e-mail from Josh Skillman, Associate Director of Housing and Residence Life at IUPUI. All figures are converted to square footage.
Scope 1 Data CollectionThis section describes the methods used in collecting Scope 1 emissions data required by the UNHSI Campus Carbon CalculatorTM. GHG STARS exchanged emails with ten IUPUI contacts during the period of February 4th, 2016, and February 29th, 2016.
Scope 1 emissions originate from stationary combustion, mobile combustion, and fugitive emissions sources. The Campus Carbon Calculator categorizes emissions in each emission source. A list of the categories of emissions for each source is below:
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Stationary combustion emissions categories: cogeneration and other on-campus stationary fuel combustion Mobile combustion emissions categories: fleet fuelFugitive emissions categories: agricultural sources (fertilizers and animal husbandry), plus refrigerants and chemicals
GHG STARS requested information for stationary fuel emissions and fugitive refrigerant and chemical emissions but discovered that IUPUI does not have stationary fuel sources on campus and does not collect fugitive source data [Jessica Davis, personal communication; Kevin Mouser, personal communication]. Therefore, this section explains the data collection process for all emission sources but collected and analyzed emissions data only pertain to mobile and fugitive agricultural emission sources.
Stationary Combustion EmissionsGHG STARS discovered that IUPUI does not have stationary combustion emissions. Nevertheless, this section outlines GHG STARS’ data collection process for these inventory components. The Campus Carbon Calculator identifies cogeneration and other on-campus stationary fuel sources as the categories of emissions for stationary combustion sources (UNHSI, 2015).
CogenerationCogeneration plants burn fuel to generate both electricity and heat. GHG STARS contacted Jeff Plawecki, Director of Facility Operations in Campus Facility Services, and Tony Wakley, Financial Manager of Facility Operations in Campus Facilities Services, and requested emissions data from fossil fuel used in cogeneration plants. Specifically, the data requested were: fuel type (i.e., Residual Oil (#5-6), Distillate Oil (#1-4), Natural Gas, LPG (Propane), Coal (Steam Coal), Incinerated Waste, Wood Chips, Wood Pellets, Grass Pellets, Residual BioHeat, Distillate, and/or BioHeat), annual quantity, and cogeneration output (electric and steam) and efficiency (electric and steam).
Other On-Campus Stationary Fuel SourcesGHG STARS contacted Jeff Plawecki, Director of Facility Operations in Campus Facility Services, and Tony Wakley, Financial Manager of Facility Operations in Campus Facilities Services, and requested emissions data from direct combustion of fossil fuels used for heating, cooling, and/or electricity generation. Specifically, requested data were: Fuel type (i.e., Residual Oil (#5-6), Distillate Oil (#1-4), Natural Gas, LPG (Propane), Coal (Steam Coal), Incinerated Waste, Wood Chips, Wood Pellets, Grass Pellets, Residual BioHeat, Distillate, and/or BioHeat) and annual quantity.
Mobile Combustion EmissionsFleet FuelMobile emissions originate from direct transportation sources. Direct transportation sources are all fleet fuel used in university-owned or leased vehicles (UNHSI, 2015). GHG STARS contacted three IUPUI staff members in the Office of Procurement Services in order to obtain annual fleet fuel usage: Tally Thrasher, Directory of Purchasing Administration; Jason Dunn, Fuel Contract Manager; and Derek Toschlog, Fuel Contract Support. However, IUPUI does not
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track such information. IUPUI does not have a motor pool and does not have a central system to track gas/fuel intake (Tally Thrasher, February 2016, personal communication). IUPUI departments can track gas/fuel intake at their discretion; however, the Office of Procurement Services are unware of any department that tracks gas/fuel intake.
GHG STARS used annual purchased fuel for fleet vehicles as a proxy measure for annual fleet fuel usage. Three IUPUI departments manage the bulk of IUPUI vehicles and purchase fuel through a city contract with Indianapolis Fleet Services: Campus Facilities Services (including Parking Services), Police, and Environmental Health and Safety (Tally Thrasher, February 2016, personal communication). The remaining departments only manage a very small number of vehicles and purchase fuel at Speedway, Shell or BP fuel stations (Tally Thrasher, February 2016, personal communication).
GHG STARS received information on the annual purchased fleet fuel and fuel types from Derek Toschlog, the Fuel (Gasoline & Diesel) Contract Support. IUPUI purchased eight fuels in FY 2015. Total purchased gallons equaled 74,871.62; 57,656.41 gallons of gasoline and 11,948.5 gallons of E85. See Table B10 in Appendix B for itemized list of fuel amounts.
Fugitive Emissions Animal Husbandry As of FY 2015, IUPUI only owns and manages Swine. Swine are held in three locations: IU School of Medicine Laboratory Animal Resource Center (IU SOM LARC); IU School of Medicine (IUPUI); and Purdue Ossabaw Facility. In the past, IUPUI held animals at Conrad Farms. However, effective December 2014, Conrad Farms no longer hold animals (Carrie Lucero, February 2016, personal communication).
GHG STARS contacted Debra Hickman, Director of IU SOM LARC, Carrie Lucero, Facility Supervisor of IU SOM LARC, and Samantha King, Facility Supervisor at Purdue University Ossabaw, to obtain the average annual herd size at the three location. GHG STARS found the average annual number of swine by collecting headcounts of swine at the first of the year (July 1, 2014) and last of the year (June 30, 2015), and taking the average from the first headcount with the last headcount (UNHSI, 2015). The average annual headcount of swine was 80 for FY 2015. Table A11 in Appendix B shows the number of swine by location.
FertilizersIUPUI grounds management practices involve fertilizer application of grounds. GHG STARS contacted Stephen Stringer, Manager for Grounds Services in the Campus Facilities Service, to obtain the total pounds of fertilizer applied and its associated nitrogen content as well as the type of fertilizer (synthetic or organic). As of FY 2015, IUPUI used only one synthetic fertilizer on its main campus. Based on the records from Stephen Stringer, IUPUI used 127.4 pounds of Urea synthetic fertilizer with a nitrogen content of 46% in FY 2015 (Stephen Stringer, February 2016, personal communication). IUPUI does not use any other fertilizer type or brand.
Refrigerants and Other ChemicalsGHG STARS contacted Kevin Mouser, Environmental Manager in the Office of Environmental Health and Safety, to obtain annual pounds of perfluorocarbon (PFC), hydrofluorocarbon (HFC),
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and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) emissions that result from chemical leaks. Table B6 in Appendix B outlines the list of requested refrigerant and chemical emissions. GHG STARS discovered that IUPUI does not collect fugitive emissions below a certain amount. Therefore, GHG STARS did not collect or analyze fugitive emissions for FY 2015. These emission sources are likely de minimus, or insignificant to IUPUI’s total emissions. The GHG Protocol does not require de minimus emission sources to be fully accounted for each consecutive inventory (UNHSI, 2015).
Scope 2 Data Emissions CollectionGHG STARS provided IUPUI contacts for Scope 2 data a spreadsheet with data needed (see B8 in appendix B for full example). IUPUI contacts for Scope 2 included Jeff Plaweski, Director of Facility Operations in Campus Facilities Services, and Tony Wakley, Financial Manager of Business Affairs in Campus Facilities Services. GHG STARS exchanged emails with IUPUI contacts from February 4th, 2016, to February 21st, 2016.
Scope 2 section is incomplete due to missing energy usage data for some campus housing units. The section is missing some housing data. After the collection of this data, it came to the attention of the IUPUI contacts that they did not include all housing utility data. According to these contacts, IUPUI does not have one utility bill for all aspects of campus (Jessica Davis, February 2016, personal communication). Some housing owned by the campus are billed separately and were not included on that bill.
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GHG Emissions Inventory ResultsThe main source of GHG emissions for the IUPUI campus is purchased electricity. As shown in Table 3, IUPUI emitted 134,295.22 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents (Mt eCO2) in FY 2015. Scope 1 emissions accounted for 0.46% of all emissions, whereas Scope 2 emissions accounted for 99.54%. Of total emissions, purchased electricity represented 68.78%.
Table 2. IUPUI GHG Emissions, FY 2015
Emissions Category MTeCO2 %Scope 2: Purchased Electricity 92,374.21 68.78Scope 2: Purchased Steam 41,306.58 30.76Scope 1: Fleet 579.6 0.4316Scope 1: Animal Husbandry 34.65 0.0258Scope 1: Fertilizer 0.27 0.0002Total GHG EmissionsTotal 134,295.22Scope 1 614.44 0.46Scope 2 133,680.78 99.54
IUPUI emits three of six greenhouses gasses: CH4 (Methane), N2O (nitrous oxide), and CO2 (carbon dioxide). CO2 emissions originated from fleet fuel for IUPUI owned vehicles. NO2 emissions originated predominately from fleet fuel but also from fertilizer application to IUPUI grounds. Methane emissions originated predominately from swine owned by IUPUI. Figures B1-B3 display greenhouse gas emissions by Scope 1 categories. As shown in Table 4, CO2 accounted for 99.99% (133,680.78) of the 134,281.79 MT eCO2 emitted in FY 2015. CH4 and N20 represented 0.01% (16.38) and 0.001% (0.81), respectively.
Table 3. Emissions by Greenhouse Gas, FY 2015
GHG % Metric Tons eCO2CH4 (Methane) 0.01% 16.38
N20 (Nitrous Oxide) 0.00% 0.81CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) 99.99% 134,281.79
MMBtu (one million British Thermal Units) is a measure of energy content in fuel. Campus energy use was 1,673,569.47 MMBtu. The Campus Carbon Calculator used normalized IUPUI’s energy use by gross square footage, operating budget, campus users, and full-time equivalent (FTE) students.
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Figure 2 displays the normalized energy use on campus. Total normalized energy use for IUPUI is as follows: per gross square foot: 0.13; per operating dollar: 1.04; per campus user: 65.13; and per FTE students: 76.74. For every gross square foot on campus, 5.84 kilograms of eC02 are emitted.
Figure 2. Normalized Energy Use on IUPUI, FY 2015
Energy per gross square foot (MMBTU/gross square feet)
Energy per operating dollar (MMBTU/$)
Energy per campus user (MMBTU/campus user)
Energy per FTE student (MMBTU/Student FTE)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Normalized Energy Use on IUPUI, FY 2015
Total Emissions
Campus Carbon Calculator also normalized total emissions by operating budget, campus users, and FTE students. As Shown in Figure 3, total normalized emissions in MT eCO2 are as follows: per FTE student: 6,227.65; per campus user: 5,285.70; and per operating dollar: 84.80.
Figure 3. Normalized GHG Emissions in eCO2, FY 2015
Emissions per operating dollar (MT eCO2/$)
Emissions per campus user (MT eCO2/campus user)
Emissions per FTE student (MT eCO2/FTE)
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000
Normalized GHG Emissions in eC02, FY 2015
Total Emissions
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Appendix B: Emissions Inventory Data Collection Procedures Table B1 is the of IUPUI contacts used by GHG STARS to complete the emissions inventory.
Appendix B 1. Inventory Contacts
Category Name Title Office/Department Email
Stationary Fuel Contacts
Jeff Plawecki Director of Facility Operations
Campus Facilities Services [email protected]
Tony Wakley Financial Manager of Business Affairs
Campus Facilities Services [email protected]
Fleet Fuel Contacts
Tally ThrasherDirector of Purchasing
Administration
Office of Procurement Services [email protected]
Derek ToschlogFuel (Gasoline & Diesel) Contract
Support
Office of Procurement Services [email protected]
Jason DunnFuel (Gasoline & Diesel) Contract
Manager
Office of Procurement Services [email protected]
Kim Campbell Account Manager Office of Financial Services [email protected]
Animal Husbandry Contacts
Debra Hickman DirectorIU SOM Laboratory
Animal Resource Center (LARC)
Carrie Lucero Facility SupervisorIU SOM Laboratory
Animal Resource Center (LARC)
Samantha King Facility Supervisor Purdue University Ossabaw [email protected]
Fertilizer Contact Stephen Stringer Manager for
Grounds ServicesCampus Facilities
Services [email protected]
Refrigerant / Chemicals
ContactKevin Mouser Environmental
ManagerOffice of Environmental
Health and Safety [email protected]
Energy usage Jeff KadenDirector, Energy Management &
Utilities
Office of the Vice President for Capital
Planning and Facilities
Research income Etta Ward
Executive Director of Research
Development
Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research
Parking acreage John S. Mohr
Manager of Geospatial &
Facilities Information
Campus facilities Services
Tables B2-B8 show the data request spreadsheets provided to IUPUI contacts by the GHG STARS team; these tables are meant to serve as a tool for future emissions inventories. Table B2 is the template for cogeneration, whereas Table B3 is the template for other on-campus
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stationary fuel sources. Table B4 pertains to fleet fuel. Tables B5, B6, and B7 are the data request templates for fertilizer, refrigerants/chemicals, and animal husbandry respectively. Table B8 is the data submitted by IUPUI contacts for Scope 2 emissions.
Appendix B 2. Cogeneration Data Request
Fuel Cogeneration Output/Efficiency
Fuel Fiscal Year
Annual Fuel Usage Unit Fuel
TypeElectric Output
Electric Efficiency
(%)
Steam Output
Steam Efficiency
(%)Residual Oil (#5-6) 2015Distillate Oil (#1-4) 2015
Natural Gas 2015LPG (Propane) 2015
Coal (Steam Coal) 2015Incinerated Waste 2015
Wood Chips 2015Wood Pellets 2015Grass Pellets 2015
Residual BioHeat 2015Distillate BioHeat 2015
Appendix B 3. Other Fuel Sources Request
Fiscal Year Annual Quantity Unit Fuel TypeResidual Oil (#5-6) 2015Distillate Oil (#1-4) 2015
Natural Gas 2015LPG (Propane) 2015
Coal (Steam Coal) 2015Incinerated Waste 2015
Wood Chips 2015Wood Pellets 2015Grass Pellets 2015
Residual BioHeat 2015Distillate BioHeat 2015
Solar, electricity generated on campus 2015
Solar, thermal 2015Wind, electricity generated
on campus 2015
Geothermal 2015
Appendix B 4. Fleet Fuel Data Request
Vehicle Type Fuel Data Year Annual Fleet Fuel Unit Fuel TypeConventional Gasoline 2015 Gallons or Liters Solid, Liquid, or Gas
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Conventional Diesel 2015 Gallons or Liters Solid, Liquid, or Gas
AlternativeCompressed Natural Gas
(CNG)2015 MMBTU, CCF,
or Therms Solid, Liquid, or Gas
Alternative E85 2015 Gallons or Liters Solid, Liquid, or GasAlternative B5 2015 Gallons or Liters Solid, Liquid, or GasAlternative B20 2015 Gallons or Liters Solid, Liquid, or GasAlternative B100 2015 Gallons or Liters Solid, Liquid, or GasAlternative Hydrogen 2015 MMBTU Solid, Liquid, or Gas
Alternative Other Fleet Fuel 2015 Solid, Liquid, or Gas
Alternative Electric Fleet 2015 MMBTU or kWh Solid, Liquid, or Gas
Appendix B 5. Fertilizer Data Request
Fertilizer Type Data Year Annual Use Unit Label % Nitrogen
Synthetic 2015 Pounds, short tons, metric tonsOrganic 2015
Appendix B 6. Chemical & Refrigerants Data Request
Refrigerants & Chemicals Chemical Data Year Annual Emissions Unit Refrigerants & Chemicals (Cf2)4CH(0H) 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals (CF3)2CF0CH3 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals (CF3)2CH0CH3 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals (CF3)2CH0CHF3 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals (CF3)2CH0H 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals C2F6 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals C3F8 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals C4F10 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals C5F12 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals C6F14 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals C-C3F6 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals C-C4F8 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals CF3CF2CH20H 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals CF4 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals CH30CH3 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals FIC-1311 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HCFC-123 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HCFC-22 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HCFE235da2 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HFC-125 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HFC-134 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HFC-134a 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HFC-143 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HFC-143a 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HFC-152 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HFC-152a 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HFC-161 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HFC-227ea 2015 Pounds
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Refrigerants & Chemicals HFC-23 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HFC-236cb 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HFC-236ea 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HFC-236fa 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HFC-245fc 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HFC-32 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HFC-365mfc 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HFC-404a 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HFC-41 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HFC-4310mee 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HFE-125 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HFE-143a 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HFE-227ea 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HFE-236fa 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HFE-245cb2 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HFE-245fa1 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HFE-245fa2 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HFE-254cb2 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HFE-256ea2 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HFE-263fb2 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HFE-329mcc2 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HFE-338mcf2 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HFE-347mcc3 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HFE-347mcc3 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HFE-356mcc3 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HFE-356pcc3 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HFE-356pcf2 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HFE-356pcf3 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HFE-365mcf3 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HFE-374pcf2 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HFE-7100 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HFE-7200 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HG-01 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals HG-10 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals H-Galden1040x 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals NF3 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals R12 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals R410A 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals R502 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals SF5CF3 2015 PoundsRefrigerants & Chemicals SF6 2015 Pounds
Appendix B 7. Animal Husbandry Request
Type Fiscal Year Count: Start of FY Count: End of FY Average CountLocation 1 Swine 2015Location 2 Swine 2015Location 3 Swine
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Appendix B 8. Actual Utility Dollars & Units, FY 2015
Chilled Water -4092 Electricity -4093 Fuel Oil -4094
Group Units - TnHrs Dollars Units - Kwh Dollars Units-Gal Dollars
Main 38,162,235 10,120,613.62
120,750,566
8,099,434.55 13,693 38,277.81
Parking 7,747,714 596,562.45 52 178.99Ball Residence 930,147 63,032.44
Grad Townhouses 194,440 13,038.23Wishard
Properties 1,202,562 291,804.68 5,751,227 518,929.50
Grand Total 39,364,797 10,412,418.30
135,374,094
9,290,997.17 13,745.1 38,456.80
Natural Gas -4095 Sewer -4097 Water -4098
Group Units - CCF Dollars Units - Kgal Dollars Units -
Kgal Dollars
Main 591,822 395,747.61 375,933 1,421,658.96 319,693 899,873.9
9Parking 18,510 4,346.31 256 26,824.82 342 2,711.65
Ball Residence 6,551 37,681.21 8,758 19,037.65Grad Townhouses 895 5,238.79 1,196 3,641.99
Wishard Properties 432 644.19 14,550 64,523.85 13,107 36,852.85
Grand Total 610,764 400,738.11 398,185 1,555,927.63 343,096 962,118.1
3Steam -4099
Group Units - Mlbs DollarsMain 509,204 9,896,474.24
ParkingBall Residence 11,089.55 197,185.35
Grad TownhousesWishard
Properties 45,759.00 63,623.19
Grand Total 566,052.95 10,157,282.78
Table B9 provides the collected calculator data and sources of data used in the inventory.
Appendix B 9. Calculator Data & Source
Institutional Data SourcesBudgets
Operating Budget Total expenditures for fiscal year (dollars)
Energy Budget
Monetary sum the school spends on providing energy (electricity and natural gas) to on-
campus buildings (dollars)Population Size
Full Time Students Population of full time students
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Part-Time Students Population of part-time studentsSummer School Students Population of summer school students
Faculty Faculty populationStaff Staff population
Physical SizeCampus Buildings Size of all on campus buildings (ft2)
Research Space Size of research space (ft2)Scope 1 Emissions Sources
Fleet FuelGasoline Fleet Purchased Fleet Fuel Derek Toschlog
Animal Husbandry
Swine Average Annual HeadcountDebra Hickman, Carrie Lucero, &
Samantha KingFertilizer
Amount of Fertilizer Amount of Fertilizer (lbs) Stephen Stringer% Nitrogen % nitrogen in fertilizer Stephen Stringer
Scope 2 Emissions SourcesPurchased Electricity Jeff Plawecki & Tony Wakley
Purchased Steam Jeff Plawecki & Tony WakleyPurchased Chilled Water Jeff Plawecki & Tony Wakley
Tables B10-B12 show the itemized collected inventory data for Scopes 1 and 2. Fleet fuel, animal husbandry, and purchased energy are shown in tables B9, B10, and B11, respectively.
Appendix B 10. IUPUI Fleet Fuel Purchases, FY 2015
Fuel GallonsUnleaded 57,366.45
Unleaded + 130.28Super Unleaded 159.68
Diesel 5,099.91E85 1,1571
E85+ 204E85 Premium 173.5
Kerosene 166.8Total Gallons 74,871.62Gasoline 57,656.41E85 11,948.5
Appendix B 11. Animal Husbandry, FY 2015
Location Headcount on July 1, 2014 Headcount on June 30, 2015IU SOM LARC 20 19IU SOM IUPUI 1 1Purdue Ossabaw 65 54
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Total headcount first of year 86Total headcount last of year 74Average annual headcount 80
Appendix B 12. IUPUI Scope 2 Data, FY 2015
Data Type: Amount UnitPurchased Electricity 135,374,094 Kwh
Purchased Steam 566,052.95 MlbsPurchased Chilled Water 39,364,797 TnHrs
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Appendix C: GHG Emissions Inventory ResultsFigures C1-C3 display greenhouse gas emissions by Scope 1 categories. Figure C1 displays CO2 emissions by source, Figure C2 displays NO2 emissions by source, and Figure C3 displays CH4 emissions by source.
Figure C 1. IUPUI CO2 Emissions by Source, FY 2015
Figure C 2. IUPUI NO2 Emissions by Source, FY 2015
Figure C 3. IUPUI NO2 Emissions by Source, FY 2015
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Appendix D: Inventory RecommendationsAppendix D 1. Complete List of Data and Sources for Scopes 1& 2 Emissions
Category Required Data Typical Data Typical Units Typical
SourcesCampus Contact
Scope 1 Fleet Fuel
Annual purchased fleet fuel
Fuel types: Gasoline, diesel, compressed natural gas, E85, B5,
B20, B100, hydrogen, electric. Fuel kinds: Fuel type: sold, liquid or gas. Vehicle type: conventional
or alternative
Gallons, Liters, MMBTU, CCF, Therms, or kWh
Campus vehicles;
Purchasing
Derek Toschlog
Scope 1 Cogeneration
Annual fuel usage; annual cogeneration
output & efficiency
Fuel kinds: Residual Oil (#5-6), Distillate Oil (#1-4), Natural Gas,
LPG (Propane), Coal (Steam Coal), Incinerated Waste, Wood Chips,
Wood Pellets, Grass Pellets, Residual BioHeat, or Distillate
BioHeat. Cogeneration output & efficiency: electric output, electric
efficiency, steam output, and steam efficiency. Fuel type: solid, liquid,
or gas.
gallons, liters, MMBTU, CFF,
short tons, therms,
MMBTU, wKh, percentage,
pounds, metric tons
Cogeneration plants; Campus
Facilities Services
Jeff Plawecki & Tony Wakley
Scope 1 Other On-
Campus Fuel
Annual fuel usage
Fuel kinds: Same as cogeneration, plus geothermal, solar (electricity and thermal), wind (electricity). Fuel type: solid, liquid, or gas.
gallons, liters, MMBTU, CFF, CF, short tons,
therms, MMBTU, wKh,
metric tons
Boilers; Campus Facilities Services
Jeff Plawecki & Tony Wakley
Scope 1 Fertilizer
Annual fertilizer usage; % nitrogen
Type of fertilizer: synthetic or organic. Nitrogen content and label
pounds, short tons, metric
tons
Grounds manager
Stephen Stringer
Scope 1 Animal
Husbandry
Average annual heard
size
Head count at start and end of fiscal year count
Purdue Ossabaw & IU
School of Medicine
Laboratory Animal
Resource Center
Debra Hickman,
Carrie Lucero, Samantha
King
Scope 1 Chemicals & Refrigerants
Annual emissions
See Table 6 in Appendix 1 for list of chemicals pounds Environmental
Manager Kevin Mouser
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