sustainability in metal & mining · ms medha basu mr biswajit ghosh photo credit: team...

SUSTAINABILITY IN METAL & MINING Confronting challenges

Sustainability in Metal & Mining | 2

SUSTAINABILITY IN METAL & MINING:Confronting challenges Knowledge Report by Indian Chamber of Commerce (ICC) & Consultivo

Published on 27 June 2019

Report lead: Ms MADHABI Guha Mr SAMIR K Sadhu

Design & creative communications: Ms MEDHA BasuMr BISWAJIT Ghosh

Photo credit: Team Consultivo

CONTENTForeword 2

Preface 3

Context 4

Sustainability is a priority 7

Society & economy 8

Achieving SDG targets 9

Sustainability issues in ferrous industry - Primarily steel industry 11

Priority issues 13

Avoiding dissipative losses 18


Minerals & metals cover both ferrous and non ferrous resource generation and down the line processing.

Steel industry being a core sector tracks the overall economic growth in the long term. Steel demand, being derived from other sectors like automobiles, consumer durables and infrastructure, has its fortune dependent on the growth of these user industries. The Indian steel sector enjoys advantages of domestic availability of raw materials and cheap labour.

In the last couple of decades, India has been one of the major steel consuming market globally, which saw a demand escalation. However, the country witnessed an unprecedented in flow of steel imports from China, Japan, South Korea and Russia. South Korea and Japan benefitted due to the free trade agreement with India. The result was that the domestic industry was forced to take a series of price cuts, leading to a severe margin squeeze for domestic steel companies. China’s waning demand and resultant rise in exports poses a risk to improved domestic demand in South Asia and Europe. Further, movement of currencies against the US dollar might also have a significant impact on the movement of global steel and raw material prices.

On the other hand, non-ferrous metals industry is one of the key sectors of Indian economy contributing significantly to the nation’s GDP. Government’s projects like ‘Make in India’ and ‘Smart City’ are expected to give huge impetus to the demand for non-ferrous metals in the nation. The industry has however, also witnessed some challenges, which can be addressed with the Government support including Import Duty re-structuring for import of finished products so as to enable its steady & healthy growth in the coming years, namely - inverted duty structure under FTAs, raw material insufficiency, inadequate infrastructure etc.

In this context, Indian Chamber of Commerce (ICC) to further strengthen its support amongst industry representatives and policy makers presents the 8th India Minerals & Metals Forum on 27th June 2019 at New Delhi. The Summit, over the years, has evolved as one of the most prominent conferences on the metal and mineral Industry in the country.

Consultivo is the Knowledge Partner of this initiative. I trust the conference would be able to generate new ideas and new thoughts among the various stakeholders to discuss, share and evolve suitable strategies and development models.

ForewordBy Dr Rajeev Singh Director General, Indian Chamber of Commerce


The “Metal & Mining” industries are of no exception on the cusp of sustainable

development and related sustainability challenges. The challenges are not new. However,

the way industries meet the challenge requires strong commitment, innovative approaches,

involvement of people, transparency & disclosure.

Many of the Metal & Mining companies in India have geared up for new business

opportunities through sustainable & circular economy. Companies like Tata Steel are

benchmarking their performances with international best practices. However, the

remaining part of the industry needs to gear up to meet the sustainability challenges &

capture greater opportunities.

This knowledge report on “Sustainability in metal & mining: Confronting challenges” will

provide a holistic sustainability landscape which will help organisations to move towards

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

PrefaceBy Saikat Basu CEO & Chief Mentor, Consultivo

Acknowledgement

We would like to express our immense gratitude and appreciation to the entire ICC team, specially Mr Nilanjan Chaudhury, Joint Director, Indian Chamber of Commerce (ICC) under the able guidance of Dr Rajeev Singh, for providing overall support in making this report possible.


Context

The metal industry is a key sector in the Indian economy, as it meets the requirements of a wide range of key industries including engineering, electrical & electronics, infrastructure, automobile & automobile components, packaging etc. The metal industry comprises of two major segments: ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals. Ferrous metals, primarily consist of iron and different varieties of steel. Indian steel industry has shown strong performance in the recent past in terms of production, capacity utilisation, exports and consumption because of rapid growth in the construction and automobile industries. India is now a major player among steel producers in the world. Non-ferrous metals, which include aluminium, copper, zinc, lead, nickel and tin, are used to make alloys, castings, forgings, extrusions, wires, cables and pipes. They find application in a number of sectors such as agriculture, infrastructure facilities like power plants, automobiles, railways, telecommunications, building & construction, engineering and chemical plants. India is rich in bauxite (aluminium ore) and has grades of zinc, lead & copper reserves. Copper, lead & zinc are also imported as scrap or concentrates, to be processed by secondary/custom smelters. Nickel & tin are also imported into India. While the metal sector covers a large domain consisting of a wide variety of metals, this report focuses on four key metals namely, iron (steel), aluminium, copper & zinc.

The metals group comprises approximately two-thirds of all chemical elements occurring naturally on earth. Only a very few of them – and in particular, precious metals – also occur in nature in ‘native’ metal form. Metals are valued especially as materials.


The Non-Ferrous Metals (NFM) industry consists of a host of productive activities along different levels of the value chain which include upstream operations like mining, smelting, recycling, refining and secondary processing and fabrication of intermediaries further downstream.

The NFM industry constitutes several sub-sectors:

1. Base metals (aluminium, copper, zinc, lead, nickel, tin)

2. Precious metals (silver, gold, palladium, other platinum group metals)

3. Minor metals including refractory metals (e.g. tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, niobium, chromium)

4. Specialty metals (e.g. cobalt, germanium, indium, tellurium, antimony, gallium)

Among the base metals, aluminium is the fastest growing non-ferrous metal in India. India ranks fourth in terms of aluminium production, behind China, Australia and Brazil. In FY17, primary aluminium output stood at 2.9 million tonnes.


Macro view: Management rules for a sustainable materials economy 1. The depletion rates of renewable resources should not exceed their renewal rates.

2. Consumption of non-renewable resources should be limited to levels at which they can either be replaced by physically or functionally equivalent renewable resources or at which consumption can be offset by increasing the productivity of renewable or non-renewable resources.

3. Inputs of substances to the environment should be orientated towards the maximum absorption capacity of environmental media, taking into consideration all their functions, not least their “hidden” and more sensitive regulating functions.

4. There must be a balanced ratio between the time scale of man-made inputs to, or interventions in, the environment and the time scale of the natural processes which are relevant for the reaction capacity of the environment.

5. Any hazards and unacceptable risks to human health & safety due to man-made effects should be avoided. This demands the use of Occupational Health & Safety (OHS) risk management.


Sustainability is a prioritySustainable development is a worldwide priority. Through efficient use of resources, intelligent design of products & their uses, and reduction of greenhouse emissions & water use, the entire metal & mining industry seeks to lower the impact of climate change as well as participating in the process of sustainable development.

Metals and steel to be specific, are the world’s most important engineering and construction material that underpins almost every aspect of our lives – buildings, transport, infrastructure, home appliances and lifestyle goods. It can be recycled again and again.

Today, globally metal & mining industry generally understands that it must invest in more productive & efficient practices and embrace innovation.


Society & economy

The metal & mining sector has potential to contribute to social & economic development, especially where good policy and governance frameworks are in place. It can improve the lives of employees, their families and communities for the better. Realising mining’s full potential contribution to sustainable economic & social progress requires collaborative action between government, companies, and civil society. The focus issues of social sustainability in mines & mineral sector is to respect and reinforce the fundamental rights of human beings, including civil & political liberties, cultural autonomy, social & economic freedoms, and personal security.

Beyond the obligation to comply with the law currently in force regarding occupational safety, undertaking of comprehensive risk management programs is aimed to promote and increase safety culture at work.

In mining operation, to uphold the fundamental human rights and respect cultures, custom & values in dealing with employees & others who are affected by the activities, key management actions are required in the following areas:

l Ensure fair remuneration and work conditions for all employees and do not use forced, compulsory or child labour

l Provide for the constructive engagement of employees in upholding the freedom of association and right to collective bargaining

l Implement policies & practices to eliminate harassment & unfair discriminationl Provide all relevant staff including security personnel with appropriate cultural & human

rights training & guidance


l Minimize involuntary resettlement and compensate fairly for adverse effects on the community where they cannot be avoided

l Respect the culture & heritage of local communities, including indigenous/tribal people

The question of whether an abundance of mineral resources hinders rather than enhances the economic progress of countries is complex and the subject of extensive study and debate. These studies have tended to focus on economic or governance metrics and overlooked social indicators meaning there is very limited research in this area.

Achieving SDG GoalsMineral & Metal Industry aims to achieve the SDG targets:The mineral & metal sector plays a significant role in promoting and supporting the delivery of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Comprising a universal set of targets, the goals seek to expand on the eight anti-poverty goals of the now expired Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

What is SDG?

Adopted by 193 heads of state and governments at a special UN Sustainable Development Summit in September 2015, the SDGs are a set of 17 individual goals & 169 separate targets that seek to address a wide variety of development issues. The member states are expected to use these goals to frame their development agendas for the next 15 years.

Unlike many other sectors, there is no primary point of connection between mining & one single SDG. Instead, operations have the extraordinary potential to contribute to several different goals at any one time. This is due to the multifaceted impacts (both positive & negative) that companies & operations can have on communities, ecosystems & economies. These, coupled with the fundamental importance of metals & minerals to modern life, the influence of mining on all of the SDGs becomes apparent.

In addition, many mining & metals companies have acquired valuable experience of working in partnership with governments, civil society & development agencies in order to operate effectively in some of the world’s most remote, environmentally sensitive regions that also need assistance in building institutional capacity & governance. This knowledge & experience needs to be captured and shared in new ways in order to unlock the potential that mining can bring to the ambitious, integrated global agenda represented by the SDGs.


SDGS are strongly correlated. While the SDGs identify 16 distinct goals for sustainable development, and a seventeenth that encourages partnership approaches, in practice the goals are strongly interrelated. This has two implications. Firstly, by contributing to one SDG, there is likely to be a positive influence on others. Secondly, significant progress on one SDG, such as poverty (SDG1), will not realistically be achieved without progress on several others.

That is, poverty alleviation will to varying degress touch on the goals of decent work and economic growth (SDG8), quality education (SDG4), good health and well-being (SDG3) and gender equality (SDG5). And vice versa. Similarly, progress to conserve biodiversity (the focus of SDG15 - life on land) will not be possible without complementary action on food security (SDG2), climate change (SDG13), improved stewardship of water (SDG6), stronger institutions (SDG16), and progress on sustainable consumption and production (SDG12).


The global steel industry shares society’s challenges & concerns – from climate change & urbanisation to ensuring long-term economic growth and responsible management & sourcing of resources.

The individual steel companies as well as the entire industry are being pro-active in addressing these challenges on many different fronts. This report highlights the following:

1. The steel value chain: what we need to make steel and how society uses it

2. Industry level challenges, commitments & actions related to: climate change, responsible sourcing & co-products

3. Sustainability performance: continued reporting on the 8 global economic, social and environmental indicators

4. Steel solutions: how steel is being applied in versatile and innovative ways to provide sustainable (and sometimes surprising) solutions for our everyday lives

5. Member actions and initiatives: what the member companies are doing individually to address our global industry & societal challenges.

Sustainability issues in ferrous industry –Primarily steel industry


Steel companies from around the world have been reporting to world steel on sustainability indicators since 2004. These indicators provide a systematic way of measuring key aspects of our economic, environmental and social performance on a yearly basis. The indicators are aligned to the commitments outlined in our sustainable development policy.

Steel companies report voluntarily on up to 8 sustainability indicators every year. In 2018, 97 steel organisations contributed data for fiscal year 2017. Crude steel produced by companies who reported on one or more indicators was 960.8 MT, representing 56.9% of global crude steel production.

The average indicator results, participation by indicator, as well as performance trends of the steel industry for last 15 years are provided below:

Materiality assessment conducted by World Steel Organization has helped to identify the most important sustainability indicators. A materiality assessment helps to identify and address the economic, social & environmental topics that matter most to the steel business & its stakeholders. A materiality assessment is a process through which a sustainability issue can be prioritised, based on relevance to stakeholders & impact on the society.


PRIORITY ISSUES1. Climate Change: Climate change is the biggest issue

for the steel industry in the 21st century. Reducing CO2 emissions in steelmaking must be tackled on a global level. Making the substantial CO2 reductions required will need technology transfer, collaboration and breakthrough technologies.

The reduction of CO2 from steel production is an established priority, as is the reduction of GHG emissions during the life cycle of products that use steel. The member companies incorporate strategies into their businesses to improve processes and drive product innovation in this direction.

In order to drastically reduce the overall CO2 emissions from the production of steel, the development of breakthrough technologies is crucial. Today, a large number of promising projects are ongoing in different parts of the world.

2. Water: The steel industry recognises the important role that water plays in its manufacturing operations and also its value to the society. Even though the steel industry uses large quantities of water, very little of that water is actually consumed as most is reused or returned to source. For example, sea water is almost exclusively used in cooling operations and the loss during these processes may account for less than 1% of the total due to evaporation. Although the intake is considerable, the water is returned to the sea without any change in quality. Water recycled back into rivers & other sources is often cleaner than when extracted. In addition to being used in cooling operations, water is required throughout the steelmaking process for descaling, dust scrubbing & other processes.

The steel industry uses all types of water. Fresh water availability and quality is a major concern in large parts of the world and the management of water resources is considered to be the most important sustainability challenge after climate change. Fresh water resources are at risk due to demands from a growing global population & increased industrial activity, particularly, in developing countries.

The priority issues for sustainability which have been identified through materiality assessment are:

1. Climate change

2. Water

3. Air quality

4. Product applications

5. Co products

6. Supply chain

7. Recycling


The steel industry takes its responsibilities for water management seriously and is constantly evaluating how best to use water, finding improvements both in conservation & reuse.

In the same way as steel, water can be reused & recycled, thus improving the efficiency of use and reducing demand as well as cost. By increasing water recycling and cascading water use from higher to lower quality, steel producers have been able to reduce their water use & consumption considerably.

3. Air Quality: A key aspect of steel industry environmental protection is to minimise emissions to the air. The emission sources are mapped & monitored. Process improvements can then be identified & implemented with the goal of reducing emissions. Control mechanisms to reduce emissions can include:

l Baghouse/Filtration systems l Chemical treatment

l Thermal oxidisation l Scrubber systems

l Dust suppression

“worldsteel” leads the working groups covering various aspects of air quality to facilitate improvements and the spread of best practice throughout the industry


Already, consumers are placing high value on sustainable practices when making their purchasing decisions. The effects of this preference for sustainability have already started to flow up the value chain.


4. Product applications: Even as it addresses the needs & challenges of today’s economic environment, the steel industry is looking ahead at the challenges that are just over the horizon. Materials that are stronger and meet higher environmental standards will be needed. New generations of steel continue to be developed that make it possible for manufacturers & builders to implement durable, lightweight designs.

Steel is critical, simply, because no other material has the same unique combination of strength, formability & versatility. Without being aware of it, the society now depends on steel. Humankind’s future success in meeting challenges such as climate change, poverty, population growth, water distribution & energy, limited by a lower carbon world depends on the applications of steel.

Steel plays a critical role in virtually every phase in our lives. The rails, roads & vehicles that make up our transport systems use steel. Steel provides a strong framework & connections in the buildings where we work, learn & live. It protects and delivers our water & food supply. It is a basic component in technologies that generate and transmit energy.

5. Co products: Innovative technology developments & synergies with other industries have brought the steel industry ever closer to its goal of zero waste to landfill. Co-products refer to materials that are produced in parallel to or, as a consequence of, the production of a primary product and which also have a potential value.

The main solid co-products produced during iron & crude steel production are slags (90% by mass), dust & sludge.

On an average, the production of one tonne of steel results in around 200 kg of co-products for the Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) route and 400 kg for the Blast Furnace-Basic Oxygen Furnace (BF-BOF) route.

Alongside the solid co-products, process gases from coke ovens, BFs or BOFs are also important steelmaking co-products.

Co-products from the steel industry have many uses within the industry itself, in other industries and in wider society. In some cases, it is the physical properties that determine the use, such as steelmaking slag used as aggregates in road construction; and sometimes it is the chemical composition e.g. process gases used as fuel to produce heat and/or electricity. Valuable non-ferrous metals can also be recovered from slags, dust & sludge when the concentrations are sufficient.

Some examples of common uses of steel industry co-products are as follows:

l Blast furnace slag – substitute for clinker in cement-making

l Steelmaking slag – aggregates in road construction, soil improvement

l Process gases – heat and electricity production

l Dust and sludge – internal & external use of iron oxides and alloying elements


l Petrochemicals from cokemaking – tar, ammonia, phenol, sulphuric acid and naphthalene for the chemical industry

l Emulsions from mills and used oil – reducing agent in blast furnaces or used in coke plants

In all cases, using a steel industry co-product as a substitute for an equivalent product will improve resource efficiency and contribute to the circular economy.

6. Supply Chain: There is a growing awareness on responsible sourcing & product supply chains relating to minerals & products across the globe.

Attention is broadening to all risks – ranging from biodiversity loss, environmental issues, human rights, health & safety and to preserving rights of indigenous people. As a result, expectations from the customers, investors & other stakeholders are increasing.

7. Recycling: Due to its inherent magnetism, steel is very easy to recycle; this is why it is the most recycled material in the world and the most sustainable material of the 21st century.

All the available scrap is recycled over and over again to create new steel. Recycled steel maintains the inherent properties of the original steel and the quality can also be improved on recycling.

l Steel is a permanent material that can be infinitely recycled and is 100% recyclable without loss of quality

l Steel scrap from lower value can be converted into higher value steels by using appropriate processing & metallurgy

l A basic oxygen furnace can be charged with as much as 30% steel scrap

l An electric furnace can be charged with 100% steel scrap

l On average, new steel products contain 37% recycled steel

l Today’s steel products become tomorrow’s cans, trains, bridges or buildings

Although all available steel scrap is recycled, there is not enough scrap available to meet demand for new steel products.

While many steel products such as packaging & vehicles have a short to medium service life, large-scale products (buildings, bridges, etc) are designed to last for decades or even centuries. In the future, all of these products will be recycled to meet our ever-growing need for steel.


Avoiding dissipative losses – a strategy with a ‘dual dividend’

To summarize, the most far-reaching problems on the path towards a more sustainable metals & mining industry appear to occur at the boundaries between the ecosphere and the techno-sphere, as problems of resource availability on the one hand and problems of emissions & waste on the other.

Sustainable futures are predicated on innovation, commitment and technology. Flexibility, innovation, technology, collaboration and communication are fundamental to an environmental, social & economic sustainable future for mining, metal manufacturing & the associated supply chain.


The importance of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)Transition to products made with 100% recycled materials, as well as transformation of the supply chain to run entirely on sustainable energy is the future of our industrial landscape.

The metal production industry is already experiencing a shift towards sustainability, as evidenced by the formation of organisations such as the Aluminium Stewardship Initiative (ASI), The World Steel Association (worldsteel), International Council of Mining and Metals (ICMM). These groups or associations are made up of producers, users & stakeholders across the relevant metal & mining value chain, with a commitment to maximising the contribution towards a sustainable society.

The need for any organisation to undertake the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been emerged based on the increased focus on sustainability.

Benefits:l Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) allows organisations to evaluate the environmental impact

of any product across its entire life cycle – from cradle to grave, i.e. from mining to raw material production, processing, manufacture to use & disposal

l Another very important issue is that LCA allows organisations to benchmark their operations & products to better balanced economic and environmental aspects

l By identifying all material and energy inputs, organisations can gain a comprehensive understanding of their operations & products, and use the information to identify areas of improvement & consequent cost reductions


DisclaimerUsers of this report shall take their own independent business decisions at their own risk and, in particular, without undue reliance on this report. Nothing in this report shall constitute professional advice, and no representation or warranty, express or implied, is made in respect to the completeness or accuracy of the contents of this report. ICC and Consultivo do not accept any liability whatsoever for any direct or indirect damages resulting from use of this report or its contents. The views expressed do not necessarily represent the views or policy of either ICC or Consultivo.

Behaviour Based Safety (BBS): Baseline Assessment 21

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With access to wealth of intellectual capital, Consultivo delivers Advisory, Research, Assurance & Training services in the areas like Sustainability, Environment & Energy, Management Systems, CSR, Safety, Organizational Development and Human Capital Development.

Sustainability services include development of sustainability strategy, voluntary sustainability standard (VSS), sustainability reporting as per GRI standard, materiality assessment & study, stakeholder engagement, water sustainability management, carbon footprint, energy audit & conservation, ethical supply chain management, due diligence and related services.

Major industry sectors where Consultivo has worked with:

Metal & Mining Engineering Cement Oil & Gas Chemical Construction Hospital

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Consultivo works with 100+ National and International Sustainability related codes, standards and guidelines.

Partnership with academic institutions, research organizations & industrial associations is a significant activity to create powerful business solutions bespoke to customer needs.

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l Global approved auditor of Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Initiative (PSCI), UK

l Approved audit body for CORE (Code of Responsible Extraction)

l Partner of CII, training & knowledge partner of Indian Chamber of Commerce (ICC)

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Consultivo is uniquely placed to offer advisory and assurance services free from commercial constraints and conflict of interest to find ways to improve business performances.

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INDIAN CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

Founded in 1925, Indian Chamber of Commerce (ICC) is the leading and only National Chamber of Commerce operating from Kolkata, and one of the most pro-active and forward-looking Chambers in the country today. Its membership spans some of the most prominent and major industrial groups in India. ICC’s forte is its ability to anticipate the needs of the future, respond to challenges, and prepare the stakeholders in the economy to benefit from these changes and opportunities.

Set up by a group of pioneering industrialists led by Mr G D Birla, the Indian Chamber of Commerce was closely associated with the Indian Freedom Movement, as the first organised voice of indigenous Indian Industry. Several of the distinguished industry leaders in India, such as Mr. B M Birla, Sir Ardeshir Dalal, Sir Badridas Goenka, Mr. S P Jain, Lala Karam Chand Thapar, Mr. Russi Mody, Mr. Ashok Jain, Mr. Sanjiv Goenka, have led the ICC as its President. Currently, Mr. Rudra Chatterjee is leading the Chamber as its President.

ICC is the only Chamber from India to win the first prize in World Chambers Competition in Quebec, Canada.

ICC’s North-East Initiative has gained a new momentum and dynamism over the last few years ICC has a special focus upon India’s trade & commerce relations with South & South-East Asian nations, in sync with India’s ‘Look East’ Policy, and has played a key role in building synergies between India and her Asian neighbours through Trade & Business Delegation Exchanges, and large Investment Summits.

ICC also has a very strong focus upon Economic Research & Policy issues - it regularly undertakes Macro-economic Surveys/Studies, prepares State Investment Climate Reports and Sector Reports, provides necessary Policy Inputs & Budget Recommendations to Governments at State & Central levels.

The Indian Chamber of Commerce headquartered in Kolkata, over the last few years has truly emerged as a national Chamber of repute, with full-fledged offices in New Delhi, Mumbai, Guwahati, Ranchi and Bhubaneshwar & Hyderabad functioning efficiently, and building meaningful synergies among Industry and Government by addressing strategic issues of national significance.

North India OfficeKailash Building,

26 K G Marg, Flat No. 807, New Delhi – 110001

Phone 011 4610 1432 -38 Fax 011 4610 1440

Email: [email protected]

West India OfficeNo.1007, 10th floor, Samartha Vaibhav,

Off New Link Road, Andheri (W), Mumbai-400053, Maharashtra

Phone +91-22-6127 7443 Fax 91-22-6888 8656


Assam State OfficeKushan Plaza, 1st Floor

Above Mukesh Hyundai ShowroomGaneshguri, Guwahati – 781006, Assam.

Phone +91-361-2460216/2464767Fax +91-361-2461763


Odisha State Office Indian Chamber of Commerce

BDA-HIG 23 Infront of Pal Heights, Behind Aditya Birla Building, Jaydev Vihar

Bhubaneswar 751 013 [Odisha] Tel: 0674- 2303328/2303329

Tele Fax: 0674- 2303327 Email: [email protected]

Jharkhand State Office 181 C, ROAD

NO. 4, Ashok Nagar, Ranchi – 834002, Jharkhand.

Phone: +91-8235063236. Tele Fax : +91-651-2243236


Telegana State Office Ground Floor, “

B” – Block, TSR Towers

6 – 3 – 1090, Raj Bhavan Road, Hyderabad – 500 082,

Telangana

Head OfficeIndian Chamber of Commerce

4, India Exchange Place, Kolkata-700001Phone 91-33-22303242-44 Fax 91-33-22313377/22313380


sustainability in metal & mining · ms medha basu mr biswajit ghosh photo credit: team...

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