sustainable agroforestry in degraded drylands
TRANSCRIPT
8/4/2019 Sustainable AgroForestry in Degraded Drylands
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Sustainable Agroforestry in
Degraded Drylands:
Win ± Win Approaches for Local,Regional and Global Problems
Leu S. and Mor-Mussery A.in collaboration with the Sustainability Laboratory
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Overexploitation Land Degradation by
-Productivity
-Carbon Stocks
-Biodiversity-Resilience and Sustainability Mismanagement
Acceleration of and Sensitization to Effects of Global Warming
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2. Rehabilitation by Restoration of Vegetation
Productivity +
Carbon Stocks +
Biodiversity +Resilience and Sustainability + Management
Mitigation of and Adaptation to Effects of Global Warming!
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Engineering or Forestry
Topography Analysis and Engineering Requirements
N
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Site plan
Riverine,
native plants
*Plants the
will be suited
in the edges of the river
Silvipasture
Savanna
trees with
additional
uses
(mainly
pasture),
suited to
arid zones,
Shade
trees
The shade
pathways
Fenced Green
Tree
To border between
the different fieldsand supplement
extra use (crop,
pasture, shade
etc«)
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� The area excluded by the black line is unsuitable for large agricultural plots, while areas 1
± 4 do not pose any problems except for small corrections along the river;
� The following pictures demonstrate these facts;
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200m
Only the two marked rhomboids are suitable
for agriculture, about 10 and 5 dunam;
Stable
Wadi
Unstable
Wadi
and Soil
Large Rocky Slope with Wadis
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The Soil in the southern-most Wadi is highly erosive;
these erosion structures have to be stabilized by terraces, planting of
mixed trees, olive plantations and high value trees;
Native trees will be incorporated for high grazing value, biodiversity and
agricultural return;
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: Restoration of vegetation, erosion control and tree1Technique
planting using contour drip irrigation
Trees and Shrubs were planted along drip
irrigation, every 2m one line was established,and every dripper received 100L of water
during November-December 2008.
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The number of functions fulfilled by dryland trees is huge
�Carbon Sequestration into biomass;
� Recovery of nutrients from deep soil;
� Enrichment and protection of top soils by plant litter;
� Increasing productivity of annual vegetation;
� Preventing wind erosion;
� Providing shade to animals and buildings;
� Preventing water runoff and erosion;
� Restoring natural habitats and biodiversity;
� Providing fodder during the dry season;
� Providing biomass energy;
� Providing high value oils and fruit for economic expansion;
Technique2: Restoration of land using dryland trees
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20 years old Acacia victoria woodland near
Yattir farm (220 mm mean AnnualPrecipitation)
2.5 t per ha and year annual vegetation;2.5 tons per ha and year tree litter (edible);
1 ton per ha and year woody biomass;
6 tons per year CO2 sequestration;Supports 2 goats per ha:
RICH ANIMAL LIFEDegraded land nearby:
0.5 t per ha and year annual vegetation
NO tree litter!
NO woody biomass!
NO CO2 sequestration!
Supports 0.2 goats per ha
NEGLIGIBLE ANIMAL LIFE!!!
*Problem: Acacia victoria is not a native species!
Fact: Woodland trees Sequestrate high Carbon amounts into biomass
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Biomass, slope trees
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Total Litter Weeds
g p e r 6 0 0 c m ^
canopy
open
Facts: Grazing Improvement, Land Rehabilitation and
Biomass Production by Silvipasture
Biomass and Litter under TreeCanopy and in nearby Open
Areas:
Suitable Trees Promote Growth
of Annual Vegetation and
Provide Extraordinary Amountsof Organic Litter!
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Facts: Using trees for agriculture purposes in arid
environments
Left: niche of wheat growing without need of irrigation and nutrient
supply;
Right: Small olive tree survives inside the Acacia victoria woodland,
taking advantage of higher soil fertility and humidity, reduced
evaporation and protection from wind by the other trees.
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planting techniques:
The planting method dramatically affects soil characteristics
Contour Trenching Planting without Soil Disturbance
0
0 5
1
1 5
2
2 5
3
Savanna Open C ntour Open Savanna Canopy Contour Canopy
S O C ( %
)
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Terrace Agroforestry using Natural Topography
A simple stone terrace suffices to create excellent conditions for Olive
cultivation. The reduced water runoff intensity allows natural vegetation
to recover as well.
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Intercropping in Agroforestry Terraces
Other Crops Used for
Intercropping:
� Vegetables
� Watermelons
� Sunflowers
� Tobacco
Classical agroforestry with summer sorghum (left behind) intercropped with
olive trees. The humidity stored in the soil of the dammed areas suffices to
maintain growth of sorghum throughout the hot, completely dry summer.
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An area covered by manure (right) displayed very significant plant
growth in spite of very poor rainfall (~110 mm in 2009), in contrast to the
exposed soil to the left.
Principle of Soil Management:
THE MOST IMPORTANT:
Exposed Soil Degradation
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Expected Benefits at Wadi Attir
� Carbon sequestration compensating for theagricultural greenhouse gas emissions.
� Water savings by optimized agricultural production,wind breaks, plant litter and no till agriculture;
� Reduced fertilizer use due to nitrogen fixing plantsand nutrient recovery from deep soil by trees;
� Improved biodiversity due to planted native trees;
� Increased profitability due to growing amounts of high quality high price oils;
� Providing waste biomass for energy production fromtree trimming;
� Reduced erosion and soil loss due to terraceagroforestry and erosion barriers;