sustainability qualities of portland cement concrete
TRANSCRIPT
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The Sustainable Attributes of Portland Cement Concrete
Lionel Lemay, PE, SE, LEED APSr. Vice President, Sustainable Development
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Sustainable Development
“Development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the needs of future generations.”
The World Commission on Environment and Development
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Triple Bottom Line
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Environmental Impacts
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Measuring Green Infrastructure
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Cradle to Cradle Perspective
Material AcquisitionManufacturingConstruction
OperationReuse/Recycling
Life Cycle
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Material Acquisition Phase
Material AcquisitionManufacturingConstruction
OperationReuse/Recycling
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Impact of Extracting Materials
Extraction of any raw material has impact on the environment
Natural Resources Canada compared impacts in research study Logging (wood) Iron ore mining (steel) Aggregate quarrying (concrete)
Extracting aggregate for concrete has lower impact than other materials
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Impact IndexResource Impact Index
ConcreteAggregate QuarryingLimestone Quarrying
1.001.50
Steel Iron Ore Mining 2.25
WoodBoreal Timber HarvestingCoastal Timber Harvesting
2.503.25
Source: Natural Resources Canada
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Logging for Wood
Disruption per unit of building material is high
Renewal takes generations
Stream damage from landslides is common
Source: Natural Resources Canada
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Iron Ore Mining for Steel
Very deep open pit mining
Mines are rarely restored
Duration of disruption may be forever
Source: Natural Resources Canada
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Aggregate & Limestone Quarrying
Closely contained and temporary
Restored within 1 to 2 years
Most abundant materials on earth
Source: Natural Resources Canada
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Manufacturing Phase
Material AcquisitionManufacturingConstruction
OperationReuse/Recycling
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Carbon Dioxide
Most materials requires little processing
Low energy of production
Manufactured and harvested locally
Low transportation energy
Contributes to local economy
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Does cement manufacturing generate CO2?
As with all industrial processes cement generates CO2
Made from natural minerals calcium (60%) from limestone silicon (20%) aluminum (10%) iron (10%)
Heated in large kiln to 1500° C Converts raw materials to clinker CO2 generated from two sources
Fossil fuels in burning process Calcination - calcium carbonate
broken down to calcium oxide with release of CO2
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U.S. Cement CO2 Emissions
Source: Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 2005, U.S. Department of Energy, February 2007.
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Does concrete manufacturing produce CO2?
Water, sand, stone or gravel and other ingredients make up about 90% of concrete
Mining sand and gravel, crushing stone, combining the materials and transportation concrete requires very little energy
Emits a relatively small amount of CO2
Amounts of CO2 embodied in concrete primarily function of cement content
Structures are built with concrete and not cement
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CO2 Reabsorbed by Concrete
CO2 reabsorbed into concrete through carbonation 33% to 57% of CO2 emitted from calcination is
reabsorbed through carbonation over 100-year life
Source: Pade, Claus et al. “The CO2 Uptake of Concrete in the Perspective of Life Cycle Inventory,” International Symposium on Sustainability in the Cement and Concrete Industry, Lillehammer, Norway, September 2007.
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How does concrete compare to other building materials? Concrete has low energy consumption and
CO2 emissions compared to: Steel Wood Asphalt
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Concrete vs. Wood Frame
Thermal mass systems save energy
Lower CO2 emissions Concrete systems reduced
energy by 17%
2x12 (R 38) 6” ICF=Source: Gajda, John, Energy Use of Single-Family Houses With Various Exterior Walls, CD026, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL, 2001.
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Compared 5-story office building
5%10%
16%18% 21% 23%
0%5%
10%15%20%25%30%
Miami
Phoenix
Memphis
Chicago
Denve
rSale
m
Steel frame with light frame exterior walls
Concrete frame with solid concrete exterior walls
Source: Marceau, Medgar L. and VanGeem, Martha G., Modeling Energy Performance of Concrete Buildings for LEED-NC Version 2.2: Energy and Atmosphere Credit 1, SN2880a. Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL, 2007, 55 pages.
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Energy of Production
0.251.4222.55
2030
90270
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
AggregatesConcrete
BricksTimber
Reinforced concretePortland cement
GlassSteel
Stainless steelAluminum
Production Energy [GJ/t]
Source: Pentalla, Vesa, Concrete and Sustainable Development, ACI Materials Journal, September-October 1997
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Concrete Frame vs. Steel Frame
Study compared the CO2 emissions of concrete and steel framed buildings Concrete frame accounted for 550 kg of CO2 per
square meter of floor area Steel frame accounted 620 kg of CO2 per square
meter of floor area
Source: Guggemos, A. A. and Horvath, A., Comparison of Environmental Effects of Steel- and Concrete-Framed Buildings, ASCE Journal of Infrastructure Systems, June 2005, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, 2005.
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Concrete vs. Asphalt Pavements
Source: Taylor, G.W. and Patten, J.D., Effects of Pavement Structure on Vehicle Fuel Consumption - Phase III, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, 2006.
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Concrete vs. Asphalt Pavements
Annual Savings and Reductions for Major Urban Arterial Highway
Results based on driving onconcrete vs. asphalt pavement
Minimum0.8%
Average3.85%
Maximum6.9%
Fuel Savings (liters) 377,000 1,813,000 3,249,000
Dollar Savings ($) 338,000 1,625,000 2,912,000
CO2 Reductions (t) 1,039 5,000 8,950
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Concrete vs. Asphalt
LCA on concrete and asphalt roadways Construction and maintenance over 50-year
life cycle for high volume highway Asphalt required 3 times more energy Global Warming Potential (CO2 equivalents) Asphalt = 738 t/km Concrete = 674 t/km
Source: A Life Cycle Perspective on Concrete and Asphalt Roadways: Embodied Primary Energy And Global Warming Potential, Athena Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, 2006.
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What is concrete industry doing?
Committed to continuous environmental improvement
P2P Initiative (Prescriptive to Performance Specifications for Concrete)
The P2P Initiative removes limits on materials Allows producers to meet performance
requirements Minimize environmental impact
www.nrmca.org/P2P
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Recycled Industrial Byproducts
Uses of industrial byproducts Fly ash Blast furnace slag Silica fume
Supplement a portion cement Otherwise end up in landfills Called supplementary
cementitious materials (SCMs) Improves strength and
durability Reduces CO2 embodied in
concrete Typical values 15% to 40% As much as 70%
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Construction Phase
Material AcquisitionManufacturingConstruction
OperationReuse/Recycling
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Concrete Construction
Made specifically for each order
Little to no waste is generated
Short transport No shipping carton or
wrapping Leftovers
landscaping blocks Traffic barriers
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Batch fresh materialsReship
Paving at plantSettling pond
Truck wash, batch plant ordischarge after treatment
Solids to landfill
Blocks
Reclamation
Windrow & Crush
Returned Concrete Options
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Operational Phase
Material AcquisitionManufacturingConstruction
OperationReuse/Recycling
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Thermal Mass
Increase thermal lag Off peak demand Lower energy costs
Lower peak energy Smaller, more efficient
HVAC equipment Reduce temperature
swings Less heating and cooling
energy required
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High Performance Wall Systems
Tilt-up Concrete Walls
Insulating Concrete Forms
Removable FormSystems
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Urban Heat Island Effect
Residential zones are 3° warmer
Downtown areas are 7° warmer
Due to dark-colored roofing and pavement
Source: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
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Urban Sprawl
NASA Thermal Images of Atlanta
1973 1979 1983
1987 1992 1997
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Cool Communities
Use light colored roofing and cladding
Use light colored pavements
Landscape shading Reduce air
temperatures by 5° Reduce air conditioning
by 18%
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Roofing and Cladding
Concrete roofing and cladding Light colored Highly reflective
Research shows 40% reduction in cooling energy
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Pavement and Landscaping
Concrete pavement and landscaping
Article in MIT Technology Review “…blacktopping should
be discontinued…” Use light-colored
pavements Concrete costs slightly
more but has a lower life cycle cost
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Concrete Pavement
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Reduced Lighting Requirements
Asphalt requires 24% more poles
Asphalt costs 24% more Initial costs Maintenance costs Energy costs
Source: Road Surface’s Reflectance Influences Lighting Design” RP269.01P, R. E. Stark, Portland Cement Association, April 1986.
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Stormwater Management
Pervious Concrete 15-25% voids Rainwater percolates
through the slab Minimizes runoff to
surrounding streams and lakes
Functions like retention basins
Recharges groundwater supplies
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Pervious Concrete Applications
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Indoor Air Quality
Building Material VOC Emission(mg/m3h)
Vinyl flooring 2.3
Particle board 2.0
Plywood 1.0
Acrylic Latex Paint 0.43
Linoleum 0.22
Carpet 0.080
Gypsum board 0.026
Concrete 0.003
Source: University of Western Ontario
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Reduce VOC Emissions
Use exposed concrete: Decorative floors Textured walls Exposed ceiling
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Durability and Versatility
Most widely used building material
Extremely durable Doesn’t rot Doesn’t rust Doesn’t burn
Low maintenance 2000 year track record
of performance
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Reuse/Recycling Phase
Material AcquisitionManufacturingConstruction
OperationReuse/Recycling
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Supplementary Cementitious Materials
Fly ash From coal-fired electrical
power plants Blast furnace slag
From steel manufacturing Silica Fume
From silicone manufacturing
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Key to high performance
High Performance Improves durability Increases strength Improves constructability
Environmental Benefits Reduces waste Reduces raw material
extraction Reduces energy of
production Reduces CO2
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Recycled concrete
Fills and bases Roadways and parking
areas Driveways and sidewalks Shoulders, curbs, gutters
Landscaping features Foundations Some Concrete
Structures
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SummaryConcrete Feature Environmental Benefit
Most ingredients require little processing Minimizes energy of production
Most materials harvested and manufactured locally Minimizes transportation energy
Building systems combine insulation and thermal mass
Homes and buildings more energy efficient
Long service life Minimizes reconstruction, repair and maintenance
Pavement and exterior cladding are light in color
Minimizes urban heat island effect
Incorporates recycled industrial byproducts
Reduces the energy required for manufacturing
Absorbs CO2 throughout its lifetime through carbonation Reduces carbon footprint
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Thank you
Feel free to contact me with questions or comments at:
Lionel Lemay, PE, SE, LEED APSr. VP, Sustainable [email protected](847) 918-7101