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Oct 16-18, 2019Temuco, Chile

Sustainable Built Environment Urban planning, global problems and local policies

ABSTRACTS BOOK



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Abstract. In the present era, progress of buildings is denoted by tall and super tallbuildings. Is there a necessity of limiting the height of tall building? Is there otheralternative available to such gigantic structures? This research wishes to find out theproblems posed by existing tall buildings and the challenges before the architects ofthe future generation. Presently the only suitable and logical alternative left beforemankind for developing habitation is to rise vertically up from land to air. The verticalgrowth pattern of highly developed urban areas projects further development of tallerhousing. In order to house more & more people, 21 present mega cities are practicallycompeting with each other in verticality. Out of which 17 are in Asia [6].Environmental challenges, major energy usage, time/ money consuming factors areamongst many of the greater challenging aspects, besides other architectural aspects.In addition to similar basic socio-psychological requirements for other housingalternatives, high-rise or super tall housing can impose more problems socially andpsychologically to its inhabitants. Some of these problems are identified as offeringdifferent quality of life, satisfaction age group of inhabitants, standardization ofhuman needs, meeting neighbours, transportation of young children/ shopping bags,movement of elderly/ sick people, security concerns, ownership status, fear ofearthquake/ disasters, etc. Increased use of synthetics as building materials, cleaningand renovation of buildings process, constructing airtight buildings to reduce energycosts, inadequate ventilation efficiency, enhance the number of VOCs in indoors. Useof renewable energy resources, sustainable & eco-friendly materials, and greenbuilding measures will reduce the negative environmental footprint of super tallbuilding in one hand; smart technological measures will ensure efficient use ofavailable resources on the other hand. This research identifies appropriate sustainablestrategies for development of futuristic tall and super tall housing.

Debashis SanyalNational Institute of Technology Raipur

India

Sustainability in Super tall housing: An Architect’s approach1



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Clogging of permeable pavements: Case Study

Nathalia Abreu1 and Marco Gonçalves2

1 Civil Engineer, Master student in Innovation on Civil Construction, PolytechnicSchool of the University of São Paulo, SÃO PAULO, BR

2 Civil Engineer, Master student in Innovation on Civil Construction, PolytechnicSchool of the University of São Paulo, SÃO PAULO, BR

Abstract. In the present era, progress of buildings is denoted by tall and super tallbuildings. Is there a necessity of limiting the height of tall building? Is there otheralternative available to such gigantic structures? This research wishes to find out theproblems posed by existing tall buildings and the challenges before the architects ofthe future generation. Presently the only suitable and logical alternative left beforemankind for developing habitation is to rise vertically up from land to air. The verticalgrowth pattern of highly developed urban areas projects further development of tallerhousing. In order to house more & more people, 21 present mega cities are practicallycompeting with each other in verticality. Out of which 17 are in Asia [6].Environmental challenges, major energy usage, time/ money consuming factors areamongst many of the greater challenging aspects, besides other architectural aspects.In addition to similar basic socio-psychological requirements for other housingalternatives, high-rise or super tall housing can impose more problems socially andpsychologically to its inhabitants. Some of these problems are identified as offeringdifferent quality of life, satisfaction age group of inhabitants, standardization ofhuman needs, meeting neighbours, transportation of young children/ shopping bags,movement of elderly/ sick people, security concerns, ownership status, fear ofearthquake/ disasters, etc. Increased use of synthetics as building materials, cleaningand renovation of buildings process, constructing airtight buildings to reduce energycosts, inadequate ventilation efficiency, enhance the number of VOCs in indoors. Useof renewable energy resources, sustainable & eco-friendly materials, and greenbuilding measures will reduce the negative environmental footprint of super tallbuilding in one hand; smart technological measures will ensure efficient use ofavailable resources on the other hand. This research identifies appropriate sustainablestrategies for development of futuristic tall and super tall housing.

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BIM para la Gestión Sostenible en Establecimientos Hospitalarios

Existentes

Resumen. El objetivo fundamental de esta comunicación es determinar las características y requisitos del modelo BIM, en particular en su relación con el análisis energético BPS, para poder ser utilizado como herramienta proyectual apoyando la gestión sostenible en establecimientos hospitalarios existentes. Con este fin, se realizaron el modelado BIM arquitectónico y la simulación ambiental de edificaciones representativas en Chile y España, para revisar y proponer atributos sostenibles de modelado que permitieran desde etapas de diseño temprano y reestructuración, una mejor adaptación al crecimiento y flexibilidad, asociando bajos consumos de energía para los establecimientos hospitalarios. Dirigido a la gestión integral, tanto de la operación del edificio, como de todos los servicios que intervienen en su uso y explotación. Lo anterior, permitirá discutir cambios de paradigmas respecto a la formación del arquitecto y de los especialistas que intervienen en el diseño, construcción y operación de proyectos más sostenibles.

Fernando da Casa MartínUniversidad de Alcalá, Spain

Rodrigo García Alvarado Universidad de Bio Bio, ChileErnesto Echeverria Valiente Universidad de Alcalá, Spain

Flavio Celis D’Amico Universidad de Alcalá, Spain

Alberto Nope BernalColombia Universidad La Gran Colombia

Patricia Domineguez GomezUniversidad de Alcalá, Spain

Pilar Chias NavarroUniversidad de Alcalá, Spain

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To Dwell in the architectural procession. Wright, Siza and

the construction of the site through the light and landscape.

Abstract. A procession marks a sequence, a pulse, an order, a pattern of how to get inside something. The senses are sharpened as the experience of discovering space gradually develops into an understanding of where the work is located. The procession constitutes an architectural principle; a way of understanding the territory and creating a distance, a measure against the monumental character of the landscape. This way of discovering the work through the way of inhabiting its transition spaces is ancient, and allows the inhabitant to relate intimately with the place in question.My intention is to study the architectural procession of Taliesin West and Fallingwater, two architectural masterpieces by Frank Lloyd Wright, to produce a dialogue with the work of Álvaro Siza, in particular its Casa de Chá da Boa Nova Restaurant and the Mar Piscinas project in Leca da Palmeira.Both Wright and Siza are masters in the construction of the construction site following the procession of light, discovering the landscape and the territory of the place, therefore the work becomes a “contemporary ruin”; As something that has always been there. I believe that the current architecture has forgotten this important principle, focusing on producing “beautiful objects” instead of experiences that can be discovered.This study mainly uses a methodology focused on architectural drawing and observation, as well as work models, from which certain key similarities can be drawn between the works of Siza and Wright.From these, we hope to discover architectural facts that can be reinterpreted to produce guidelines that allow us to “inherit” a place and, in turn, lead us towards the construction of “contemporary ruins.”

Jaime InostrozaUniversidad Catolica de Temuco, Chile

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Estudio de organización social para el uso de calefacción de leña en zonas

generadoras de material contaminante en la ciudad de Temuco, región de

La Araucanía, Chile.

Alvarez EugeniaUniversidad Católica de Temuco, Chile

Resumen. En Temuco, capital de la región de La Araucanía, se presenta el mayor índice de contaminación por humo de estufas por calefacción a leña, específicamente en periodo de invierno en Chile.La combustión a leña es el mecanismo de calefacción más económico para la población de Temuco, lo cual ha generado un grado considerable de contaminación en el sector. El aumento de la población ha sido importante, y sobre todo los periodos de invierno entre los meses de abril y septiembre, son cada vez más fríos.El fenómeno afecta a la totalidad de la población, en especial a niños y adultos mayores. Los índices de contaminación son graves, con los horarios de la tarde y noche como los más complicados para transitar en el exterior, ya sea por visibilidad y/o por toxicidad del ambiente. Esta situación se ha convertido en un problema social cuya extensión en la ciudad de Temuco no es del todo conocida. Aún más grave resulta el hecho de que la sociedad temuquense no se manifiesta especialmente preocupada respecto de la salud colectiva ni del cuidado del medioambiente en relación a la producción de humo por estufas a leña.En atención a este importante problema, en el presente artículo se propone un diseño estratégico sobre información y organización social por sectores dentro de comunas, con el fin de generar conciencia y comunicación en la comunidad. Los lineamientos estratégicos están planteados con especial énfasis en la comunicación visual, tanto en formato impreso como digital, con el fin de organizar grupos sociales motivados por la solución del problema de la contaminación.El objetivo central de esta propuesta es ofrecer un modelo estratégico con la facultad de generar, conciencia colectiva en apoyo y ayuda a la ciudad, condominios y reducciones habitacionales. La conexión entre miembros de la comunidad, empatía y ayuda social, serán aspectos fundamentales para el funcionamiento de la aplicación en la estrategia.Finalmente la propuesta contemplará la organización social en búsqueda del bien común, en ayuda al medioambiente local, mejora en calidad de vida, y buena convivencia en condominios y comunas afectadas por el problema de la contaminación por humo de estufas a leña.

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A roadmap for net zero energy schools in Chile

Abstract. During the last ten years, there has been an increasing development of the Net Zero Energy Building in industrial countries. For example, the European Union mandates that by 2020 all new public buildings must comply with the European Directive for nearly Zero Energy Buildings. In the context, of knowledge transfer and investigation of the implementation potential of high-performance building in Chile, this paper presents the findings of a comparative study that was done considering the Belgian regulation landscape. The study focuses on school buildings and the challenge of sustainable building design, construction and operation. The aim of this research is to present a roadmap to Chilean policy makers and designers to progressively understand and implement the Net Zero Energy Schools concept in all new constructions. The research methodology followed a mixed approach combing a literature review of the performance standards, case study comparison, and focus group discussions with Belgian and Chilean experts. The results of the comparative analysis indicate the need to set out a low-tech concept for Net Zero Energy Schools. The focus group discussions resulted in the validation of a novel roadmap and the identification of the most important performance aspects to consider for its implementation. Finally, the paper provides valuable guidelines and technical recommendations besides a roadmap that can be used for strategical planning to implement Net Zero Energy Schools in Chile.

Maria Beatriz Piderit MorenoDepartment of Design and Theory of Architecture,

University of Bío-Bío, Concepción, ChileFranklin Vivanco

Department of Design and Theory of Architecture, University of Bío-Bío, Concepción, Chile

Shady AttiaSustainable Buildings Design Lab, Dept. UEE, Applied Sciences,

Université de Liège, Belgium

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Abstract. Traditionally, the focus of urban transportation design is on motorized vehicles with less attention to green travel alternatives such as cycling. Public policy makers are now trying to increase cycling as a sustainable travel mode due to increasing concerns with respect to environmental pollution, traffic jams and health problems from today's sedentary way of life. In the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the first bicycle lanes were built in 1991along the urban seafront for leisure and touristic purposes almost exclusively, but today the city counts on a cycling network of more than 150 kilometres under different conditions of conservation and use by the population. The manner in which this network is designed, built and managed can have a significant effect on the utility and safety of cycling. The primary objective of the current study is to develop a methodology and to propose an evaluation index that could be used as a practical instrument by municipal authorities, transportation planners, traffic engineers and others to determine the quality of bicycle lanes under 14 criteria based on social, technical and environmental aspects. The availability of a such comprehensive index is believed to be a key factor guiding cycle-friendly politics to build more sustainable cities.

An index for evaluation for urban bicycle lanes

Guilherme PessanhaPontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Celso RomanelPontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Jean NovoPontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Measuring urban diversities in cities in transformation: case of Temuco, Chile

Abstract. Contemporary studies have shown that the core challenges of future cities will be the crossfires between urban form, liveability and sustainability due to transformations. One key area of concern is how the current transformations contribute to more sustainable urban environments by encouraging a diversity of users, not only to meet and get to know each other but also encourage people to gain a strong sense of belonging to space and to collaborate in its transformation and the restructuring.In this study, therefore, the morphological and transformational processes in the neighbourhoods of Temuco were explored to understand how it encourages inclusive pluralism of social and spatial dimensions of the urban space, and how the process is essential for achieving a sustainable urban form.The study revealed that the morphological transformations in the study neigbourhoods between 1990 and 2018 have encouraged inclusive pluralism of social and spatial dimensions, which is vital for a sustainable urban form. The study recommends amongst other things the sustaining of the existing diversity through a modification to the Communal Regulatory Plan of Temuco to regulate developments at the neighbourhood level.

Augustine Yaw AsuahUniversity Austral de Chile, Chile

Antonio ZumelzuUniversity Austral de Chile, Chile

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Evaluación de la sustentabilidad social en proyectos de infraestructura: Un

caso de estudio de mejoramiento vial urbano en Temuco - Chile

Resumen. El concepto de sustentabilidad en proyectos de obras civiles se ha abordado principalmente desde la perspectiva económica y ambiental. Sin embargo, por definición, una mirada holística debe incorporar la componente social. En este sentido, es fundamental comprender las interacciones sociales relacionadas con el ciclo de vida de una obra civil; de lo contrario no se propicia la convivencia armónica y se arriesga un conflicto entre la comunidad y las instituciones responsables. En este sentido, se presenta un caso de estudio que analiza la contribución de un proyecto de mejoramiento de autovía urbana a la sustentabilidad social en una zona de alta congestión y renovación de la ciudad. La investigación se divide en dos partes, primero se establece la estructura conceptual que relaciona los criterios sociales y los actores de interés involucrados en cada etapa del ciclo de vida del proyecto. Luego, se determinan los indicadores y umbrales de acuerdo con el contexto de implementación. La metodología se basa en entrevistas semiestructuradas a los actores de interés, revisión documental y encuestas a la comunidad. A partir del desarrollo de este trabajo se identifican actores de interés socialmente críticos y las etapas preponderantes del ciclo de vida. La construcción de ciclovías y seguridad vial se destacan como criterios trascendentes que contribuyen a la sustentabilidad social a largo plazo y otros como participación ciudadana e identidad y cultura como oportunidades de mejora a las etapas tempranas de desarrollo.

David GonzalezUniversidad de la Frontera, Chile

Bastián HenríquezUniversidad de la Frontera, Chile

Leonardo SierraUniversidad de la Frontera, Chile

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Towards an Urban-Rural-Environmental Relationship in the Metropolis: the case of Vila Bela

Abstract. This paper presents principles, methods and results of a Final Graduation Work in which teaching, research and university extension are considered as an indivisible whole. This method is been realized though several years, where our choice of territory intervention constantly consists of look for locations on extreme edges of Sao Paulo’s metropolitan peripheral regions, with deep social fragility, contiguous to rural places and environmental preservation areas and impacted by the existence of at least one large metropolitan infrastructure. The search for alternative pacts in urban-rural-environmental relations begins with the understanding that these systems are inseparable and complementary. The experiment of sustainable development models in the field of higher education encompasses urban guidelines, territorial plans in diverse scales and architectural projects compromised with the site. All the work’s phases are articulated to commitments with the actual territory and its inhabitants, seeking to break through perverse conditions of the centre-periphery binomial and for new possibilities in the urban-rural-environmental relations in the metropolis. The work essays new paradigms in the relation between man-man and man-nature, assuming as urgent the environmental imbalance situation and the planetary social inequality, whose need for proposition is imperative and irreversible – regarding landscape, public spaces, habitat’s quality of life and infrastructure supply. The engagement is inseparable, constituting bonds of realizable commitments. The approach to the field is established through meetings and alignment with the community leaders and representatives, building close ties. The results of learning experience are the final research products, guidelines, an urban design of an exemplar cut and architecture projects realized, which are carried out under the guidance of this article’s authors, that are presented as a collection of alternatives to the region’s demands and priorities, and the complementary extra-disciplinary actions that are also established on voluntary bases, according to the emergences or wishes expressed.

Vera LuzPontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas, Brazil

Antonio Fabiano Jr.Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, Brazil

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Radon Risk Reduction in Public Buildings with Regular Occupancy: a

Case Study in Minho Region, Portugal

Abstract. Radon gas is considered by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of themost relevant indoor pollutants with proven relationship with higher lung cancer risk. Hence, indoor radon exposure in badly ventilated and extensively occupied rooms increases drastically the risk of health problems. Due to the geological nature of local soil, the Northwest region of Portugal is critical concerning indoor radon exposure. The new legislation is already in force to combat the problem by adopting a remediation strategy in order to reduce the occupants ́ risk in local buildings. However, a remediation strategy involves not only manual or automatic mitigation actions to reduce indoor radon concentration, but also awareness-raising campaigns developed amongst buildings ́ occupants and local community making part of an action plan to deal with the problem. In this paper we present a new case study of 15 public buildings assessed in 2018 through short-term measurements to characterize indoor radon gas concentration, in an inner city in the Northwest region of Portugal. Radon risk was assessed to evaluate occupants’ risk exposure and to define an Action Plan concerning radon gas remediation.

António Curado ProMetheus - Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo,

Viana do Castelo, PortugalJoão P. Silva

ProMetheus - Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal

Sérgio I. LopesARC4DigIT - Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo,

Viana do Castelo, Portugal

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Public Open Spaces Urbanity: a confrontation between the physical

and social dimension at the Germânia Park

Abstract. Public open spaces state as places of political action through history.Contemporaneity, on the other hand, brings up challenges to the city and its urbanity places. Understanding the city as a place of meeting, as well as the public open spaces as essential equipment for social interaction, lead to an approach to public open spaces from the urbanity perspective. The article analyses the study case of the Germânia Park, at Porto Alegre, Brazil. The study case is observed from a confrontation between the built environment as a physical dimension and appropriation as a social dimension. In order to analyse the appropriation of the Park, the study applies a non-participant observation with a focus on the following concepts: diversity and tolerance; visibility and flexibility. Diversity and tolerance is observed in order to understand the dynamic of appropriation from different social groups and its relationship; visibility is observed as a concept related to urban security and flexibility is analysed from the seasonality of the different scenarios of use that take place in the same space. In order to analyse the physical dimension, the work presents a layered map with a focus on the urban insertion, environmental aspects and design. Urban insertion is observed from the urban planning perspective such as the uses of the surrounding areas, accesses and mobility; the environmental aspects it observes aspects from geography like areas of environmental preservation; design observes the design and its equipment as a support for community activities and its multifunctional capability of serving to different uses. As results, the article presents a possible approach to public open spaces from urbanity by considering both physical and social dimension and specifically builds a structured analysis of the Germânia Park.

Roberta Krahe EdelweissUniRitter, Brazil

Fabio BortoliUniRitter, Brazil

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Circular economy for fish farms in Araucanía, Chile

Abstract. Salmon farming, in its freshwater phase, generates as environmental liabilities the faeces of the fish, the food that has not been consumed and the natural mortalities of the productive process. The latter is treated with formic acid and are used integrally in the manufacture of flours for animal feed. On the contrary, it is estimated that approximately 10% of the food supplied to the fish is not consumed and that the remaining 90%, after being digested, produces 13% of faeces. Both residues go through a stabilizing pre-treatment, concentrate and withdraw as sludge. Actually, such sludge is mainly disposed of in sanitary landfills having associated smell issues that affect local communities. By another side, there is a CO2 release to the atmosphere (sludge decomposition) contributing to the net carbon footprint of this industry, which adds to the global problem of greenhouse gases emission. In Chile, there are 957 freshwater fish farms, which generate 522,182 tons of sludge per year as a waste product. The management of this waste generates great environmental, economic and social concern, respectively. Such a problem is mainly located in the Araucanía Region (Chile), where 53 industrial fish farms are located and 2 out of 3 salmon that Chile exports are born. In the context of the Circular Economy, our research group has been working on 3 research projects, to add value to the sludge. These projects are; 1. Use of sludge as raw material for obtaining heat energy, 2. Use of sludge as an amendment to agricultural and forest soils, and 3. Use of liquid waste from the pressing sludge process for fertigation. When using sludge as a source of renewable energy, previous studies corroborate that the calorific value of the obtained pellet ranges between 4.6 and 4.9 kcal/kg. Then such pellets have the potential to be used within the productive process of the salmon farms, increasing their sustainability. A project is developed to investigate and prototype, a product that we will call "soil amendment", using a mixture of the sludge from fish farms and the resulting brush from the processing of algae. Finally, in order to reduce the sludge nitrogen and phosphorus concentration in clarification plants, the use of aquaponics and hydroponics techniques are studied. The flower known as chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum spp.) was selected as a model species because it's commercial value and ease handling. In the present work, the results associated with these three local cases of Circular Economy in Chilean freshwater fish farms will be presented.

Alfonso Mardones-Lazcano Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile

Gustavo Cabrera BarjasUniversidad de Concepción, Chile

Ximena Salas-CarrascoUniversidad Católica de Temuco, Chile

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Crecimiento urbano y sustentabilidad. Caso de estudio, Ribera Norte,

Concepción, Chile.

Resumen. En la última década del siglo pasado, surge un nuevo término que extiende e introduce todas las actividades humanas, la sostenibilidad. Hasta la Conferencia Mundial de Hábitat 2 en Estambul, dentro de la Agenda 21, se destaca el papel de las ciudades y las autoridades locales en la implementación de los compromisos ambientales globales y la generación de calidad de vida y hábitat. El diseño, desarrollo y gestión de "comunidades humanas sostenibles" calificadas como calidad de vida urbana. Chile se une a la Agenda 21 y en 1998 promulga la Ley de Medio Ambiente, junto con el lanzamiento de varios proyectos urbanos como mecanismos de recuperación y "relanzamiento" de las ciudades. Uno de ellos fue el Proyecto Ribera Norte, una iniciativa que buscaba recuperar un área degradada de la ciudad y generar suelos en respuesta a la demanda de crecimiento dentro de un desarrollo urbano sostenible. El presente estudio intenta explorar la relación y / o articulación entre crecimiento urbano y sustentabilidad a través de una acción urbana concreta como la Ribera Norte. El objetivo es profundizar el conocimiento teórico de una de las intervenciones urbanas más discutidas de los últimos años en Chile, con el fin de recopilar lecciones sobre planificación urbana sostenible en nuestras ciudades. Partiendo del hecho de que los países subdesarrollados deben resolver simultáneamente los problemas de pobreza urbana hoy y de preservación ecológica para mañana, una tarea que se vuelve titánica y casi imposible debido a la falta de recursos para cubrir tantos problemas urbanos al mismo tiempo.

Maria Teresa Rodriguez Tastets San Sebastian University, Concepción, Chile

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La informalidad y el espacio público. El caso del comercio callejero en una

ciudad intermedia de Chile.

Resumen. En América Latina, las actividades informales son una fuente importante de empleos. En Chile representan casi a la mitad del total de empleos en las zonas urbanas, siendo el comercio callejero (o ambulante) una de las actividades que más notoriedad ha tenido por su visibilidad en el espacio público.Este artículo presenta los resultados acerca de las características sociodemográficas y lab-orales de los vendedores ambulantes de la ciudad de Los Ángeles, en Chile. Se realizó un análisis exhaustivo de documentos oficiales y otros reportes acerca del trabajo en Chile, los que se contrastaron con una encuesta aplicada a 121 vendedores ambulantes de la ciudad lo que proveyó de datos relevantes para comprender quienes son, cómo trabajan, cómo son sus salarios, sus condiciones de salud, sus familias, entre otros datos relevant-es. Cabe destacar la sobrerrepresentación de trabajadores extranjeros en comparación a los datos nacionales de empleo.Finalmente se reflexiona en torno a las condiciones de trabajo a las que se enfrentan losambulantes, así como también a comprender este tipo de actividad no sólo como un tra-bajo si no como una forma de vida que está fuertemente imbricado con el escenario de trabajo: el espacio público.

Jorge B. UlloaUniversidad Santo Tomás / Universidad de La Frontera, Chile

Victor CastilloUniversidad Santo Tomás, Chile

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Movilidad para ciudades compactas y menos segregadas: el plan urbano del

centro ampliado de Bogotá.

Resumen. Los desequilibrios de los componentes urbanísticos, sociales, ambientales y económicos, se reflejan en la movilidad [1], se explican a través de las consultas a encuestas de movilidad urbana, por ejemplo, la condición densificada de hogares y el déficit residencial (componente urbanístico demográfico), o la comprobación de zonas con mayor atracción de viajes por motivos laborales (componente urbanístico socioeconómico). Este trabajo sugiere una metodología para densificación bajo condiciones de movilidad, priorizando los desplazamientos desde la casa al trabajo en máximo veinte minutos en transportes públicos, respetando otros componentes urbanísticos que viabilizan la habitabilidad, equilibran el entorno urbano y mejoran la movilidad, según el Plan Urbano del Centro Ampliado de Bogotá.

Dayana Enríquez BurbanoPontificia Universidade Católica PUC - Rio, Colombia

Nélio Domingues PizzolatoPontificia Universidade Católica PUC - Rio, Brazil

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Increase of mechanical and thermic performance of polymers with renewable-base nanomaterials to develop composite for fiber reinforced polymers industry

Abstract. The objective of this research was to evaluate mechanical and thermic performance of a commercial adhesive with the incorporation of renewable-based nanomaterials. Renewable-based CNTs were synthesized using microwave irradiation of pyrolyzed oat hulls biochar and ferrocene as catalyst. CNTs were mixed with epoxy adhesive and TEPA (tetraethyl-enepentamine) which were used as curing agents. In the evaluation of mechanical and thermic properties of the composites studied, the samples contained between 0.02-0.1 wt% of CNTs. All composites were cured during 2 hours at 60°C. Mechanical properties (tensile strength and modulus) were tested in a Universal Testing Machine and were evaluated according to ASTM D638. Thermal properties were evaluated using a Thermogravimetric Analyzer. Of the results obtained an improvement of mechanical and thermal properties were observed. Thus, the incorporation of renewable-based CNTs can be a suitable alternative both to reduce fiber reinforced polymer manufacturing costs and in the valorization of waste biomass.

Renato HunterUniversidad de la Frontera, Chile

Pablo ValenzuelaUniversidad de la Frontera, Chile

Pamela HidalgoUniversidad Catolica de Temuco, Chile

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Analysis of the carbonation in normal concrete with the addition of tire

rubber

Abstract. Tires are an industrial waste that has become a worldwide environmental problem. To minimize this effect, tire waste is used in construction as a concrete aggregate. Additionally, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere affects the carbonation of concrete. This study analyzes the effect of carbonation in concrete with tire rubber aggregate as a 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 60% proportional replacement for the fine aggregate. The carbonation test was conducted for 2, 4, 6 and 24 hours. The compressive strength of the concrete decreased depending on the rubber content in the mixes, while the concretes with rubber percentages greater than 30% were affected by carbonation.

Juan VilchesUniversidad Católica del Maule, Chile

Juan FigueroaUniversidad Católica del Maule, Chile

Leonardo ChamorroUniversidad Católica del Maule, Chile

Carlos PiñaUniversidad Católica del Maule, Chile

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Effects on the compressive strength and thermal conductivity of the replacement of fine aggregate

replacement by particulate of mussel shells in mass concrete

Abstract. The behavior of mussel shells particulate as fine aggregate for mass concretes has been analyzed. The shells were washed and mechanically crushed to obtain a particle size similar to the size of the natural aggregate (fine aggregate) to be replaced, which was dried at 140 °C. The Faury-Joisel method was used to design the H-35(95)-20-6 structural mass concrete sample, with replacements of 0%, 10%, 30% and 60% of fine aggregate by particles of mussel shells, performing compressive strength and thermal conductivity analyses at 7 and 28 days of setting. The results indicate that to maintain the compressive strength of H-35(95)-20-6 structural mass concrete, the replacement percentage should not exceed 40%. On the other hand, as the shell mussel shell particles in the concrete increases, the thermal conductivity decreases, becoming a material with a tendency to thermal insulation, which would help to improve the new demands of saving and energy efficiency in homes, if it were used as a coating. It is concluded that it is feasible to replace fine aggregate with particulate matter of mussel shells, which would be useful to increase the recycling of this waste, producing a reduction in the natural exploitation of sand.


Marta FuentealbaUniversidad Católica del Maule, Chile

Rodrigo PonceUniversidad Católica del Maule, Chile

Miguel ZuñigaUniversidad Tecnológica de Chile - INACAP, Chile

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Un inodoro de succión manual para la reducción de aguas negras.

Resumen. En Ecuador, el 46,4% de los hogares carecen de acceso a los sistemas dealcantarillado, por lo que gran parte de las aguas residuales se vierten al medio ambiente sin tratamiento. En este contexto, este documento presenta los resultados de un proyecto de investigación dirigido a desarrollar prototipos que convierten un inodoro convencional en un inodoro ahorrador de succión manual. Estos prototipos utilizan alrededor de un litro de agua y reducen en gran medida la producción de aguas residuales. El enfoque principal de esta investigación es actuar a pequeña escala (casas, departamentos, edificios) para, consecuentemente, modificar la cantidad de toneladas métricas de aguas residuales dentro de una escala urbana mayor. La estrategia del proyecto cubrió dos áreas: a) el diseño de prototipos se desarrolla con la participación de potenciales usuarios en talleres, grupos focales, entrevistas y otras herramientas que nos permitan evaluar las propuestas y pulir o re-definir aspectos de diseño para lograr aceptación en usuarios, y b) se trabaja en la difusión de los productos diseñados a través de plataformas virtuales para facilitar la reproducibilidad, a la vez que se abre el proceso de diseño a potenciales colaboradores externos.

Andres BasantesPontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Ecuador

José SaezPontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Ecuador

Michael DavisPontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Ecuador

Amelia TapiaPontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Ecuador

93



22

Criteria for Indicators Selection. A Practical Framework to Assessing and

Weighting Urban Indicators Values Regarding Climate Change

Abstract. This research aims to examine key values for selecting indicators by comparing different frameworks, and at the same time reviewing indicators development in the last two decades, describing perceptions related to indicators functions and performance. For this particular research, indicators are understood as numerical standard models, simplifying complex subjects to a few numbers which can be easily be understood by policymakers and the whole scientific community. While at the same time indicators are a suitable tool for accurate urban planning.The investigation emphasizes that indicators’ selection criteria create substantial contributions to set up guidance to improve indicators reliability as an environmental assessing tool regarding climate change in the built environment. These are fundamental considerations when establishing indicators applicability as a key point in the proposed approach toward environmental changes.

Francisco Ramírez CarrascoCatholic University of Temuco - Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile

Fernando Peña-CortésCatholic University of Temuco - Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile

94



23

Oportunidad de infraestructura verde en el piedemonte de Santiago para una planificación sustentable y

resiliente

Abstract. Santiago is a city with a distinctive feature given by the strong presence of the mountains. The Andes geography is seen as an unexplored and potential source of free space in the Metropolitan Area, throughout the acknowledgement of its geography and natural systems to develop green infrastructure for the public realm. It is claimed that urban environmental planning could encourage urban climate change resilience design in order to face adaptive actions in the interface of an active geology and the urban fabric, while minimising the impact of the city in natural areas. A transitional strip has been identified as between the urban and the natural landscape of the foothill, approximately between 800masl levels to 1.200masl. The research aims to describe the criteria to define de limits of this area in transition, envisioning a strategy to foster new green-public infrastructure for Santiago and outline the vision over the strip to enable the development of new areas of natural character, resulting in public spaces with communal, inter communal and metropolitan scales, places that will bring together the city and the mountains. Inaccurate understandings of territorial dynamics have led to critical location of urban developments in this city edge, in the terrain of the active processes of the mountain and unprotected to possible climate change impacts. In the past, these locations have been objects of floods, massive landslides and man-made natural disasters as fires. Therefore, to explore the friction where urban fabric encounters natural land, have been approached as an opportunity to protect the natural landscape and transform the foothill edge into quality public spaces and green areas, as the same time as, reducing environmental risk.

Cristina FelsenhardtUniversidad Finis Terrae, Chile

Margarita JansUniversidad Finis Terrae, Chile

Pamela ZuñigaUniversidad Finis Terrae, Chile

95



24

Comparative analysis of sustainable development environmental

indicators between worldwide, Portugal and Brazil and between two universities within these countries.

Abstract. Measuring the environmental performances by indicators is considered as a crucial step to keep track of progress towards sustainability. This study compares trends in environmental sustainability indicators worldwide, Portugal, Brazil and two universities in these countries. The data collection is done based on findings from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) between 2007 and 2017, and reports from both universities between 2010 and 2018. As a result, it can be seen that global Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions decreased (10.6 to 9 ton/capita). Portugal also reduced its CO2 till 2014 (5.2 to 4.6 ton/capita) but experienced a raise in its rates in the following years. Brazil experienced a growth in its CO2 (1.7 to 2 ton/capita), as did the Portuguese university (0.85 to 0.87ton/alumnus). World municipal waste decreased (541.8 to 524.4 kg/capita), as well as in Portugal until 2013 (513.7 to 436.7 kg/capita), but in the following years increased. Similarly, Brazil reduced the indexes until 2011 (271.9 to 266.8 kg/capita) and increased in 2012. In the Portuguese university, the rates increased until 2014 (4.02 to 9.02 kg/student) and reduced in 2015, as in the Brazilian university that increased until 2018 (19.53 to 25.08kg/student). Portugal, Brazil, and the two universities pointed out a trend of increasing emissions and waste while the world data a reduction. The Brazilian university had higher municipal waste rates than Portugal. The consumption of water and energy in the Portuguese university decreased while it increased the Brazilian university. Actions have already been undertaken at universities to lower the environmental burden by improving the energy efficiency of buildings through the use of cleaner energy, setting up mobility studies, and campaigns to reduce consumption and cut down waste generation.

Fabiana RosaUniversidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos - UNISINOS, Brazil

Andrea KernUniversidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos - UNISINOS, Brazil

Luís BraganÇaUniversidade do Minho - UMinho, Portugal

98



25

Investigating the walkability index of a commercial city center using

simulation and surveys: the Juiz de Fora case study

Abstract. Although the positive impacts of the urban experience are perceptible whenthe population occupies public spaces, it is notable that the pedestrian loses more spaceto motorized transportation every day. The cities are often adapted or even built for thecirculation of automotive, which increasingly decreases the walkability in urban areas.However, several studies note that the vitality of a path directly benefits local commerce and safety. This argument encourages the implementation of pedestrian paths and mechanisms that benefit people's permanence in urban centers. Considering these issues, this article aims to investigate the walkability of the commercial center of Juiz de Fora (MG), a neighborhood that has a peculiar morphology with commercial galleries and that has been encouraged in recent decades to create pedestrian paths. This research method comprises three main steps: computational simulations, interviews and assessment of the Walkability Index (ITDP, 2018). The simulation experiments consist of the construction of a spatial syntax, through the Depthmap program, which processes the path possibilities within the studied region. Its use includes the analysis of network passages configured by commercial galleries, which have an important function for mobility. The interviews were conducted, within the sample space, with questions based on important criteria for the classification of a livable city. Finally, the Walkability Index, based on six criteria (i.e., sidewalk, mobility, attraction, road safety, public safety and the environment), was assessed. Based on the results, there is evidence that the commercial center of Juiz de Fora provides essential characteristics for the quality of mobility for pedestrians, highlighting the importance of the urban form for walkability in commercial centers. Future studies considering other urban centers could benefit from the insights gained from this study as well by applying the proposed research method.

Bady CarvalhoUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Gisele BarbosaUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Patricia R. DrachUniversidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

99



26

Cartography of Hospitality

Abstract. The Cartography of Hospitality research project started in 2017, and its focus is the architecture of the city and how people relate to it. Studying the uses of public space, its methodology aims to perceive, recognize, and represent the everyday expression of humanity. By walking around a given public space, observing and recording different views of its psychosocial landscape, the project proposes a different method of welcoming the complexity of urban coexistence. The professional who uses this methodology wants to review preconceptions and break the paradigms of the perception of the spaces of the city. The methodology serves as qualitative support to the processes of configuration and reconfiguration of projects in architecture and urbanism, at an academic and professional level. The cartographies are spatial reading tools of an inclusive political nature: the perception, recognition, and representation of various social and cultural dimensions of a specific city space, creating possibilities for crossing policies of possibilities of recognition, manifestation, and representation of persons, subjects and events not perceived by the eyes of those who do not want to see beyond the spectacular. During the cartographic action, the architect-plannercartographer asks: 'Who are those people and/or groups? How do they appropriate the space? What do they do for that? How do these people coexist?'; 'How many are those people?'; 'What overlapping events occur on different days of the week that qualitatively reconfigure the space under study?' These questions add knowledge to the conventional data of the possible design practices of spatial analysis and qualification, thus proposing qualitative-subjective elements that revise their criteria, by the recognition and representation of multiple perceptions of the hosting experiences in a specific space by the different groups that coexist in the same space. This article begins by briefly commenting on the thought of the main theoretical framework in relation to the city and its architecture, the relations it establishes with its users and the importance of the representation of hospitality in a language that accepts the image as an expression. Next, the proposed mapping methodology is presented and supported by a case study: the cartographic action in Campo Grande square, located in the city of Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil, carried out by the research group.

Celma Paese UNIRITTER School of Architecture - Laureate International Universities - Porto

Alegre, Brasil Carlla Portal Volpatto

UNIRITTER School of Architecture - Laureate International Universities - Porto Alegre, Brasil

Gabriela Ferreira MarianoCarlla Portal Volpatto

UNIRITTER School of Architecture - Laureate International Universities - Porto Alegre, Brasil

100



27

Determinación de las tipologías de viviendas en Chile para la definición

de programas de eficiencia energética

Abstract. El Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo de Chile (MINVU) ha liderado la implementación de exigencias de acondicionamiento térmico en viviendas (2000, 2007) así como la Calificación Energética de Viviendas (2012). Para poder diseñar mejoras en ambos programas, el MINVU requería de un análisis estadístico que identificase la distribución estadística de los distintos parámetros que influyen en la demanda de energía de las viviendas, así como las tipologías de viviendas y su distribución tanto a nivel nacional como a nivel de las 9 zonas térmicas. Para ello, se desarrolló una serie de análisis estadísticos, principalmente un Análisis de Conglomerados y en particular el método Jerárquico Aglomerativo. Este método se aplicó a los segmentos Casa Aislada, Casa Pareada o Continua, y Departamento. Con el objeto de obtener frecuencias más estables y estimar desviaciones estándar e intervalos de confianza, en cada segmento se obtuvieron 200 muestras aleatorias. El resultado principal fue la definición de 13 tipologías de vivienda en Chile, con su respectiva distribución tanto a nivel nacional como de zona térmica, y la representatividad de los parámetros que componen dichas tipologías y que influyen en la demanda de energía. Finalmente, se procedió a realizar un análisis en base a imágenes secundarias de viviendas representativas de sus respectivas tipologías, lo que permitió complementar, y corregir donde fuese necesario, la definición de las tipologías. Con estos resultados, se está realizando al momento del cierre de este documento, un segundo estudio que permitirá establecer la demanda de energía de las viviendas construidas en Chile hasta antes del año 2018, por tipología, zona térmica y etapa de la reglamentación térmica, para que el Minvu defina cuantitativamente la línea base de demanda de energía, consolide la métrica de medición y afine los objetivos de mejora a largo plazo.

Hermes Sepulveda MINVU, Chile Jorge Galbiati PUCV, Chile

Pamela Hermosilla PUCV, Chile

José Tomás Videla Raiz consultores, Chile

102



28

Cost evaluation for the design of regular structures with green roofs

Abstract. The present work shows the use of structures with green roofs as an alternative to reduce the climate temperature in urban areas. The green roof structures have the particularity of taking advantage of this area of the roof covered by vegetation totally or partially. This vegetation can be by a soil and grow plants of various species. Some of the advantages of this technique are: it allows to reduce the runoff coefficient, improves the air conditioning of the building, and prolongs the life of the roof. An important feature of these structures is the significant increase of the mass at its roof level, which can influence the design, generating more robust structural elements. Taking into account that Chile is an active zone and great seismic risk, this project propose to make designs of regular framed structures of two, four and eight levels, with and without considering the overload that generates the green roofs. The design is made taking into account the codes of Chile. So far, the results of the designs of framed structure with two and four levels are presented in this paper, the designs and cost analysis in the construction is observed. It is noted that the structures with more levels will reduce the cost to make designs of structures with green roof.

Eduardo Rain Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile

Carlos Abella Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile

Roberto Torres Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile

Jesús Torres Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile

Wilmer Barreto Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile

Ricardo Picón Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile

104



29

Hacia una educación superior sostenible en la región de La

Araucanía, Chile

Resumen. El objetivo del presente artículo es proponer una reflexión en clave crítica respecto a la condición de enseñanza de la sostenibilidad en el contexto de la educación superior en Chile. Se pretende ampliar el concepto de sostenibilidad de tal manera que sea posible comprender su implicancia en el aprendizaje de valores ciudadanos y comunitarios, así como en la implementación de metodologías innovadoras de enseñanza vinculadas a la promoción de valores sostenibles vinculados con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible de las Naciones Unidas. En este artículo se explora la aplicación de una metodología de enseñanza denominada Pre-Textos, proveniente de la Universidad de Harvard, en un contexto sociocultural de educación superior chilena, particularmente en la Universidad de La Frontera, en la IX Región de Chile. Se busca evidenciar de qué manera la metodología señalada es relevante y efectiva en la enseñanza de dos principios pedagógicos claves relacionados con la sostenibilidad: la importancia del reconocimiento comunitario y el trabajo colectivo y la implementación de prácticas artísticas para fomentar la discusión de principios sostenibles basados en la preservación y la reutilización. Por último, se busca concluir en torno a la necesidad de la implementación de estas y otras prácticas pedagógicas similares en el contexto de la educación superior para fomentar una mayor concientización de los principios fundamentales del Desarrollo Sostenible.

Carolina Navarrete Chile Universidad de La Frontera, Chile

Juan Manuel Fierro Chile Universidad de La Frontera, Chile

Daniela Sandoval Chile Universidad de La Frontera, Chile

María Carbonetti Canada The University of British Columbia, Canada

Gabriel Saldías Rossel Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile

106



30

Alfândega square: The place of plurality

Abstract. The present article is based upon a Master Degree’s Dissertation entitled ‘Alfândega Square: a place of places’. Subject to the current work is the Alfândega square, located in the historic portion of downtown Porto Alegre, the capital of the Federal State Rio Grande do Sul. The square is composed by distinct parts: Lugar de Memória (the place of memories), Lugar de Entorno (the place of ambience), Lugar de Pluralidade (the place of plurality) and Lugar de Evento (the place of events). With these different places highlighting the various dimensions of public places in metropolises, using the Alfândega square as the study subject raises some relevant questions about how much a public space can change throughout its existence. It can be affirmed that in this mosaic of social representations, vicinal territories and symbols comprise an important locus for the analysis of the urban space, since it presents itself for social forms' multiple spaces of material survival and social coexistence. For this reason, the study of the Alfândega square is also an investigation about contemporary urban phenomena and their multiple and emerging social practices that are modified by the influence of external factors in the city. This article has its emphasis on the place of plurality, remembering the profile of regular visitors in the past and comparing it with present-day users. The nonparticipating observation methodology was used to analyze regular visitors of this public space. Visits to the square where carried out in different periods of time during the two years of study. As a result of these visits, a series of territorial maps were created, depicting the territories of the regular to the square.

Carlla Portal Volpatto Escola de Arquitetura da UNIRITTER - Laureate International Universities,

Porto Alegre, Brasil Roberta Krahe Edelweiss

Escola de Arquitetura da UNIRITTER - Laureate International Universities, Porto Alegre, Brasil

109



31

“Contribución social de la vivienda sobre poblaciones vulnerables: Un

caso de estudio para la Región de La Araucanía.”

Resumen. En el marco de la sostenibilidad social, son limitados los estudios que miden el aporte de las viviendas; las cuales están destinadas a la población más vulnerable del país. De acuerdo a lo anterior, este articulo presenta un caso de estudio en que se evalúa la contribución a la sostenibilidad social de un proyecto de viviendas de interés social en la Región de la Araucanía, Chile. De esta forma se determina el grado de contribución social para el proyecto Amuley Ruka ubicado en Pitrufquén, Región de la Araucanía. En esta investigación se empleó una evaluación pre - post a través una triangulación de la información obtenida en visitas de campo, en entrevistas y en la revisión documental. Con ello se ajustaron indicadores apropiados para medir múltiples criterios de evaluación y se estandarizó escalas de medición. Todo esto permite determinar la situación de vulnerabilidad de los beneficiarios, los efectos en el contexto y los criterios a mejorar. Los resultados obtenidos esclarecen cuales son la contribución parcial y total del proyecto de vivienda de interés social. Se detecta que los criterios de “Conectividad y acceso” y “Sustento familiar” presentan un mayor impacto a consecuencia del proyecto. Por su parte los criterios “Salud y seguridad comunitaria” e “Infraestructura de esparcimiento” no presentaron una diferencia significativa respecto de la intervención de la vivienda social.

Verena Maldonado Universidad de La Frontera, Chile

Marcelo Loyola Universidad de La Frontera, Chile

Leonardo Sierra-Varela Universidad de La Frontera, Chile

110



32

Evaluación de cenizas industriales como reemplazo de cemento en

morteros

Resumen. Es bien conocido que la producción de cemento conlleva un alto impacto negativo en el medioambiente, esto en conjunto con la alta demanda de este producto a nivel mundial han generado preocupación por como disminuir su utilización. Para esto, se han probado diversos materiales como reemplazo parcial o total al cemento, dentro de los que se encuentran las cenizas de biomasa. En este artículo se confeccionaron probetas de mortero utilizando dos cenizas de biomasas, siendo la primera de biomasa de origen forestal y la segunda de biomasa de origen agrícola, ambas utilizadas en reemplazo de cemento en 10%, 20% y 30%. Las probetas fueron ensayadas a la compresión y flexión a los 7, 14, 28 y 90 días. A los 28 días se midieron sus densidades aparentes, porosidad abierta, absorción, capilaridad y velocidad ultrasonido. Todos los resultados de las series se comparan con un mortero de control. Para el ensayo de compresión y flexión se obtuvo una resistencia mayor al mortero de control para un 10% de reemplazo para ambos tipos de ceniza a los 90 días, sin embargo, para el 20% y 30% se obtuvieron resultados inferiores al mortero tradicional. Respecto al porcentaje de absorción y a la porosidad se aprecia un aumento a medida que aumenta el porcentaje de reemplazo de cemento, pero para la ceniza proveniente de biomasa agrícola este aumento es menor respecto a ceniza proveniente de biomasa forestal, para la densidad ocurre un descenso de esta con el aumento de porcentaje de reemplazo, el cual es menor para la ceniza proveniente de biomasa agrícola, lo cual puede ser atribuido a un efecto “filler” producido por su distribución granulométrica.

Juan Pablo Rivas Universidad de la Frontera, Chile

Viviana Letelier Universidad de la Frontera, Chile

Camila Parodi Universidad de la Frontera, Chile

Miguel Angel Manosalva Universidad de la Frontera, Chile

111



33

Development of a GIS Tool for Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems

Evaluation

Abstract. It is known that climate change is forcing the development of new adaptation techniques. The drainage in the cities does not escape to this fact, requiring new techniques that allow the adaptation to the new changing scenarios. Usually, these new techniques for urban drainage systems are based in complex and detailed evaluation methods; therefore, they need to be easy to apply and have a strong physical basis for modelling the rainfall-runoff processes. This paper shows the integration of a geographic information system (QGIS) with a hydrodynamic model, Storm Water Management Model (SWMM), for the hydraulic evaluation of sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS). The tool was developed in python language and is able to incorporate all the Low Impact Development techniques (LIDs) contained in the model SWMM. It was applied to an extreme rainfall event in the city of Cabudare in Venezuela. The drainage system of the city was tested with and without LIDs for comparison and tool validation. Results show that the tool is able to model the main drainage features in the city (streets, pipes and channels), showing good performance. Also, it is friendly and easy to use.

Wilmer BarretoUniversidad Católica de Temuco, Chile

Nilson Ramos Universidad Lisandro Alvarado, Venezuela

Kevin Castro Universidad Lisandro Alvarado, Venezuela


Jesús Torres Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile

Ricardo Picon Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile

112



34

Ecomimesis - A Regenerative Approach in Pursuing Sustainable

Development

Abstract. Over the past few decades, our planet has witnessed an increased world population along with global economic, cultural and social changes which have resulted in environmental degradation and climate change. Despite all the international endeavours to diminish the deterioration of the environment, climate change is getting worse with ever increasing pollution and ecosystem decline. In quest of designing for resources optimization and climate change adaptation and mitigation, increased efforts have been located to engage with nature-inspired methods where researchers and designers have been encouraged to innovate with ecological systems and natural processes. In this regard, the field of Eco-mimesis has emerged as a branch of Bio-mimesis to emphasize the focus of transferring the functionality of nature’s ecosystems to the built environment. Eco-mimesis presents transdisciplinary approaches that emulate the interrelated complexity of those ecosystems to develop efficient, holistic and green designs that go beyond a mere greening of buildings by covering them with vegetation or copying semblances of nature. This is becoming a promising area of research in the fields of architecture and engineering due to the potential it provides for prospective innovation towards sustainable development where buildings are designed to become dynamic contributors to ecological and social systems. Likewise, Ecomimetic design could uphold the systematic shift in the built environment towards circular economy which, in its turn, is a Biomimetic concept, inspired by the flow of resources and energy within ecosystems. By exploring the coherence between the nature and built environment, the present paper analyses the concepts of Biomimicry and Ecomimetic design and discusses possibilities and challenges to incorporate their methods to boost the resilience of the built environment through regenerative and circular systems that are able to adapt to the challenges of an ever-changing world.

Rand Askar University of Minho, Portugal

Luis Braganca University of Minho, Portugal

115



35

The role of BIM in Building Sustainability Assessment methods

Abstract. Building Information Modelling (BIM) is creating new opportunities to the Architecture, Engineering and Construction industry. One of them is the integration of the Building Sustainability Assessment (BSA) during the design process. Currently, an approach for using BIM to foster and optimize the application of BSA methods has not been established yet, creating a knowledge gap on the application of BIM for sustainability assessment purposes. Thus, this paper analyses the current applications of BIM to evaluate the three BSA methods – LEED, BREEAM and SBTool. BIM current applicability is assessed by performing a comprehensive investigation of the existing literature, where the evaluated sustainability criteria are identified, as well as the used BIM software. A comparison is made in order to identify which BSA method can take more advantage from BIM and to identify the amount of sustainability criteria, from each BSA method, that can be assessed to date. Additionally, the last developments about the BSA methods will be discussed, as the creation of applications to improve and foster information exchange between BIM software and BSA methods. Despite the existing restrictions, BIM use is increasing for sustainability purposes. Most part of the analysed studies and identified software are still focused to assess LEED criteria. Although, BIM software capabilities have the potential to support the assessment of the other BSA methods. Applications to automate and simplify the assessment procedure are already being studied and/or developed for the selected BSA methods, creating new opportunities to enhance buildings sustainability.

José Pedro Carvalho Centre for Territory, Environment and Construction (CTAC),

University of Minho, Portugal Luís Bragança

Civil Engineering Department, School of Engineering, University of Minho, Portugal

Ricardo Mateus Civil Engineering Department, School of Engineering,

University of Minho, Portugal

116



36

Larga vida a mis objetos: prácticas silenciosas para sortear

la obsolescencia

Resumen. Hoy los especialistas coinciden en la importancia de estudiar las prácticas de reutilización y reducción o consumo lento en el espacio doméstico. Atendiendo a esta necesidad, este proyecto de investigación busca entender en qué medida las formas de consumo cotidiano influyen sobre la vida de los objetos. Específicamente el proyecto busca reconocer, analizar y poner en valor prácticas cotidianas vinculadas al uso, cuidado, reparación, reutilización y guardado de objetos de consumo cotidiano, que favorecen la conservación e influyen en la disposición al consumo de nuevos productos de recambio. El estudio, de corte etnográfico, recurre a entrevistas en profundidad, observación participante y uso de herramientas audiovisuales para indagar en las relaciones que mantienen un grupo diverso de personas con sus objetos de uso cotidiano. Acotando el estudio a personas que residen en distintas comunas de la ciudad de Santiago.

Tomas Errazuriz Universidad Andres Bello, Chile

Ricardo Greene Universidad Alberto Hurtado, Chile

Daniel Berczeller Universidad Andrés Bello, Chile

117



37

Analisis del comportamiento mecánico y térmico de morteros fabricados con áridos reciclados,

ceniza de biomasa y caucho

Resumen. Los problemas generados en torno a la existencia de residuos de la construcción e industriales afectan a diversos actores. En los últimos años, a nivel nacional, se han generado diversas estrategias asociadas a la responsabilidad extendida de los productores, lo que compromete a las empresas a hacerse cargo de sus residuos. Sin embargo, el porcentaje de empresas que disponen sus residuos en vertederos autorizados es bajo debido a que representa un costo extra. El siguiente estudio analiza la incorporación de residuos en morteros y hormigones y su respuesta mecánica y térmica ante la incorporación de los residuos. Las dosificaciones deben alcanzar una resistencia nominal grado G-30 y los bloques como solución constructiva deben garantizar una envolvente térmica que cumpla con los parámetros de transmitancia exigidos en el PDA 2,5. Los áridos reciclados son obtenidos desde la escombrera de una planta de producción de elementos prefabricados de hormigon y tanto la ceniza de biomasa como el caucho residual son aportes de empresas interesadas en el tratamiento y utilización de sus residuos. El proceso se basa en el método Taguchi sustituyendo el árido natural por árido reciclado en un 25% y 50%, el caucho es reemplazado desde un 10% hasta un 20% y la biomasa sustituye el cemento en un 10%, 15% y 20%. La utilización de los residuos indica que con 10% de caucho se disminuye las propiedades mecánicas y que al aumentar el porcentaje de incorporación de caucho disminuye la conductividad térmica, el reemplazo de ceniza de biomasa en un 10% aumenta la resistencia a la compresión y disminuye la conductividad en un 20%. En el caso del árido reciclado la resistencia mecánica no se ve disminuida considerablemente respecto a probetas de control y disminuye la conductividad térmica a medida que aumentan los porcentajes de reemplazo.

Pablo Badilla Universidad de La Frontera, Chile

Viviana Letelier Universidad de La Frontera, Chile

Patricia Aros Universidad de La Frontera, Chile

Felipe Careau Universidad de La Frontera, Chile

118



38

Energy management through optimal logistics planning. Case study of a

power electrical distribution company in southern Chile.

Abstract. Climate change is a real fact. The increase in temperatures, the change in rain cycles, the generation of more extreme seasons and natural disasters at a global and local level, are examples of its effects. In the electricity environment, the interruption of supply caused by extreme weather events is increasingly frequent; while electricity distribution companies in Chile are required by law to maintain the electric service constantly, guaranteeing the service quality and the quality of life of their customers. The adequate fulfillment of this legal mandate, require attend opportunely the client´s energy supply, before any eventuality. Consequently, electric companies must assign repair units to guarantee this objective. However, this process involves the assignment and displacement of these units in vehicles. This allocation, without efficient planning, involve an excessive consumption of resources such as fuel and other inputs that affect the environment. This leads to having to review the logistic processes and establish mechanisms to promote sustainable development, looking for tools that provide data to evaluate alternatives for constructive and architectural friendly structures, such as changing poles and aerial cables by wiring underground pipes, which help improve the environment and mitigate visual pollution. It also explores being a support for the valorisation of the use of less polluting alternative energies, such as wind or solar energy, that allow the direct supply of electrical energy. Therefore, this study seeks to present mechanisms to determine an optimal allocation of repair units to minimize the amount of contamination in the operating process, and in turn, establish a comparison tool to evaluate the use of new non-polluting electric technologies.

Dafne Consuelo Lagos Hurel Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile

Rodrigo Andrés Mancilla Vargas Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile

Paola Elizabeth Leal Mora Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile

119



39

Effects of the built environment on pedestrian accessibility in

neighbourhoods in Southern Chile. The case of Temuco, Chile

Abstract. The aim of this article is to evaluate the effects of the built environment on pedestrian accessibility in two neighborhoods in the area of Alemania Avenue, in the city of Temuco, Chile. The methodology integrates three evaluation methods: the method Morpho to explore the morphological conditions that influence walkability (Oliveira, 2013); The method developed by Emily Talen to measure walking distance to local services and facilities (Talen, 2011); and People Following method from Space Syntax theory (Vaughan, 2001) to evaluate which spatial factors influence the choice of routes and to explore the distance that people walk between their points of interests. Results show that the choice of routes that people take to reach a destination is not defined by the shortest route, but rather by the spatial quality of streets and street frontages. The study suggests that elements such as blind walls, the absence of green spaces and the decrease in the size of sidewalks on streets affects negatively in the choice of routes, and consequently pedestrian accessibility. The article concludes with recommendations for urban planning neighborhoods towards a more sustainable future.

Antonio Zumelzu Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile

Mariana Estrada Germany TU Dortmund University, Germany

Constanza Jara Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile

Constanza Peña Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile

121



40

Urban rules and morphology analysis as support to solar performance in

Passo Fundo/RS, Brazil

Abstract. Considering the urban scenario prospected from climatic changes, the importance of urban form for the quality of spaces is emphasised as well as its influence in the spatial composition of buildings by natural insolation parameter and the consequent impact on human health. However, in most Brazilian cities, the urban morphology, result of the rules in the Municipal Master Plan, have shown to be disconnected from the pre-existing urban structure. This study uses the concept of the solar envelope as a tool for generating the geometry of buildings, considering the highest solar performance by adaptation to preexistence morphological structure of Passo Fundo/RS, Brazil. The solar envelope was generated using Ladybug tool plugins for Grasshopper and Diva applications on Rhinoceros software. The parameters used to generate the solar envelope were the size and orientation of the lots, the latitude, and the period chosen was the winter solstice that demands thermal conditioning strategies for internal heating of environments. Results demonstrated low solar performance, showing the need to adopt rules for specific morphological combination (roads, blocks, and lots), according to the differentiated grouping for application of urban rules. Thus, defining more qualitative parameters of volume and scale to urban morphology for different solar orientations.

Fernanda Moscarelli Stricto Sensu Graduate Program in Architecture and Urbanism

of University Center UniRitter - Laureate International, Brazil Grace Cardoso

Stricto Sensu Graduate Program in Architecture and Urbanism of IMED School of Architecture and Urbanism (PPGARQ-IMED), Brazil

123



41

Variation in the irradiance on facades according to solar access at neighbourhood level in winter,

Santiago: A rationale for public policy in urban planning

Abstract. The next COP 25 will be held in Santiago city in 2019 and its slogan is, “Time for Action” so urban planning has something relevant to say. Given that cities and renewable energy are explicit thematic lines in the conference, the current paper focus on that. Links between cities and solar energy affect stakeholders such as real-estate agents and community, so they are both concerns of public policy. Real estate agents need to be aware of technical matter that affects resident lives at neighbourhood scale. To address climate change, two approaches have been declared by IPCC: mitigation and adaptation measures. The former focuses on the reduction of CO2, in which the building sector plays a fundamental role in this task. Solar energy is a source of clean energy for heating and lighting the buildings. Therefore, it might be protected from solar obstruction coming from surrounding buildings. The purpose of the study is to discuss an old concept, such as solar access, in a new context, real estate development, giving some measurements to compare radiation intensity on facades either under, or with no, solar obstructions. Methodology consists of daily monitoring of insolation on building facades, beside modelling and simulation in the Ñuñoa neighbourhood in winter. Results reveal that a significant reduction of intensity in radiation is observed in those circumstances. Obstruction and no obstruction are the scenes analysed to compare irradiation on building facades. In addition, a qualitative analyses is made based on residents perceptions. Urbanism normative about shadows cast are also analysed to set out current limitations and possibilities to improve the legal instrument in the future. Conclusions state that a new focus is recommended for the public policy: think in surrounding energy effects, rather than the building alone, if mitigation measures want to be applied for sustainable urban planning.

Luz Alicia Cárdenas-JirónUCH University of Chile, Chile

124



42

Obtención de aguas de relaves mineros en ambientes áridos: Infraestructura hídrica para la

captación, canalización, filtración y acumulación de agua para

intervenciones paisajísticas en la Ciudad de Copiapó

Resumen. El tema de este artículo es abordado desde el marco conceptual vinculado a los Paisajes Productivos Mineros. El enfoque se dirige a la relación entre la fase post operacional de la industria minera, específicamente la recuperación de agua evaporada de los relaves en ciudad de Copiapó. El caso de estudio es el relave Las Cruces, ubicado en una zona periurbana de Copiapó, a partir de esta posibilidad se genera un ámbito especulativo para dar orden y propuesta a esa agua recuperada, en base a una serie de estrategias analíticas y proyectuales, con el objetivo de desarrollar ideas de infraestructura hídrica para la captación, canalización, filtración y acumulación de aguas claras de relave para intervenciones paisajísticas.

Catalina Bozán Universidad Diego Portales, Chile

Lía Aliaga Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile

128



43

El transporte público como lugar: estrategias de inserción urbana del

proyecto Tranvía Coquimbo – La Serena.

Resumen. Los sistemas de transporte público, tanto por la envergadura de su infraestructura como por la relevancia de sus servicios, han sido vistos desde la teoría y la práctica del diseño urbano como potenciales elementos estructurales de la experiencia urbana contemporánea. Ellos se ofrecen como espacios privilegiados de encuentro colectivo, a la vez que como eventuales protagonistas de la forma, cultura e identidad de una ciudad. El proyecto Tranvía Coquimbo-La Serena surge como una alternativa para mejorar la conectividad vía transporte público de esta conurbación, nueva área metropolitana de casi medio millón de habitantes, que ha experimentado en las últimas décadas fuertes cambios en sus hábitos de movilidad. Se ha duplicado el uso del automóvil particular en desmedro del uso del transporte público y la caminata con los consecuentes problemas de congestión y contaminación. El proyecto propone una nueva conexión longitudinal, una columna vertebral de transporte público, limpio, eficiente e interconectado que enhebra los más aislados sectores residenciales de ambas ciudades con los centros históricos, servicios y principales equipamientos. Se plantea como un proyecto de calle completa que integra a su paso importantes elementos de la historia, la geografía, la vida y el paisaje de la ciudad. Un nuevo hito urbano que interpreta las voluntades y sueños de diversos actores y que se concreta como un proyecto de alianza público – privada desarrollado a través del sistema de concesiones del MOP, en espera de ser licitado. El artículo pone en valor el rol de la infraestructura de transporte público como elemento central de la construcción y desarrollo sostenible de la ciudad y discute la idoneidad de los tranvías en este sentido, particularmente frente a la opción del BRT. Presenta el proyecto Tranvía Coquimbo-La Serena y sus estrategias de inserción urbana, como potencial aportes al desarrollo sostenible de la conurbación.

Rocío Hidalgo Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile

129



44

Albedo quantification using remote sensing techniques. Cool Roof in

the Metropolitan Area of Mendoza- Argentina.

Resumen. La presencia de ciudades eleva la temperatura de aire, debido al crecimiento de las superficies selladas urbanas y al calor antropogénico se modifica el equilibrio energético natural y se aumentan las emisiones de CO2. Una estrategia para disminuir las temperaturas urbanas y el consumo de energía es la aplicación extendida de materiales fríos - alto albedo y alta emitancia térmica- en la envolvente urbano-edilicia. En particular, los techos son las superficies opacas horizontales más expuestas a la radiación solar y, por lo tanto, son las que absorben la mayor carga térmica de un edificio. El objetivo de esta investigación es diseñar un procedimiento que permita discriminar los diferentes materiales de techos del Área Metropolitana de Mendoza, Argentina, para determinar los posibles ahorros energéticos y las mejoras en las condiciones microclimáticas urbanas, asociadas al aumento del albedo en los techos de la ciudad. La metodología se basa en realizar una clasificación supervisada de materiales para techos mediante firmas espectrales con el software QGIS 3.2 'Bonn'. Para tal fin, se emplearon imágenes de la plataforma Sentinel 2a y se obtuvieron 3 series de firmas espectrales de áreas urbanas construidas. Los resultados muestran que los materiales utilizados principalmente en los techos de la ciudad de Mendoza son membranas (74%), chapas metálicas (14%) y tejas tradicionales (13%). Este conocimiento constituye una herramienta eficiente para cuantificar los efectos energéticos y ambientales derivados de la regulación de los valores de albedo en los techos urbanos.

Noelia Liliana Alchapar National Research Council Scientific and Technical, Argentina

María Florencia Colli National Research Council Scientific and Technical, Argentina

Erica Norma Correa National Research Council Scientific and Technical, Argentina

131



45

Secondary cities and their development challenges: the case of

Central Chile Macro Region

Abstract. The performance of national and regional economies is dependent on a wellfunctioning system of secondary cities, but they face many development challenges and still receive proportionally lower levels of investment than primary cities. The case study of the Santiago and Central Chile Macro Region (SCCMR) provides interesting insights into a particular spatial typology of secondary cities, the metropolitan cluster, in a middle-income growing regional economy. Fresh thinking by government levels and stakeholders in the SCCMR is required to identify and formulate policies to address this macro region challenges and support the development of its secondary cities. However, it is still unclear what are the spatial structure and functions of this macro region, and what type of administrative and governance arrangement is required. Thus, this short paper aims to discuss two general questions: i) what is the main spatial structure of Central Chile macro region? and, ii) is the current administrative arrangement appropriate to manage that spatial structure? To answer these questions, we briefly review some recent and empirical approaches for defining spatial structures based on functional economic areas, as proposed by OECD, and then we compare that with the actual administrative areas, including also a recent official proposal for creating a metropolitan governance scheme. The functional area approach shows that the spatial structure of the SCCMR is a combination of three metropolitan system of cities, led by Santiago. This conclusion needs to be discussed further due to a lack of updated Travel-To-Work (TTW) flow data. Moreover, a more comprehensive system approach should be used to assess the macro region spatial integration, including employment, housing, infrastructure, social service and industry. We conclude this short paper with a critical assessment of the SCCMR governance arrangement, and proposing a fresh approach to address the governance of this important macro region.

Jose Tomas Videla Raiz consultores, Chile

Brian Roberts Urban Frontiers, Australia

Marcela Allue Copsa, Chile

Francisca Guerrero Raiz consultores, Chile

132



46

Breakdown of the use of energy in common areas of residential buildings

in Chile

Abstract. In the last 15 years the population of the Metropolitan Region has increased by 16.10%. Due to this greater densification, many people have had to live in residential buildings. By accepting this condition, residents have also accepted a monthly payment of common expenses. The reality shows that the latter are unpredictable prior to the operation of the building and once in operation their distribution and origin, allowing for the planning of resources, is not known. Based on the foregoing, we propose an energy calculation method to estimate the electricity and gas consumption of hot water for both domestic use and heating of the facilities present in the common areas of buildings. The method was applied in 2 residential buildings in Santiago with similar characteristics in order to compare the results obtained with the calculation method versus the actual consumption information. The results show that the most consumed basic services correspond to gas used for boilers at 67.5% and electricity at 29%. Regarding electricity, cold water pumps generated the highest energy consumption followed by lighting of parking areas. The percentage difference between the estimated monthly expenditure and the monthly expense charged for electricity was 11.50% and 9.19% for Building A and B, respectively. Moreover, in the case of gas, the difference was 21.10% for Building A and 17.09% for Building B.

Fabien RouaultPontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile

Paulina Gonzalez-Levin Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile

Claudia Valderrama-Ulloa Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile

David Peña Comunidad Feliz Spa, Chile

134



47

Economic and technical analysis of universal accessibility in social and

private housing in Chile

Abstract. According to studies of accessibility in Chile show that the country is aging, by 2050 the population of the third age will increase to more than double where, in addition, the third of that group will develop some type of disability, with the physical type prevailing. Under this problem, Chile has modified his regulatory building body (OGUC) in 2016 establishing new design standards in order to have homes with basic characteristics of accessibility universal. But these modifications are not retroactive in housing policy. Because of this, the present study analyzes the incorporation of accessibility standards into social and private housing that are already built. Technically, it discusses basic solutions to comply with the regulatory approaches and then analyze the economic impact of the solutions, along with the modifications of non-structural elements for regulatory compliance without changing the useful surface of the housing. In addition, we present the main problems of accessibility that exist in the housing, along with a survey of needs of its occupants. The study shows that with a good projection of the evolution of the people who will inhabit the houses, in conjunction with decisions from the design stage, they can have affordable housing at a low cost preventing the owner have to make large investments for adapt his house to any situation of disability that may be present throughout life.

Ximena Ferrada Universidad del Desarrollo, Chile

Claudia Valderrama Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile

Constanza Fuentes Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile

135



48

Thermal and mechanical analysis of plywood boards thermally enhanced

with phase change materials

Abstract . Adding phase change materials (PCM) in construction elements and materials increase their thermal mass which may reduce temperature variation of indoor environment and improve thermal comfort of occupants. The aims of the present paper is to study the thermal and mechanical impacts of embedding microencapsulated PCM in the adhesive of plywood boards. Mechanical properties of samples are measured using a standardized bending test meanwhile thermal mass is estimated with a homemade experimental setup based on a heated bed and two thermocouples. the tests were carried out on 3 different samples: a reference sample without PCM, a second sample with 25% by adhesive mass of PCM and a third sample with 30% by adhesive mass of PCM. The most relevant results from the study showed that mechanical properties of plywood boards were not significantly affected by the PCM and the thermal mass were improved up to 19% on a variation of 30°C.

Valentina Fernández Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile

Claudia Valderrama-Ulloa Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile

Fabien Rouault Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile

Cristián Schmitt Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile

Rodrigo Del Río Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile

Diego Vasco Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile

138



49

Renewable energy at Chilean universities: is it possible?

Abstract. The concept of sustainable universities has gained increasing relevance and momentum in the recent decades. This has led Higher Education Institutions to incorporate the conceptualisation of sustainability in their teaching, research, campus operations and outreach realms. In such a way, that innovative projects regarding sustainable initiatives and clean technologies have arisen in many universities worldwide. In operational terms at Chilean Higher Education Institutions, it is possible to find endeavours related to renewable energy, greenhouse gas emissions, water management, energy efficiency, recycling systems, among others. In the present work, the case study of on grid solar photovoltaic projects at the University of Magallanes in Patagonia, and at the Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences of the University of Chile in Santiago are described, in their conception and operation stages respectively. Additionally, these developments are analysed in light of context-based variables, considering latitude, funding and business models, technologies, and the corresponding electrical systems characteristics.

Claudia Mac-Lean University of Magallanes, Chile

Luis Vargas University of Chile, Chile

Carolina Reyes University of Magallanes, Chile

146



50

Guidelines for climate change adaptation in Brazilian cities through

urban green infrastructure

Abstract. One of the significant challenges for managers and urban planners today is adapting cities to climate change. Studies published in the Assessment Reports (AR) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) indicated several evidences of climate change and also showed possible impacts on urban infrastructure, service availability and natural resources. Thus, adaptation actions emerge as a necessary coping strategy and search for urban resilience. Green infrastructure refers to a set of interventions aimed to preserve natural ecosystems and to support for urban systems. This research aims to identify what are the main impacts projected for the Brazilians cities, due to climate change, and also provide guidelines to the green infrastructure adoption as an adaptation strategy. The methodology was based on the evaluation of the general panorama of climate change on the national context indicated by the Brazilian Panel on Climate Change (PBMC). In addition, a review of articles related to green infrastructure was made aiming for the selection of possible solutions focused on its applicability. As a result, guidelines for urban planning were settled as a contribution to reducing the vulnerability of Brazilians cities.

Juliana Santos Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Brazil

Cristina de Alvarez Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Brazil

148



51

Tangible patterns and levels of belonging in neighborhood's public

spaces.

Abstract. Santiago de Chile is a metropolitan city with high residential mobility. This is related to a generalized sociopolitical and cultural centralism developed in the country, which generates an inequality between life in the capital city and other states. In the country, one of the major challenges cities have encountered has been their constant growth. This generates a series of country-wide issues, such as the increase of insecurity, the need for greater citizen participation and the incentive to support the preservation of communities’ traditions. In the last decades, citizens of Santiago de Chile have experienced a lack of belonging with their residential neighborhoods. This is shown in the absence of a sense of attachment to the land and the respective community. Without housing continuity, neighborhood relations and social ties among residents face development difficulties. In this context, it is difficult to consolidate communities in neighborhoods, which is a fundamental aspect for a sustainable development of a city. Public space represents a common element for different human groups. These spaces can contribute to the satisfaction of needs such as sense of belonging and community consolidation. Commonly, public spaces are highly valued due to their recreational and leisure opportunities. The relationship between urban space and sociocultural aspects of its inhabitants determines the degree of belonging to the neighborhood. The research focuses on residents’ sense of belonging in the Santiago Poniente neighborhood. The main objective is to identify and define the elements within the public space that embody a sense of belonging. Methodological surveys were used, as well as observations through drawings and the Neighborhood’s Plan Method, inspired by Rossetti-Hurtubia’s study model. It has been able to determine certain tangible patterns in the place with which residents identify themselves and value as fundamental for their life in the neighborhood.

María Montserrat Salvadó Robles School of Architecture, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile

Cristian Schmitt School of Architecture, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile

Waldo Bustamante School of Architecture, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile

149



52

Damage to the District of Puchuncaví: A Territorial Crisis

Abstract. What is the zone of sacrifice? According to the TERRAM foundation, it is those territories of human settlement that are environmentally devastated due to industrial development. This devastation has direct implications on people's fundamental rights (to live, to health, to education, to work, to food, to housing, etc.)[1]. In Chile, there are five Zones of Sacrifice; Puchuncaví is one of them. Located in the Valparaíso Region, with 18,546 inhabitants[2], industrial development has affected the lives of all the species that live in the area for several decades, including human beings. By declaring it as a zone of sacrifice, the destruction of the landscape is assumed as a permanent and/or long-term situation, based on an economic development model applied by the State. The objective of the study is to highlight and develop an analysis of the impacts that the industrial development has had in the community of Puchuncaví, to set bases for better planning based on the community and the collected experiences. The study was divided into three stages: the first was to typify the development of the industrial estate within the territorial order, the second was to describe the ways the Puchuncaví was inhabited previously to the installation of the industrial complex, and third was to compare the development of the industrial estate with the current ways of inhabiting this district. Based on references such as Lefebvre (2013) and Augé (1992), among others, the methodology consisted of a participatory workshop with members of the community (leaders and commoners), where a Manual Collective Mapping was built on top a scale territorial model, identifying, recognizing and characterizing the personal experiences of living in this district, as well as the impacts that industrial development has had on the district.

Pablo Castañer-Jeria UV, Chile

Nina Hormazabal-Poblete UTFSM, Chile

Gerardo Saelzer-Fuica UBB, Chile

151



53

The delimitation of green areas in urban spaces based on ecological

principles: The case of Praia do Forte Bahia, Brazil

Abstract. The relationship between humankind and nature occurs in every inhabited place of the planet since the beginning of human history. However, unlike primitive social organizations, current societies tend to deny nature, which is gradually replaced by an artificial landscape created by man. In urban areas, this transition from natural to artificial creates impacts on the environment and its ability to recompose its cycles and natural elements. Particularly in countries such as Brazil, which have experienced rapid urban growth in a short period of time and lacks integration between urban development policies and environmental preservation policies. Therefore, this paper aims to propose criteria for the delimitation of green areas based on ecological limits and adapted to the reality of Brazil, contributing to the maintenance of biodiversity and environmental services of ecosystems in urban spaces. To demonstrate its practical effects, the proposed green area delimitation criteria were applied to Praia do Forte, an urban area located in the northeast of Brazil, in the municipality of Mata de São João, in state of Bahia. This locality it was a former fishing village that gradually became one of the main tourist real estate complexes of the state Bahia. During its expansion process Praia do Forte lost significant amounts of green areas, although its image is closely linked to nature preservation. As result it was found that Praia do Forte need to increase the amount of preserved green areas by 227 hectares for having a fragile ecosystem of high biological value. The priority should be to create new green areas between the two main conservation units of the site - the Sapiranga reserve and the Klauss Peters park.

Jason Achermann University of the State of Bahia, Brazil

Lirandina Gomes University of the State of Bahia, Brazil

159



54

Comparative Economic Sustainability of Commonly used flat roofs in

Portugal

Abstract. The construction of new buildings as well as its retrofitting processes should be ruled by sustainability concepts considered since the design and project phases. The materials and the construction processes used at each stage have a direct influence on the sustainability of the final solution at all parts of the “before use” stage of a building life cycle, namely: “preconstruction”, “product” and “construction process”. The aim of this paper is to compare three different construction solutions for flat roofs, commonly used in Portuguese buildings regarding their economical sustainability. All the solutions have the same functional equivalent, i.e. they are designed to have similar thermal, acoustical and fire protection performance. In order to evaluate the economical sustainability of the different construction solutions, the EcoSust methodology, based on the European standards framework, will be applied. According to this methodology the result of the economic performance is expressed in monetary units and the result of the sustainability performance by an index of economical sustainability (A+, A, B, C, D, E).

Domingos Ribas Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Portugal

António Curado Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Portugal

Paulo Cachim Department of Civil Engineering, University of Aveiro, Portugal

160



55

Promoting the circular economy of concrete through innovation in

asphalt pavements

Abstract. The circular economy is looking for maximizing the use of resources, and reducing the consumption of raw materials as well as the waste generation. In a circular economy, the producer takes responsibility, directly or indirectly, for the waste generated by the production process and for their products at the end of their life-cycle. This concept is being integrated in most countries to achieve an environmental and economic balance. This paper presents a work in which this concept is used, where the waste generated in a concrete research project (waste aggregates), were drawn on asphalt mixtures. This project consisted in using the fine aggregate as a total or partial replacement of raw aggregates to manufacture asphalt mixtures. This fine aggregate is generated in the production process of high quality recycled aggregates for concrete. In this research, an IV-A 12 semi-dense gradation size and a CA-24 asphalt binder were used, where four different percentages of natural aggregate´s replacement were evaluated (0%, 25%, 75% and 100%). These asphalt mixtures were evaluated in their compliance of Chilean standards, as well as their performance in different properties such as cracking and water sensitivity. The results obtained show that the mixtures with total replacement of raw aggregates can be used, since they fulfill the Chilean standards. However, taking into account the water sensitivity results, the percentage of suitable replacement would be 50% for the same binder content. According to the cracking results, it has been obtained that increasing the replacement content of the aggregates in the mixture increases the fracture resistance compared to the conventional hot asphalt mixture.

Alejandra Calabi-Floody Universidad de La Frontera, Chile

Viviana Letelier Universidad de La Frontera, Chile

Gonzalo Valdes Universidad de La Frontera, Chile

Elsa Sánchez-Alonso Universidad de La Frontera, Chile

163



56

Sustainability and Smart City: a case study

Abstract. Due to the great environmental impacts to the planet, the theme sustainability and the question of being sustainable are increasingly evident, especially in civil construction, since it is the industry that tends to cause more negative impacts. Likewise, there is a growing demand for planned cities, for which the so-called Smart Cities have been developed. They are cities that are created by means of technologies, but also sustainable concepts, therefore, with better living conditions and probably with less environmental impact. Thus, applying the sustainable criteria elaborated by Montes [3] applied in the design phase, one can verify if these new cities titled smart, are really sustainable also, seeking to reduce the environmental impacts due to urbanization. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the sustainability of the project, with the Laguna project in the city of São Gonçalo do Amarante and using the sustainable criteria of Montes [3] in this evaluation. Using methodologies such as bibliographic review, semi-structured interview and field visit, an analysis of the present Laguna project was obtained, indicating that this is a city with a sustainable initiative, since it reached 57% of the criteria. However, according to the study, sustainability is still not one of the main objectives of the city studied, due to having met a median percentage of the criteria and having few purely sustainable measures.

Lorenna Luna Universidade de Fortaleza - UNIFOR, Brazil

Maria Leticia Beinichis Universidade de Fortaleza - UNIFOR, Brazil

164



57

Development of asphalt mixtures for sustainable pavements

Abstract. Currently, reusing materials in the industry to reduce the environmental impact generated is becoming important for society. The pavement industry is not lagging behind, developing sustainable solutions. One of the main wastes generated on the roads is the asphalt material itself after its life cycle has been completed, called reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). However, reuse these materials and avoid their accumulation in asphalt plants and/or sending to landfill sites is one of the objectives of pavement industries. In this paper, a study of the use of RAP in asphalt mixtures has been carried out, decreasing the manufacture temperature of these mixtures, generating a greater environmental contribution. Three percentages of RAP were evaluated at three different manufacture temperatures, all of them below the manufacture temperature of a conventional asphalt mixture. Different mechanical properties, such as water sensitivity and permanent deformation, were evaluated to check their behavior versus a conventional hot asphalt mixture. Besides, energy consumption, manufacturing cost and the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and volatile organ compounds (VOCs) were evaluated. The results obtained show that the recycled asphalt mixtures manufactured at low temperature have an excellent performance, showing that the use of RAP in asphalt mixtures at low temperatures is economically, technically and environmentally recommendable.

Elsa Sánchez-Alonso Universidad de La Frontera, Chile

Gonzalo Valdes Universidad de La Frontera, Chile

Alejandra Calabi-Floody Universidad de La Frontera, Chile

Luis Mardones Universidad de La Frontera, Chile

166



58

The effect on the compressive strength of concrete produced by

the incorporation of boiler-calcined biomass ash into sand from the Maule

River, Chile

Abstract: The pulp industry generates large amounts of wood biomass ash (WBA) as waste, which causes economic and environmental problems. However, WBA has pozzolanic and cementing properties that can complement cement in concrete production. Many studies have been published on the replacement of cement by WBA, but few discuss the replacement of other concrete components such as sand. The objective of this research is to determine the effect of volume replacement of sand with ash on the mechanical resistance of concrete. A reference concrete was made with a specified strength of 30 MPa at 28 days. Samples with 5%, 10%, 13%, 15% and 20% WBA were compared. A water-cement ratio of 0.49 was maintained, plasticizer was added to maintain an acceptable workability, and compression tests were conducted at 7, 28 and 63 days. The results indicate that WBA decreases the workability of the fresh concrete mixture. However, the compressive strength increases in most cases, thus demonstrating the possibility of using WBA as an addition to the concrete to improve its mechanical properties, and at the same time reduce the environmental impact of this waste material.

Walter Schmidt Ibacache Universidad Católica del Maule, Chile

Juan Vilches TapiaUniversidad Católica del Maule, Chile

David Zamora Barraza Universidad Católica del Maule, Chile

Marión Bustamante Valenzuela Universidad Católica del Maule, Chile

Ricardo Cofré Fernández Universidad Católica del Maule, Chile

169



59

Analysis of Taipa as sustainable construction material for lowincome

communities - a case study

Abstract. The construction industry plays an important role in reducing housing deficit. Therefore, economically accessible construction techniques have been developed, as well as building materials and sustainable raw materials that support the actions undertaken from the public power until the local actions, such as those in poor communities. In this context the present work studied the use of soil as a raw material in the constitution of structures for lowincome residences, called Taipa. The study focused, during twenty weeks, on the behavior analysis of two Taipa´s walls produced with two different types of soil. It was possible to verify the aging and degradation of the structure exposed to the sun, rain, winds and humidity, measured by the cracks, and thus indicate the characteristics of the soil regarding its composition and mixtures with other materials that would be more suitable for a larger durability of the Taipa. It is concluded that, regarding the characteristics of the soil and the increase of cement in the mix of materials it is possible to use a cheap raw material such as soil, easily accessible especially in poor communities, to build durable and stable low-income buildings, helping to reduce the housing defict.

Eriverson Alves Universidade de Fortaleza - UNIFOR, Brazil

Maria Leticia Beinichis Universidade de Fortaleza - UNIFOR, Brazil

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Effect of freeze-thaw and wet-dry cycles on the mechanical

and hydraulic characteristics of geothermal mortars

Abstract. The appropriate performance of a vertical geothermal exchanger depends not only on the thermal properties of the elements that composed it, but also on the close contact between them to ensure the heat transfer. This contact can be affected by temperature, moisture and seismic tremor variations within the ground, generating cracks and leaks in the grout and thus compromising the integrity of the system. Grouts usually have a high water/cement ratio to provide an appropriate fluidity during the borehole filling, and bentonite is used to keep the cement of the mixture on suspension. The main purpose of this research is to determine according to the bentonite amount, the effects generated by the seasonal freeze-thaw and wet-dry cycles on the mechanical properties of a geothermal borehole grout. Adherence tests from the grout to the exchanger, as well as compressive and flexural strength tests to a mortar with bentonite in percentages of the cement weight (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5%) has been carried out during the curing period and under the effects of 7 freeze-thaw and wet-dry cycles, which simulates the annual freezing during the heating period and the movements of ground waters, respectively. According to the results, it is concluded that mechanical properties of the mortar decrease as the bentonite amount increases and the pipe-mortar adherence is the most affected by the freezethaw and wet-dry cycles.

David Zamora Barraza Universidad Católica del Maule, Chile

Juan Vilches Tapia Universidad Católica del Maule, Chile

Francisco Sierra Diaz Universidad Católica del Maule, Chile

Hector Bravo Díaz Universidad Católica del Maule, Chile

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Paneles aislantes térmicos basados en cajas de Tetrapak ® recicladas

Resumen. El siguiente artículo expone una nueva forma de comprender el residuo como potencial materia prima para la elaboración, artesanal o industrializada, de paneles aislantes para tabiquería que cuenten con propiedades térmicas de igual o mejores características que los aislantes disponibles en el comercio local.

Gustavo Sarabia Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Chile

Lauro OlfosUniversidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Chile

Luis Barros Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Chile

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Dancing and Place Attachment – The Case of the Quinta Normal Metro

Station

Abstract. This proposal presents how some groups of young people create an attachment to a private-public space through dancing. At the Metro Station Quinta Normal, located in Santiago de Chile, different groups of young people come together to dance different dance styles during the week. They arrive from various sectors of the city, some of them located far away. This study case shows how young people transform a place commonly used as a transport infrastructure into a significative place with a cultural and artistic iden-tity. Regarding this, there were identified the relevant meanings, feelings and social and spatial factors implied in the place attachment experience of young dancers to a metro station. Place attachment is a concept that refers to the ties and the process of linking that people have with specific places [1]. It is essential for human well-being as it forms part of the individual identity construction and consequently influences human well-being and quality of life [2]. The methods include focus group, observation and the capture of imag-es. Forty-nine young people between 13 and 33 years old were interviewed. Concerning the process of attachment to the metro station, the results show that the most import-ant meanings are home, freedom, art, and growth. These aspects have a relation to two principal feelings: joy and happiness, and with two secondaries: relaxation and good en-ergy. About the social factors in the process of attachment, dancers identify meeting and friendship as the most relevant. Then, the spatial concern refers mainly to the concept of “spacious”. Young dancers explain that the size is perfect to practice and to simulate being on the stage, which is usually big. Also, they mention that it is a closed space, which could be used for free and allow them to be exposed permanently to public contact.

Alejandra Sandoval Luna Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Ecuador

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A citizen-defined vision for the city's future. A new contribution to the

discourse of citizen participation in Piura, Peru.

Abstract. Many urban projects have shown that there is a lack of exchanges between the different communal actors. The inhabitants are poorly informed about urban development and are not part of it. In managing current challenges in urban development, a balance must be struck between common sense approaches and local needs. Therefore, the active participation of target groups represents an important condition for the success and sustainability of projects and programs. To answer this gap in urban development in the city of Piura, Peru, an urban vision was developed along with many Piurans. A discursive space was created that invites to formulate ideas about urban development with which it is necessary to collect, value and promote local knowledge of people about places, challenges and opportunities of urban planning as well as their creativity to achieve the empowerment of the population and boost new bottom-up activities. Based on 600 ideas, a first version of the urban vision was developed. The vision should serve as a participatory counterpart to the official plans of the city: a constructive contribution to the discussion, which reveals the weaknesses of public programs and shows the power in the ideas of citizens.

Stella Schroeder Universidad de Piura, Peru

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Living and comfort conditions in heritage housing: The inner courtyard

as a uniting element in the cités of Santiago Poniente.

Abstract. Heritage buildings represent an important housing stock that has been available in Santiago de Chile for over a century. However, most of these buildings show sustained deterioration due to lack of maintenance, which creates degrading living conditions for its residents caused by habitability problems. One of this cases is the "cité" typology which was massively built at the end of the 19th century. The Cité is a group of houses with a continuous facade, with built areas of 50 to 80 m2, connected through a common and private space that provides access to the residences. Currently, the reduced housing area in the city has forced users to occupy the existing courtyards to satisfy their needs. This affects interior lighting conditions, thermal control, and air quality. These interventions modify the architectural design into units with only one facade exposed to exterior environment. Nevertheless, adaptation strategies have become more and more complex due to restrictions on heritage building regulations, which normally do not meet thermal performance or natural light availability. Among the environmental conditions, indoor air quality is a relevant factor and could be related to the progressive deterioration of the residence’s interior conditions, and the health of its residents. The methodology considers data compilation on existing units and energy performance simulations of both original and existing units. Software such as DesignBuilder and a wind tunnel were used to simulate different habitability variables. Results confirm that in the majority of cases studied, indoor air quality is not bad due to air infiltrations as product of modifications, spontaneous extensions, and building deterioration through the years. However, they show an inadequate thermal performance that does not meet the minimal comfort conditions. Nevertheless, the simulations on original units demonstrate a positive impact of courtyards for reaching ventilation and natural lighting standards. Measurements onsite have shown a beneficial effect from using vegetation in ventilated covered courtyards.

Katherine Piedra School of Architecture - Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile

Waldo Bustamante School of Architecture - Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile

Cristián Schmitt School of Architecture - Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile

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Using BIM for assessing buildings life-cycle impacts

Abstract. Facing the recent implementation of the Building Information Modelling (BIM) methodology in the construction industry, several potentialities have not been fully explored yet. Among them, is the integration of BIM in Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) analysis in order to automate the evaluation process. To date, despite the existing studies on the subject, there is still a need to define and establish a recommended assessment process and software for LCA purposes when BIM methodology is used. This article analyses the current state of BIM implementation in LCA analysis, as well as perform an assessment using different BIM software. To do so, a case study was modelled in a BIM platform – Autodesk Revit – and exported to two LCA specific BIM tools – Athena Impact Estimator and Tally. The life-cycle impact results from both BIM tools, as well as the required workflows, are discussed and compared in order to validate results and to recognize the advantages and disadvantages of both. The results show that the LCA assessment process for new structures can be improved in time and reliability by using BIM. Concerning the selected software, Tally has a better interoperability capability, a user-friendly interface and a wide range of possible locations for the building. On the other hand, Athena Impact Estimator requires a detailed building characterization to perform a comprehensive simulation and has a broader materials database.

Ismael Alecrim School of Engineering,

University of Minho, Portugal José Pedro Carvalho

Centre for Territory, Environment and Construction (CTAC), University of Minho, Portugal

Luís Bragança Civil Engineering Department, School of Engineering,

University of Minho, Portugal Ricardo Mateus

Civil Engineering Department, School of Engineering, University of Minho, Portugal

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Economic and environmental impact of military electrical vehicle conversion

and solar electricity production

Abstract. Military vehicles carry out defence and training functions; however, they also participate extensively in military operations apart from war, such as supporting citizens in emergency situations. Nonetheless, they continue to contribute to pollution, and carbon emissions in Chile have doubled in recent years. Thus, this study seeks a partial solution to this problem, extending the useful life of an archetypal military vehicle, i.e. AIL Storm internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV), 4.0L gasoline, through its conversion into an electric vehicle (EV) using lithium-ion batteries. AIL Storm ICE emissions are compared with an equivalent EV conversion prototype, analysing the CO2 emissions of the EV charged from the Chilean electricity grid or from a solar photovoltaic charging station, taking advantage of the high levels of solar radiation in Chile. This studied model obtains a travel cost of 0.038USD/km in the “electric grid charge mode” and 0.024USD/km in the “Solar power station charge mode”, affecting the environment with 155kgCO2 emissions per year of use. In the future, technologies to manufacture or assemble lithium batteries must be developed in the Chilean market. Given the availability of this mineral in Chile, this step would reduce costs and make electric mobility more attractive and affordable.

Francois Simon CEDEUS, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile

Claudio Roberts University of Granada, Spain

Aymeric Girard Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Chile

Javier Ordoñez University of Granada, Spain

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CICA Position Paper Sustainable Construction

Abstract. This document seeks to explain the concept and relevance of Sustainable Construction in projects, how it requires natural resources and how it impacts the environment and the quality of life of people, which has become a relevant factor to consider given the current times and the new requirements that this entails. It also seeks to address the difficulties and elements to consider when building in a sustainable manner. Finally, this document recommends actions to facilitate the knowledge of this concept and the ways in which it can be applied in the field of construction.

Carlos Bascou Bentjerodt CICA - Confederation of International Contractors' Associations, Chile

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Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage in Brazil: Challenges and

Opportunities

Abstract. Motivated by growing concerns about the environment and the rising price of fossil fuels in recent years, many countries have started to diversify their energy sources, opting for renewables whenever feasible. Brazil, a country with a predominance of hydroelectric generation, has also experienced a greater participation of other renewable sources, such as wind, solar and biomass. However, even though they contribute for a lower dependence on water and fossil fuels for energy generation, their intermittence lead to an increase of operational complexity and may threaten the country's energy security. As an emerging economy with growing energy needs, the challenge now in Brazil is to identify ways to ensure efficient energy supply, compatible with demand and mindful of environmental issues. In this context, this work presents a compilation of the main studies and surveys related to Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage (PHES), while seeking to contribute in finding ways to reduce the unpredictability of renewable sources generation. Furthermore, the aim is to increase energy security in times of drought, especially when the inter-regional, seasonal and multimodal complementarity of energy generation in Brazil fails to avoid energy deficits. The methodology used draws upon a bibliographical review of the current PHES scenarios in Brazil and in the world. Advantages and opportunities of this type of energy storage are assessed at the national level, together with a presentation of the challenges faced by the implementation of this model in Brazil. Finally, we discuss the main challenges and present some suggestions for future work on this subject.

Filipi Libório Narcizo Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Heloisa Firmo Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Accesibilidad universal en la UC Temuco

Abstract. In present-day societies, people’s life expectancy is increasing thanks to medical and technological progress; therefore, the number of disable citizens is also increasing. An accessible design is one that is functionally and aesthetically adapted to its users and their real and personalized needs. Accessible spaces are those that allow everyone, particularly people with limited physical or sensorial capacity, to enjoy all its elements in the appropriate conditions of comfort, safety and autonomy. By incorporating this characteristic into the design of our products, buildings and into everything that surrounds us, we improve the comfort and quality of the articles and services we offer the public without increasing their cost, all thanks to small details that benefit the largest number of people. Each country has its own legislation regarding accessibility. In Chile the first Integration Social Law N°19.284 is due to 1994. One of the biggest difficulties for disable persons to move around cities and buildings is the lack of ramps in public buildings. Although the Supreme Decree201/98 establishes that all building, public or private, with occupation for more than 50 persons should have an access for disabled there are many places in this country that today do not validate this requirement. In the year 2010 the Law 20.422 improved the standards regulating the minimal general guidelines based on the accessibility requirements for improving especially bathrooms, hygiene services for public-use buildings and changing rooms. This document presents a local case of study. The Catholic University of Temuco (12.000 students) is located in the south of Chile (Araucania Region). This region is the poorest in the country. Since 2012 the University is part of the University Inclusion Network. Consequently, since then, educational buildings and public spaces have been improving accessibility and are now better prepared for the challenge of welcoming disabled students.

Maria Paula SimianUniversidad Católica de Temuco, Chile

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Recuperación de espacios públicos: una comparación de tres casos de estudio para recuperar espacios

públicos en comunidades vulnerables en Santiago de Chile.

Abstract. Este documento analiza diferentes estrategias desarrolladas para recuperar espacios públicos deteriorados en tres comunidades vulnerables en Santiago, Chile. Su expansión urbana se ha caracterizado por un proceso estructural socioeconómico, que ha producido desigualdades entre los ingresos y la composición de la clase social en la distribución espacial geográfica. Las desigualdades socioeconómicas que prevalecen en Santiago han servido para construir una ciudad fragmentada y segregada donde el acceso a los espacios públicos es limitado para los residentes que viven en barrios vulnerables y de bajos ingresos. En estos vecindarios, los niños, los adolescentes y la comunidad en general han sido conducidos al interior, privados de espacios abiertos y entornos naturales para el juego grupal o una diversidad de experiencias. En consecuencia, las estrategias de intervención exploradas en este documento intentaron rehabilitar y recuperar espacios abandonados como pequeños vertederos o estacionamientos en tres comunidades diferentes en Santiago: una en la comuna de La Pintana y dos en la comuna de Quinta Normal. El objetivo fue evaluar la efectividad de mejorar los espacios públicos transformándolos en áreas públicas de juego al aire libre para niños y en un lugar social para un uso comunitario. Estas tres intervenciones se desarrollaron con el apoyo del gobierno local mediante el uso de materiales reutilizados. Sin embargo, los residentes del vecindario sólo participaron en dos de estas intervenciones. La evidencia detrás de los tres estudios de caso analizados confirmó que la participación de los miembros de la comunidad y las familias era fundamental para garantizar la sostenibilidad de estas intervenciones. Como resultado, cuando los residentes del vecindario estuvieron involucrados desde las primeras etapas del diseño del espacio hasta la construcción, desarrollaron un sentido de propiedad que tuvo un impacto en la preservación y el mantenimiento de este tipo de iniciativas, por lo tanto asegurando una intervención exitosa.

Claudia Jiménez Valero UCT, Chile

Jimena Gomez LuesINHOY, Chile

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Potenciales para la reducción de residuos de la construcción en la etapa de diseño arquitectónico

Resumen. En este artículo proponemos la correspondencia entre la Reducción de residuos de la Construcción y la etapa de diseño arquitectónico como concepto central para redefinir el rol de la Arquitectura en el contexto de la Economía Circular aplicada al proceso de construcción. Para ello se desarrolló una discusión del Estado del Arte, se condujeron una serie de entrevistas a diversos actores relevantes del ámbito público y privado; se elaboró un Estudio de Casos de obras realizadas en relación a estos principios; y se distribuyeron encuestas entre profesionales del sector para evaluar la percepción, experiencia y disposición a incorporar principios de reducción de residuos en la práctica profesional. Estas actividades permitieron dilucidar cuál es el potencial de las estrategias de Reducción de residuos en la etapa de diseño, identificar las principales barreras y oportunidades, y proponer medidas e instrumentos para una mejor implementación de ellas en la práctica profesional.

Renato D'Alençon Castrillón Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile

Anamaria De Leon Fundacion Basura, Chile

Roger SaintardUniversidad Católica de Chile, Chile

Oscar Huerta Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile

Claudio Vásquez Zaldívar Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile

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Rainwater harvesting system using alternative energy sources in climate

change scenarios in the State of Parana - Brazil

Abstract. The goal of this study was to size a rainwater harvesting system for a single-family residence considering the current climate scenario and simulate it in different scenarios of possible climate changes projected towards the end of the century according to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report to see if it will be influenced. The system was simulated for eight localities of the State of Parana, south of Brazil and for the climate scenarios simulations was used the PGECLIMA_R software. The system was composed by a reservoir dimensioned by the Azevedo Neto method mentioned in the Brazilian Rainwater Regulation (NBR 15527), and a water tank. It also had a hydraulic pump that was powered by photovoltaic solar energy. A series of 31 years of daily precipitation and solar radiation data was used to perform the calculation of the reservoir and solar photovoltaic system respectively. All localities showed the need of increase in the size of the reservoir until the end of the century to supply the nonpotable water demand of the residence. This was evidenced by the rise of annual simulated rainfall regime. About the photovoltaic energy system, all localities showed that there is no need to change the number of panels to supply the energy demand from the hydraulic pump until the year of 2100.

Larissa Tsuneto State University of Ponta Grossa, Brazil

Jorim Virgens FilhoState University of Ponta Grossa, Brazil

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Optimización del diseño de iluminación natural para el confort visual en aulas modulares: Caso de

estudio Temuco

Resumen. El estado de emergencia que se ha presentado con los sismos en Chile ha dejado al descubierto la falta de preparación del país frente a desastres de este tipo. Muchos establecimientos educativos han sido destruidos en estos acontecimientos, en respuesta se han implementado escuelas con sistemas modulares, modelo que aunque ha sido una rápida solución, no ha satisfecho las necesidades que demanda un aula escolar. El presente artículo se centra en el estudio de las estrategias de iluminación natural para lograr el confort visual de los estudiantes, diversas investigaciones indican que es uno de los factores ambientales claves para su bienestar y rendimiento. Adicionalmente, la implementación de estas estrategias, al potenciar el uso de la luz natural, contribuyen a la reducción del consumo energético por iluminación artificial y generan las cualidades óptimas para desarrollar las actividades escolares. El aula estudiada corresponde a un prototipo modular situado en Temuco, Chile; las estrategias evaluadas se definieron basadas en la Guía de Eficiencia Energética para Establecimientos Educacionales (GEEEduc), éstas se evaluaron individualmente con el fin de comparar, a partir de los resultados obtenidos mediante simulaciones computacionales, el cumplimiento de estándares de confort lumínico establecidos en dicha guía; centrándose en los indicadores de uniformidad lumínica y niveles de iluminancia. Las estrategias con mejores resultados se evaluaron posteriormente de manera detallada llegando finalmente al caso de mejor desempeño. Se comprobó que existen diversas maneras de responder a la necesidad planteada, pudiendo concluir del conjunto de estrategias evaluado, cuál de estas cubre de mejor manera los estándares requeridos o de qué manera pueden combinarse para obtener mejores resultados para la ubicación considerada. Asimismo, la implementación de las estrategias planteadas en la GEEEduc así como sus indicadores, resulta en una aplicación práctica de ésta, permitiendo identificar posibles vacíos o aciertos de la misma para aplicaciones futuras.

Luisa Fernanda Callejas Ochoa Universidad del Bio Bio, Colombia

Lucía Pereira RuchanskyUniversidad del Bio Bio, Uruguay

Alejandro Reyes Riveros Universidad del Bio Bio, Chile Paula Estefanía Torres López

Universidad del Bio Bio, Colombia Maria Beatriz Piderit Moreno Universidad del Bio Bio, Chile

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Evaluación de la vulnerabilidad ante las precipitaciones intensas de los techos de edificios históricos con

estructura de madera en Chile. Una metodología para aplicar en una

etapa temprana.

Resumen. Las zonas de la cubierta propensas a tener filtraciones de aguas lluvias pueden ser identificadas en una etapa temprana, incluso antes de que el proceso de filtración comience a ocurrir. El determinar los factores que condicionan el grado de vulnerabilidad frente a las precipitaciones que tienen las cubiertas y su sistema de evacuación de aguas lluvia y elaborar un procedimiento de diagnóstico para ser aplicado, es fundamental sobre todo para el mantenimiento preventivo de los edificios históricos. A falta de normativa chilena para el dimensionamiento del sistema de evacuación de aguas lluvia de techumbres se revisó la norma europea EN 12056-3, el Manual de Diseño de Sistemas de Drenajes de Techos de Gran Bretaña, los manuales de procedimientos de estudios viales chilenos y otros documentos, y se realizó una transformación de los principios, conceptos, parámetros de dimensionamiento, recomendaciones constructivas, etc., en procesos representados gráficamente para facilitar a los evaluadores el trabajo de discernimiento entre la seguridad y la vulnerabilidad de los diversos elementos constructivos ante la filtración de las aguas lluvias. Los factores que determinan el grado de vulnerabilidad de la techumbre frente a la filtración de aguas lluvias están dados por su conformación, su materialidad, su dimensionamiento y su entorno, afectando principalmente a elementos como la cubierta, las canales y las salidas. El resultado que el evaluador puede esperar de la metodología propuesta es la identificación de los aspectos que vuelven vulnerables tanto la cubierta como el sistema de evacuación de aguas lluvia, distribuidos en el espacio, lo que le permitirá tener las bases para diseñar un plan de intervención y acciones preventivas, práctica que debiera ser instalada para una conservación del patrimonio sostenible.

Alejandra Herrera Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Chile

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Sustainable Building Certification in Chile

Abstract. Members of the Chilean Chamber of Construction CChC, participated in the conferences called “Green Building Challenge, GBC” 1998-2001, and then 2001 in the foundation of the “International Initiative for a Sustainable Built Environment – iiSBE” to create a common methodology to assess the environmental performance of buildings GBTool/SBTool. CChC representatives participated in the Board of iiSBE and its International Framework Committee IFC with members from many countries that held meetings every 6 months 1999-2008 in several countries including Chile 2001 with the first local seminar on sustainable building. The Chilean GBC Team participated in world and regional iiSBE Conferences in Canada 1998, Netherlands 2000, Norway 2002 and Japan 2005, with buildings in Chile assessed with the GB/SBTool and conferences in Brazil 2004, Finland 2010, Brazil 2016 and Hong Kong 2017. The CChC signed in 2001 an “Agreement of Collaboration” with the Ministries of Public Works MOP and Housing and Urban Development MINVU, with the objective to develop sustainable buildings. In January 2008 the Instituto de la Construcción (Construction Institute) created a Committee of Certification of the Environmental Quality of Buildings, initially formed by 7 and later by 20 institutions; the activities were to review national and international methodologies of certifications and comparing their requirements; review 165 variables possible to assess and its weightings, considering local variables for our climate zones of the country, classification of buildings for public use in Chile, its sizes and characteristics. And finally the segment of buildings to be initially certified. In June 2014, by and agreement between CChC, MOP, Chilean Institute of Architects and Building Institute, it was created the national system Certificación Edificio Sustentable, CES (Sustainable Building Certification) for buildings of public use (everything but housing); the Ministry of Energy and MINVU joined later the board of CES. To date, 30 buildings have been certified, 81 have been pre-certified, and 153 buildings are in process.

Norman Goijberg Certificación Edificio Sustentable CES, Chile

Hernán Madrid Certificación Edificio Sustentable CES, Chile

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Green Economy for sustainable and adaptive architectures and cities: Objectives, Guidelines, Measures,

Actions

Abstract. Several analyses and reports in the world of Sustainable and Adaptive Design are pointing in the direction of what is known as a ‘Green City Approach’: an integrated, multisectorial approach to the planning and implementation of improvements that aim to increase levels of well-being, social inclusion and longlasting development in cities, based on the now decisive aspects of the high environmental quality, efficiency and circularity of resources and on climate change mitigation and adaptation. In Italy, this new approach has been supported by significant contributions. The PRIN Research (Project of Relevant National Interest) “Adaptive Design and Technological Innovations for the Resilient Regeneration of Urban Districts in System of Climate Change” funded by the Italian Ministry of Scientific Research, has developed these themes for three years (2016-2019). In addition, in coordination with PRIN Research developments, in early 2017 the "La Città Futura" Manifesto, presented by lecturers from a dozen universities in the world, was launched as part of the initiatives of the States General of the Green Economy, and over the past year the development of this new approach has been boosted by the international Green City Network promoted by the Sustainable Development Foundation (2017-2019). The basic aim was to launch a debate - with a close confrontation with the international design experimentation scenario – and elaborate guidelines fostering future developments as regards the relationship between the main principals that lie at the heart of the Green Economy and Adaptive Design, architectural and urban growth, regeneration, and development, attempting to bring all the cities closer to the development approach of many cities in the world that have already achieved significant results as regards ‘green’ growth and redevelopment.

Fabrizio Tucci Sapienza University of Rome, Italy

Alessandra Battisti Sapienza University of Rome, Italy

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Infraestructuras Híbridas y Paisajes Operativos Conceptos y estrategias

proyectuales

Resumen. En este trabajo presentamos algunos conceptos y estrategias proyectuales para diseñar infraestructuras sostenibles. En primer lugar, examinamos la noción tradicional de sostenibilidad y proponemos una concepción alternativa que toma en cuenta no solo la reducción del impacto ambiental sino también la mejora de la equidad urbana. A continuación, mostramos cómo esta concepción puede ponerse en práctica a través de dos estrategias proyectuales. Por un lado, proponemos la noción de Paisajes Operativos. Estos son territorios que resuelven el conflicto entre la preservación de la naturaleza y la instalación de infraestructuras necesarias para el desarrollo, ya que son naturaleza que funciona a la vez como infraestructura. Por otro lado, proponemos mixturar infraestructuras con programas complementarios para superar su tradicional carácter monofuncional y maximizar su provecho social. A esta estrategia la denominamos Hibridación de Infraestructuras.

Alejandro Cohen Arazi FAUDI, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina

Nahuel Recabarren FAUDI, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina

Leandro Piazzi FAUDI, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina

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Evaluación de la generación de residuos en una obra de edificación

de vivienda, para desarrollar mejoras en su disposición final.

Resumen. La construcción es uno de los de los sectores productivos que más impacto ambiental genera, por una parte, están las altas demandas de materias primas y energía que se requieren para la producción, y por otro lado la gran cantidad de residuos sólidos que se generan. En Chile, el manejo de los residuos de la construcción se está convirtiendo en un problema debido principalmente a la falta de planificación para una adecuada gestión final de los residuos, desaprovechando el material potencialmente reutilizable, reciclable o valorizable. Conocer de qué manera gestionar los residuos de construcción y demolición contribuye a mejorar la calidad y producción en la construcción de las obras como además mantener una actitud responsable hacia el medio ambiente. El presente estudio de investigación busca evaluar la generación de residuos en una obra de edificación de viviendas, para entregar propuestas de mejoras en la disposición final de estos, a través de la creación de una metodología para cuantificar la producción de residuos. En conclusión, entregar propuestas de mejoras para la implementación de un sistema de gestión de residuos ayuda a conseguir una actividad dentro del rubro de la construcción, cuyo principal objetivo será contribuir a una construcción más sustentable a través de una disposición final adecuada de los residuos generados en el proceso de construcción.

Hernán CabreraUniversidad Católica del Maule, Chile


Javiera Ávila Universidad Católica del Maule, Chile

Katherine Méndez Universidad Católica del Maule, Chile

Christian López Universidad Católica del Maule, Chile

Bárbara López Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Mexico

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Evaluación de aplicabilidad de los Indicadores de Sostenibilidad Urbana

para Espacios Públicos Verdes y de Recreación

Resumen. El proceso de desarrollo urbano se ha convertido en una cuestión importante con respecto a la relación del hombre con la naturaleza, ya que la ocupación urbana frente al crecimiento de la población lleva a una serie de cambios en el entorno natural y construido. Siendo los países de América Latina una de las regiones más urbanizadas del mundo, su contexto se caracteriza por la precariedad de los servicios básicos y la exclusión socioespacial. La presente investigación trata de la necesidad de contemplar la heterogeneidad de la región en la evaluación de la sostenibilidad urbana teniendo en cuenta el contraste de las ciudades. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar los resultados de la aplicabilidad de los indicadores de sostenibilidad para áreas públicas de diferentes niveles socioeconómicos mediante un estudio comparativo de dos regiones en la ciudad de Vitória, Brasil. La investigación se basa, también, en estudios previos sobre herramientas de evaluación adecuadas para el contexto latinoamericano y la metodología de indicadores propuestas a los espacios públicos. Se concluye que los indicadores deben ser suficientemente flexibles para captar las diferencias en la urbanización al mejorar la evaluación tradicional con aspectos críticos y complementarios de las bases de datos.

Layra Ramos LugãoUniversidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Brazil

Cristina Engel De Alvarez Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Brazil

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Relación entre principios de diseño urbano y la percepción de los habitantes. Caso de Estudio, Parque Costanera, Río

Biobío, Concepción, Chile.

Resumen. Esta investigación analiza la incidencia del diseño urbano sobre la vitalidad del espacio público. Para lo anterior propone explorar la experiencia de los habitantes mediante el levantamiento de indicadores. El análisis de estos permite identificar relaciones entre principios de diseño urbano y la percepción de las personas que frecuentan el lugar; identificando elementos que favorecen o merman la vitalidad de los espacios públicos urbanos. Como caso de estudio se trabaja sobre el Parque Costanera del río Biobío, en Concepción, Chile; seleccionado por ser un proyecto atractivo, bien ubicado y diseñado, sin embargo, ausente de actividades y apropiación. El artículo indaga bibliográficamente sobre algunos ámbitos del diseño urbano y elementos del ambiente construido, que modifican la percepción de los habitantes en relación al entorno urbano. Posteriormente se recurre al análisis de diversos autores para identificar los principales criterios de diseño urbano considerados para el desarrollo de un espacio público apropiado. Con estos antecedentes se construye una herramienta metodológica que permite evaluar la percepción de los habitantes en relación a diversos factores de diseño urbano. Su aplicación se hace a través de encuestas y análisis planimétrico en terreno. Finalmente, los datos de encuestas y planimetría se analizaron simultáneamente, con el fin de reconocer los principales principios de diseño urbano, condicionando la vitalidad del parque ribereño. Entre los principales resultados, la seguridad, accesibilidad y diversidad de actividades emergen como los factores de diseño urbano más influyentes en la vitalidad del espacio público. Simultáneamente, se identifica una clara diferencia entre la percepción de los participantes, dependiendo de la proximidad de su residencia al caso de estudio. Lo anterior da a entender que tanto el sentido de apropiación, como la sensación de seguridad y el atractivo del paisaje urbano, son ámbitos de percepción determinantes para promover la vitalidad del espacio público.

Montserrat Delpino-Chamy Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Geografía, Chile

Laura Navarrete Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Geografía, Chile

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Critical mapping of indicators for smart cities evaluation

Abstract. Sustainable urban development is extremely important, if not imperative, for city managers and policy makers. Nowadays, the use of Information and Communication Technologies announces assertive, sensitive and economic solutions. This research aims to introduce smart city indicators based on critical and updated diagrammatic digital analysis regarding issues such as mobility, transportation, environment, housing, governance and security faced with concepts as innovation, sustainability and others. To achieve this goal, it is offered a original and relational mapping of indicators created from information collected in different sources such as: texts by well-known authors such as Guimarães [1], Greenfield [2], Weiss [3] institutional websites such as Brazilian Smart Cities Network [4], Urban Systems [5] publications and legal regulations such as NBR ISO 37122 [6]. Thus, this relational mapping will highlight graphically and visually the relations between the types of technologies available and how they have been used and applied. In a nutshell, we offer a diagrammatic approach oriented to create an useful indicators analysis guide based on available technologies, populations needs and, more important, the hope to provide better understandings about smart cities rankings and indicator regarding the well-being of people interacting with urban infrastructure, in special with mobility and urban devices.

Katherine Athié Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Brazil

Bruno Rocha Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Brazil

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Vetiver grass as a sustainable technic of slope stabilization, erosion control

and environment responsible

Abstract. The conscience of a more fragile environment and the need for sustainable development has generated a consensus of more friendly and safe engineering projects. One of the most used tools in recent years for the stabilization and erosion control of slopes is the sowing of Vetiver Grass. The vetiver grass has a resistant and dense root system, which reaches great depths. There are several descriptions about the mechanical properties of these natural fibres. Recent years they have been reviewing their tensile strength, the increase in shear resistance in the soil where it is planted, as well as numerical models of spatial distribution of roots, to complement methods of limit equilibrium that allow to establish a safety coefficient for a given planting design. This article presents a comparison of several previous studies with some of the authors, as well as the challenge of this technology to predict the behaviour of a soil planted with vetiver, as a key element for the design of a more sustainable engineering work and responsible with the environment.

Jesus Torres Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile


Ricardo Picon Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile

Wilmer Barreto Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile

Jackeline PeñaUniversidad Católica de Temuco, Chile

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Streets as public spaces, a challenge in urban planning for intermediate

cities in Chile

Abstract. In the past 10 years, the concept of public space has gradually become a new key topic in Chile’s urban planning debate. Most often linked to sustainable urban growth and sustainable mobility, the concept arises in a context of legal changes aiming to reinforce the street as a public space dedicated to all type of mobilities, including active modes of transport (walking and cycling). These recent legal transformations represent an important shift in Chile’s urban planning, establishing guidelines for the future in order to encourage sustainable mobility and increase public space quality and access in Chile’s cities. This integrated approach to urban development represents a clear tendency to promote a more cohesive society in a context of increasing urban complexity and environmental challenges. It recognizes spatial, socio-economic and environmental issues and aims to articulate urban planning with mobility by seeking a balanced distribution of urban functions in Chilean cities. Although at first glance this new approach seems positive, it is important to analyse these changes through the lens of Chile’s urban production, especially in the case of intermediate Chilean cities that, due to their scale, still have the possibility to redirect their development towards a more sustainable growth. We propose a critical analysis of urban public space production in intermediate Chilean cities. By defining streets as public spaces and enabling specific social practices in line with specific urban contexts, we are able to define streets as a social space dedicated to mobilities. From this position, under what type of conditions are these public spaces planned and designed? What social consequences or conflicts emerge through their implementation? These processes will be illustrated through examples of public space projects and policies developed in intermediate Chilean cities these past few years.

Oscar Figueroa Instituto de Estudios Urbanos y Territoriales, FADEU-PUC, Chile

Carole Gurdon FADEU-PUC Chile / Laboratorio Ville Mobilité Transport UPE Francia, Chile

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Social Perceptions of Living Walls in Quito: A Study of Four Vertical

Gardens

Abstract. As part of a transdisciplinary study on the benefits of vertical gardens in Quito (Ecuador), social research was carried out to determine people’s perceptions and level of understanding of living walls. The four gardens studied were on the campus of the Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador (semi-public), in the San Blas Plaza (public), in the Governmental Financial Platform (semi-public), and in the private offices of an architecture firm (private). The research was organized into two primary phases; the first involved carrying out observations of each of the four vertical gardens. The observations led to the characterization of the immediate surroundings of the gardens, an understanding of accessibility (particularly for people with disabilities and security-related limitations), as well as the number of people who passed through the space and the type of interactions they had with the garden. During the second phase, a total of 57 interviews were carried out with people in the areas surrounding each of the vertical gardens. The interviews identified basic demographic information about the respondents, how they define vertical gardens, the type, and frequency of their interactions with the specific garden of study, and their perceptions around the benefits and drawbacks of vertical gardens. The information from the interviews was processed to identify key trends related to each garden, as well as identify trends across the four gardens. The results revealed varying levels of understanding of vertical gardens, different types of interactions across the four cases, the influence of aesthetics on people’s perceptions, and finally ideas around the benefits and drawbacks of vertical gardens. The conclusions demonstrated a gap between social perceptions of vertical gardens, particularly in public spaces, and the gardens’ potential ecological and air quality contributions to the city.

Aimee Maron Affiliated Researcher / Facultad de Arquitectura, Diseño y Artes

Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador (PUCE), EcuadorFrancisco Ramirez

Facultad de Arquitectura, Diseño y Artes Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador (PUCE), Ecuador

Michael Maks Davis Facultad de Arquitectura, Diseño y Artes

Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador (PUCE), Ecuador

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Towards a sustainable and harmonized education in the

Mapuche context

Abstract. The intercultural education in the Mapuche context has been generating many criticisms in the Chilean context. One of the main criticisms is that intercultural education programs have been imposed by the State, but do not respond to the educational needs or requirements of indigenous communities. Moreover, these programs have not been built in colaboration with the indigenous communities themselves. In this sense, a mayor question is what is actually meant by “interculturality” by the Mapuche people themselves, as they state that they are already intercultural because they know both their language (mapuzungun) and the official language of Chile (Castilian) and have forcibly accepted the institutionality and western rationality in Chile. In this context, it is worth asking how interculturality can contribute to a sustainable development of education in the Mapuche context. Since sustainable development, like interculturality programs, have a western epistemic base, it tends to lead to a homogenization of the knowledge and its further development. Therefore, if we want to think of education for sustainable development in a hypothetical and ideal way, then we should establish a broader or expanded epistemology that covers both language and action of indigenous epistemologies such as “balance” and “harmony” with the land, the sea, the people and the cosmos; aligning to the western epistemologies that aim to valorize and recognize the importance of life in “community”. Thus, from the above, there emerges the need to rescue territorial and socio-cultural components, which show epistemic and epistemological categories, from both (western and indigenous) rationalities, in order to generate an education in the framework of “sustainable development”, which can establish a dialogue of educational knowledge between the indigenous and the Chilean western context.

Miguel Del Pino Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile

Stefan Berres Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile

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Animitas en la Araucanía; duelos y tragedias cristalizados en el espacio

público

Resumen. La animita se instala en el espacio público ajena a toda regulación formal o institucional, se incorpora al tránsito ciudadano en el lugar especifico donde ha ocurrido una tragedia; muerte violenta o accidental (asesinados o asesinos, niños, caminantes, suicidas, delincuentes o viajeros). La sangre derramada junto a velas encendidas por los dolientes demarca el punto de orientación para el alma del fallecido y será el lugar donde se levantará una nueva animita, templete, casita, o lo que el imaginario constructivo a pequeña escala permita. Es allí donde vida y muerte dan paso a lo inefable, el difunto se convierte en Santo Popular por medio de favores concedidos y gracias a ellos lograra expiar sus pecados y concluir su misión truncada abruptamente en vida. Las animitas se incorporan al escenario arquitectónico urbano o rural, presentándose como áreas para la devoción e indirectamente es el recordatorio de la fragilidad de la vida. Debido a su pertenecía en la urdiembre patrimonial y social es que representan desafíos en su incorporación a la planificación arquitectónica de la ciudad y redes de conectividad vial. La tensión que se advierte entre las prácticas del rito mortuorio del pasado y del presente nos advierte respecto a los desafíos para pensar y reflexionar la nueva ciudad inteligente; la cual debe dialogar de manera respetuosa y sustentable con sus manifestaciones seculares y su arraigo en la identidad cultural en el sur de Chile.

Alex Mellado Larrain Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile

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Diagnóstico de la generación de residuos sólidos en la construcción de un edificio bajo el enfoque de la

Ecología Industrial

Resumen. La industria de la construcción genera el 30% de los residuos sólidos totales en Chile, causando un alto impacto sobre el medio ambiente, debido a las múltiples ineficiencias generadas en distintas etapas del ciclo de desarrollo de los proyectos, involucrando el diseño, calidad y características de los materiales. Este estudio aborda los residuos sólidos que se generan en el proceso de construcción de un edificación en altura, enfocándolo en el área de conocimiento de La Ecología Industrial (EI), la que tiene por finalidad lograr que los sistemas industriales tengan un comportamiento similar al de los ecosistemas naturales, permitiendo que el modelo lineal de los sistemas productivos se convierta en un modelo cíclico, promoviendo las interacciones entre economía, ambiente y sociedad, desarrollando la eficiencia de los procesos industriales. Para esto, se utilizaron las dos principales herramientas de la Ecología Industrial: el Análisis de Flujo de Materiales (AFM), del cual se obtuvieron indicadores de los principales productos o materias primas que se utilizan y que se transforman en un residuo en un proyecto de edificación en altura, como el hormigón, la madera, el acero, yeso cartón y cerámicas; y, el Análisis de Ciclo de vida (ACV), que sirvió para identificar, cuantificar y caracterizar los diferentes impactos ambientales potenciales en el rubro, como el cambio climático, agotamiento de recursos naturales y ocupación de suelos, asociados a cada una de las etapas de existencia de un producto. Tras estos dos análisis se logró identificar las etapas del proceso en que ocurren las principales pérdidas de materiales en la construcción de un edificio en altura y los posibles escenarios alternativos de gestión de residuos sólidos entre distintas empresas que quieran transformar estos residuos en materias primas o subproductos, economizando costos de producción, disminuyendo el impacto ambiental e incentivando distintos tipos de simbiosis industriales.

Lucas Bracho Venegas Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile

Patricia Martinez Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile

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Double Skin Facade Buildings: configurations and technologies in

Brazil

Abstract. Among the possibilities of intelligent buildings facades, Double Skin Facade is a system that has been used more frequently in the construction industry, which consists of the addition of a second glass layer to the conventional facade, creating an air cavity between the layers. The application of this type of facade in tropical climate countries, as in Brazil, is recent. This indicates the need for further research on the subject, mainly to establish guidelines for achieving better quality of buildings that incorporate such technological solution and for the well-being of end-users. This paper is a result of a master’s degree research and the objective was to characterize double facades and how they are being inserted in the Brazilian climate. The methodology includes literature review and multiple case studies to identify the configurations that are being applied as second skin for the design of these facades in Brazil. The case studies pointed out that the characteristics and configurations of the system are like the classification of double skin facades used in countries with mild climates as in Germany. However, its main function in the Brazilian context is to serve as an element for shadowing and protection of the building. This research will assist in the guidelines for designing double facades increasingly suitable for tropical climates.

Túlio Márcio de Salles Tibúrcio Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Brazil

Débora Mela Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Brazil

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Urban form and urban materials as controller of urban climate in

Valparaiso, Chile

Abstract. The urban heat island (UHI) effect on the city and urban climate are related whit urban form and urban materials: it’s an evidence of human influence in climate change. Into the cities, the air temperature increases in downtown and go to outskirts decreases. Valparaíso, Chile, is located in a Mediterranean climate in the southern hemisphere (-33°03’). The urban area of the city is 400 km2 and its population reaches 300,000 inhabitants. The behaviour of air temperature in the city in winter and summer and on sunny days and cloudy days has been recorded. In all days heat island phenomenon is registered. A greater increase of UHI in summer and in sunny day has been recorded. The variation of the temperatures of the materials that make up the urban canyons has also been recorded, presenting different dispersions and variation according to whether it is a sunny day or a cloudy day. In sunny day all day a large dispersion is registered, at afternoon spatially. An important factor in the behaviour of the street climate is its morphology. This condition has been recorded with the visible sky factor (SVF) and with the geographic orientation of the studied canyons. Both the global urban form, the visibility of the sky, the street morphology and the materials of the city affect the urban air temperature variations. City normative planning and designers should consider these variables and its influences.

Claudio Carrasco Universidad de Valparaíos, Chile

Massimo Palme Universidad Católica del Norte, Chile

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Heating and cooling energy savings of a proposed variable thermal

resistance envelope (Dynamic EIFS) in office buildings

Abstract. This paper evaluates potential heating and cooling energy savings of a theoretical building envelope system capable of modifying its thermal resistance according to the changing weather conditions. A Dynamic External Insulation Finishing System (D-EIFS) theoretical model is proposed based on recent research on dynamic building envelope technologies, which suggest that this functionality will be fully available in the near future. We also develop and apply a unique simulation technique for using commercially available BPS software to assess the heating and cooling energy savings potential of a D-EIFS for office buildings. A performance comparison of the proposed D-EIFS with the most efficient EIFS for the same office building shows a heating and cooling energy savings of up to 26% in the summer season in a temperate climate.

Ismael Palacios Universidad del Bío Bío, Chile

Ariel Bobadilla Universidad del Bío Bío, Chile

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Microclimatic strategies for "Vila Residencial da UFRJ": mitigating the

effects of high temperatures

Abstract. The urban morphology and both pavement and edifications materiality influence directly on the microclimate. Thus, urban form and microclimatic researches cooperate with the understanding of this interaction, besides they may evidence solutions to attenuate these negative effects in weather, such as the heat-island effect, which makes the environment comfort worse in cities of the tropical countries. In previous studies (reference xx), a diagnostic of "Vila Residencial da UFRJ", situated on Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, has been done considering the variation of intra-urban temperature. The air temperature values have been measured and simulated in the interior of the Village as well as in its surroundings, in other to find the most intense heat areas. From the diagnostic about the region (urban morphology forwarding; climate variables and socioeconomic information), analysis and proposals of intervention strategies have been developed, tested with a broader series of computational simulations. Following the study, this article presents the developing process of an illustrated guide, in clear and accessible language, for the local people and leadership, exposing the relation between the factors that can increase temperature and the indicated means of mitigating them. The strategies were thought for the broader scenario of the Residential Village, fulfilling the needs of environmental comfort and the possibility of implementation according to local peculiarities, such as: the lack of space in some sidewalks and streets, making impracticable the planting of tree species; the need to work with low-cost materials and local labor, very often few specialized ones; absence of space between the buildings, among others.

Emanuela Alves State University of Rio de Janeiro - ESDI/UERJ, Brazil

André Paiva State University of Rio de Janeiro - ESDI/UERJ, Brazil

Patricia Drach State University of Rio de Janeiro - ESDI/UERJ

Federal University of Rio de Janeiro PROURB/UFRJ, Brazil Gisele Barbosa

Brazil UFRJ

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Use of different complex fenestration systems in office spaces of Chile:

Analysis of the energy consumption and occupants’ visual comfort during the early stages of their design process

Abstract. Office buildings around the world are mostly designed with high window-to-wall (WWR) facades, regardless of the type of climate where they are located. Chile, a country with a high climate diversity from north to south and from the coast to the Andes, is no exception to this situation. In order to improve the thermal and visual performance of office buildings, it has been shown that complex fenestration systems (SFC), which include an external solar protection system are effective to control the incident solar radiation and lighting transmission. However, the effectiveness of these systems depends to a large extent on an appropriate CFS design. Some studies of office buildings in Chile show that a high percentage of CFS has not been designed correctly. To support the early stages of the design process of office buildings in Chile and to assist in the design of solar protection systems as part of a CFS, oficity, an easy-to-use tool was designed. In an office space and considering different facades solar protection systems, the tool allows the development of simultaneous simulations of its total energy consumption (heating, cooling, and artificial lighting), together with the evaluation of the occupants’ visual comfort. The tool performs the simulations in just a few seconds, which makes it appropriate to support the preliminary stages of the buildings design process. The tool is compatible with PCs, smartphones, and tablets. The back-end of oficity uses EnergyPlus for annual energy simulation and Radiance for annual lighting simulation. The use of these validated software, allows the results of the simulations to be highly reliable. The tool considers 23 different climates of Chile. This research shows the analysis of an office space in different cities of the country, with variations in its orientation and protection systems used, that are recommended for different climates.

Waldo Bustamante School of Architecture. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile

Center for Sustainable Urban Development, Chile German Molina

Chile 2IGD, Santiago, ChileDaniel Uribe

School of Engineering. Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Chile Sergio Vera

School of Engineering. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile

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Evaluación del sector industrial de la región de Valparaíso para la implementación de estrategias de

ecología industrial: oportunidades en el sector construcción

Abstract. En Chile existen pocas experiencias en que los sistemas productivos han sido analizados desde un enfoque sistémico, menos aun considerando las posibles interacciones entre industrias para operar bajo la perspectiva de la ecología industrial, dentro de un modelo de economía circular. La visión del tejido industrial, desde un enfoque que considera a la naturaleza como ejemplo de operación eficiente (ciclos cerrados), permite identificar oportunidades de innovación por medio de la valorización de residuos, o subproductos industriales, permitiendo mejorar los flujos de los materiales y el desempeño económico de los sistemas. En este estudio se presentan los resultados del diagnóstico de la generación de residuos de los principales sectores industriales de la Región de Valparaíso, determinándose una caracterización de los rubros económicos, los residuos más generados por estos, y su nivel de gestión de eliminación/valorización. A partir de dicho diagnóstico del tejido productivo de la Región de Valparaíso, se define el potencial de reutilización de los residuos, estableciéndose que es posible generar una simbiosis entre las industrias, valorizando los residuos de unas como materias primas para otras industrias, base para el desarrollo de un sistema de ecología industrial. Así, se concluye que la Región de Valparaíso posee el potencial de ser un territorio líder en la definición de estrategias para potenciar la ecología industrial, debido por un lado a lo variado de su tejido industrial (economía local diversificada y de carácter exportador), y a las potenciales conexiones simbióticas que fue posible visualizar. Sin embargo, esto no está ocurriendo, manteniéndose la producción lineal y la competencia por recursos críticos, como el suelo y el agua.

Patricia Martinez Universidad de Valparaiso, Chile

José Videla Universidad de Valparaiso, Chile

Edmundo Muñoz UNAB, Chile

Valentina Abello UNAB, Chile

Monserratt Ovalle UNAB, Chile

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Celia Leyton, Pintura Indigenista del Pueblo Mapuche

Resumen. El trabajo silencioso y poco relevado de Celia Leyton (Santiago de Chile, 18951975), centrado en la representación visual de la cosmovisión y forma de vida del pueblo mapuche, la posiciona como una figura central de la corriente indigenista en Chile. Su permanente producción artística expresada en la creación de retratos, paisajes y escenas costumbristas, marcaron un legado aún presente en la escena artística regional y nacional. Celia Leyton incorporó en su obra elementos y preceptos de su formación académica, logrando una síntesis entre la tradición artística y los lenguajes modernos por medio de elementos que pertenecían a la cultura mapuche. Esta apuesta, arriesgada e incomprendida en su época, generó un sello distintivo en su pintura, lo que permite hoy conocer la forma de vida del pueblo mapuche de la década del 30’ al 60’. La producción artística de Celia Leyton puede ser observada a través de múltiples obras, las que utilizan distintos lenguajes visuales. De este trabajo se destacan dos murales ubicados en Temuco, el primero de ellos denominado El Profesor Neculman, puede ser observado en el Liceo Gabriela Mistral, mientras que el segundo, titulado Chasqui, se encuentra disponible en la oficina central de Correos de Chile. Toda su productividad la llevó a crear y dirigir la Academia de Bellas Artes de Temuco. Analizar la obra de esta artista, a través de esta línea de investigación, permitirá valorar y salvaguardar el patrimonio visual de una artista que enfrentó los prejuicios y restricciones sociales propios de la época para una mujer con en claro propósito de relevar la cultura mapuche.

Lorena Villegas Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile

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Daylighting Analysis: a contribution to the urban planning of the city of

Marilândia - ES (Brazil)

Abstract. Daylighting is one of the environmental resources that deliver quality to the built area by making it more comfortable and efficient and by promoting people’s well-being, besides reducing the consumption of electrical energy. The amount of daylighting indoors is related to the construction features, whose parameters are those of the urban legislation, as well as to the location features where the building stands. This research aimed to get a better knowledge of the interference of the urban typologies of Marilândia, Espírito Santo (Brazil), in the availability of daylight in the internal environment. The methodology consisted of the identification and representation of the main typologies found in the city, or of those which might be built due to the current construction law; computer simulations of three sky patterns CIE (3, 7 and 12) using the Troplus 6 program; and the analysis of the results. Founded on this analysis, it was possible to see that the application of the current urban legislation has favored the better use of daylighting inside the constructions through the allowed front setback, which is three meters, and the number of floors allowed in each building, which is eight. As for the use of daylighting, the Typology 03 presented the best performance, making it possible to have a more comfortable environment with better energy savings potential.

Kamila Drago Bona Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Brazil

Stella Brunoro Hoppe Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Brazil

Cristina Engel De Alvarez Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Brazil

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Experimental Comparison of Passive Heating/Cooling Space in Lightweight Buildings with Potential Application in

Mining Camps

Abstract. The total energy consumption in a house in Chile includes 30% of heating expenses, increasing to 60% in the winter period. The current energy source are fossil fuels, which can be replaced by the sun, with an efficient implementation of the use of PCM for passive cooling/heating space from solar radiation, benefiting the environment. In the north of Chile there is a solar radiation index of approximately 2750 [kWh/m2], low cloudiness and low precipitation rates, indicating an important source of energy and great opportunity for improvement in the use and management of energy resources. It is added that the mining camps present in large numbers in the northern zone require a lot of energy to cool and heat the space. In this research, it shows thermal behavior in summer and winter of two lightweight constructions, similar type used in mining camps, with dimensions of 2.5 x 2.5 x 2.5 m at pilot scale installed in University of Antofagasta, Chile. One of these modules contains PCM on the inside of the walls and ceiling, while the other does not, to analyze the effect of PCM by comparison. In this work, it is shown that in winter (August) the application of PCM favors the permanence within the thermal comfort zone, with a difference of 5°C. In summer there is an opposite effect (January), experiencing a higher temperature increase inside the container with PCM, with a difference of 4°C. According to the constructive characteristics, properties and quantity of PCM used, effect of solar radiation on the structure and environmental conditions, there are benefits in energy saving and efficiency in the winter period, while summer shows results that enhance the study and analysis of the applied technology to solve the thermal behavior shown in this season.

Islamán Villalobos Center for Advanced Research in Lithium and Indsutrial Minerals (CELiMIN),

Universidad de Antofagasta, Chile. Svetlana Ushak

Center for Advanced Research in Lithium and Industrial Minerals (Celimin), Universidad de Antofagasta, Chile.

Luisa F Cabeza GREiA Research Group, INSPIRES Research Centre, Universitat de Lleida,

Lleida, España. Álvaro De Gracia

GREiA Research Group, INSPIRES Research Centre, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, España.

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Efectos del modelo de economía circular del acero secundario,

sobre el uso de recurso e impactos ambientales de la producción de

acero en Chile

Resumen. La economía circular es un circuito espiral que minimiza la materia, la energía y el deterioro ambiental sin restringir el crecimiento económico o el progreso social y técnico. El acero es conocido como un caso emblemático de ejemplos de economía circular, debido a su alta capacidad de reciclaje, reutilización sumado a que puede ser reparado, aumentando su vida útil. En este sentido, el objetivo de estudio fue evaluar los efectos de la producción de acero secundario, sobre extracción de recurso e impactos ambientales de la producción de acero en Chile, como modelo de economía circular. La evaluación se realizó a través de las metodologías de MFA y ACV. El MFA consideró el flujo nacional de acero durante el año 2015 bajo enfoque EW-MFA, mientras que el ACV fue realizado con datos primarios de la industria secundaria de acero en Chile para el mismo período. Los principales flujos de acero presentes en Chile entran al sistema a través de las importaciones (62%), seguido por de producción nacional de barras y perfiles de acero (27%). El flujo de acero residual para el 2015 fue determinado en 1 Mt esto permitiría incrementar la producción de acero secundaria hasta un 78%. Esto último permitiría disminuir la extracción interna utilizada (DEU), y mejorar la eficiencia de producción de barras y perfiles de acero. Mientras que categorías como agotamiento de abióticos, eutrofización, acidificación, y cambio climático, presentaron reducciones de 59%, 50%, 46%, y 45% respectivamente. A partir de los resultados se determinó que el incremento de la producción secundaria de acero en Chile genera beneficios ambientales, incrementa la eficiencia, y disminuye la demanda interna de recursos, mejorando significativamente el desempeño ambiental del sector.

Camila López Universidad Andrés Bello, Chile

Claudia PeñaAderre, Chile

Edmundo Muñoz Universidad Andrés Bello, Chile

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Damage to the District of Puchuncaví: A Territorial Crisis

Abstract. What is the zone of sacrifice? According to the TERRAM foundation, it is those territories of human settlement that are environmentally devastated due to industrial development. This devastation has direct implications on people's fundamental rights (to live, to health, to education, to work, to food, to housing, etc.)[1]. In Chile, there are five Zones of Sacrifice; Puchuncaví is one of them. Located in the Valparaíso Region, with 18,546 inhabitants[2], industrial development has affected the lives of all the species that live in the area for several decades, including human beings. By declaring it as a zone of sacrifice, the destruction of the landscape is assumed as a permanent and/or long-term situation, based on an economic development model applied by the State. The objective of the study is to highlight and develop an analysis of the impacts that the industrial development has had in the community of Puchuncaví, to set bases for better planning based on the community and the collected experiences. The study was divided into three stages: the first was to typify the development of the industrial estate within the territorial order, the second was to describe the ways the Puchuncaví was inhabited previously to the installation of the industrial complex, and third was to compare the development of the industrial estate with the current ways of inhabiting this district. Based on references such as Lefebvre (2013) and Augé (1992), among others, the methodology consisted of a participatory workshop with members of the community (leaders and commoners), where a Manual Collective Mapping was built on top a scale territorial model, identifying, recognizing and characterizing the personal experiences of living in this district, as well as the impacts that industrial development has had on the district.

Magdalena Vergara UTFSM, Chile

Nina Hormazabal-Poblete UTFSM, Chile Sandro Maino UTFSM, Chile

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99

Sustentabilidad social en la utilización del espacio publico

Resumen. El espacio público es un campo en disputa entre diversos grupos que intentan imponer sus valores e intereses. Tanto el modo de articular el entramado de vías y sus nombres, los monumentos, las arquitecturas, como los usos y tránsitos de todos estos elementos dan cuenta de una construcción de subjetividad que en la media de su imposición unilateral o de su consenso plural deviene conflicto o sustentabilidad social en las relaciones, intercambios y convivencias al interior de la “polis”. Una revisión al modo en que el espacio público de la ciudad de Temuco ha sido articulado puede ser un indicio para, por una parte, entender los conflictos que se dan en ella y, por otra parte, proponer soluciones de sustentabilidad social a dichos conflictos donde los grupos que interactúan se identifiquen y se sientan representados en el espacio público.

Samuel QuirogaUniversidad de Temuco, Chile

Pablo Cayuqueo Universidad ARCIS, Chile

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Sustainability approaches in planning at the regional scale in Chile

Abstract. La sustentabilidad y la planificación territorial, son temas que han evolucionado tanto en sus formas de pensamiento como en sus practicas, las cuales hemos adoptado y adaptado, tanto como parte de nuestras ideologías como en las practicas al implementarlas en el territorio. Es así como este trabajo busca conocer los enfoques de sustentabilidad en la academia su proyección en el sector público. Como evidencia se obtuvo una fuerte concentración de las disciplinas de Planificación Urbana, Estrategica y Económica por parte de las facultades de Arquitectura y Economía. Esta relación cambia si la abordamos a escala regional donde se observa una tendencia en la zona norte a un enfoque economicista y en la zona sur a un enfoque más regional y ambiental en estas materias. Por ultimo, en general a nivel país tanto en la academia como en el sector público se observa desde la base de la sustentablidad un enfoque desarrollista en esta materia en el marco de la planificación territorial.

P Gutiérrez1 y K Bergamini2 1 Laboratorio de Planificación Territorial, Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile.

2 Instituto de Estudios Urbanos, Facultad de Arquitectura Diseño y Estudios Urbanos, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Chile.

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Herramienta de ecoeficiencia para la disminución de la carga ambiental en el ciclo de vida de los edificios -

ábacochile

Resumen. Chile comienza a incorporar en sus políticas de Estado principios de sustentabilidad a nivel sectorial, y de acuerdo a ello, el sector edificación presenta una relevante oportunidad para la reducción de la carga ambiental en el ciclo de vida de los edificios, principalmente en acciones tendientes a la reducción de la huella energética y huella de carbono. Este artículo muestra el resultado del diseño y elaboración de una herramienta informática paramétrica que integra criterios de sustentabilidad a partir del presupuesto de proyectos de construcción. La denominada herramienta de Ecoeficiencia ÁBACO-CHILE (Acceso a Bases Ambientales y de Costos) cuyo modelo incorpora en cada uno de sus elementos itemizados la huella de carbono equivalente del material, lo que permite contar con una estimación de la huella global del proyecto. Asimismo, elegir entre distintas opciones de materialidades, procedencias y modelos de materiales para así optimizar el impacto medioambiental del proyecto desde la etapa de diseño en la Construcción. Como producto resultado del proyecto de investigación se logró obtener la primera Base de Datos para Chile de libre acceso, vinculando de forma integrada a través de un enfoque de ciclo de vida, los costos de construcción con indicadores de sustentabilidad (ambiental, social y económico), en una primera fase las referidos a la huella energética (energía contenida) y de emisiones de CO2eq (Huella de Carbono Equivalente), y estableciendo los aspectos metodológicos para en fases sucesivas incorporar la evaluación de la huella hídrica y huella ecológica entre las más importantes, permitiendo de este modo contar con una herramienta para el ecodiseño de edificios más sostenibles.

Claudia Muñoz Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chile

Mabel Vega Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chile

Aracely Rocha Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chile

Gabriel Cereceda Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chile

Antonio MolinaUniversidad del Bío-Bío, Chile

Patricia González University of Seville, Spain

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102

Potential of the residual fibers of Pisum Sativum (PS), for use in a

development of a thermal insulator material

Resumen. In the context of climate change, a special interest has been aroused by thermal insulation from natural fibers, which can promote sustainable construction in the sector. The objective of this research was to evaluate the potential of the residual fibers of Pisum Sativum (PS), for their later use in the development of a thermal insulator material with low environmental impact. The physical, chemical and thermal properties of the fiber were determined. The results shows that the residual fiber has a great potential with an extraction of raw material of 11.6%. It shows a good proportion in the length of its fibers and roughness and significant number of grooves, which is verified using a scanning electron microscope and after thermal conductivity tests that indicate a best value of 0.033 W/mK. It is therefore concluded that from the residual fibers of PS, an opportunity is generated for the food residual fibers within the sustainable construction industry, given the proposed innovation and its interesting results, which could contribute with its low environmental impact throughout the life cycle of buildings.

Matias Soto Universidad de La Frontera, Chile

Maleni Vera Universidad de La Frontera, Chile

Karin Parra Universidad de La Frontera, Chile

Carlos Rojas Universidad de La Frontera, Chile

Juan Pablo Cárdenas Universidad de La Frontera, Chile

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Efectos de la ubicación geográfica sobre la demanda energética, el

cambio climático y la demanda de combustible fósil en el ciclo de vida de establecimientos de alojamiento

turístico en chile

Resumen. El turismo es una industria con un rápido crecimiento en el mundo, ésta cuenta con transporte, excursiones y establecimientos de alojamiento turístico, estos últimos provocan efectos sobre la demanda energética para lograr su confort térmico, y también provocan impactos ambientales como cambio climático y demanda de combustible fósil. Estos impactos varían en función de la disponibilidad de recursos, fuentes de energías, sistemas de tratamiento de aguas y residuos sólidos, entre otros. En este sentido, el objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la influencia de la ubicación geográfica sobre la demanda energética para obtener confort térmico y evaluar los impactos ambientales de establecimientos de alojamientos turísticos en Chile. El software DesignBuilder fue utilizado para evaluar la demanda energética para el confort térmico de los establecimientos, esto se realizó a través de la transmitancia térmica de la techumbre, muro, piso, puertas y ventanas de los establecimientos, correspondiente a lo declarado en la Norma Técnica del MINVU (NTM 11). Además, se modelaron distintos materiales de construcción para cada establecimiento respecto a su ubicación geográfica. El cambio climático y la demanda de combustible fósil fueron evaluados mediante la metodología de análisis de ciclo de vida de acuerdo con lo establecido en la ISO 14044, utilizando como unidad funcional 1 huésped noche. Los datos de inventario y evaluación de impactos fueron modelados mediante el software SimaPro. De acuerdo con esto, se obtuvieron distintas demandas energéticas dependiendo de la ubicación geográfica del establecimiento, determinándose que los establecimientos del norte de Chile poseen mayores impactos ambientales asociados a cambio climático y la demanda de combustible fósil, siendo el carbón quien contribuye mayormente a la demanda de combustible fósil y el CO2 la sustancia mayormente emitida en el impacto ambiental de cambio climático, obteniendo una huella de carbono de 15,68 kg CO2 eq huésped-1 noche-1. A partir de este estudio se determinó que la ubicación geográfica afecta la demanda energética, el cambio climático y la demanda de combustible fósil.

Ximena Ovalle Núñez Universidad Andrés Bello, Chile

Edmundo Muñoz Alvear Universidad Andrés Bello, Chile

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104

A method to calibrate building simulation model through visual

inspection and smart meter

Abstract. Several energy programs worldwide have used building inspection to overcome the lack of knowledge on technical parameter that are needed to upgrade existing buildings to make them more efficient. Due to the large amount of existing buildings that requires to be renovated, energy policies have introduced energy certification as a way to increase the renovation rate, by providing information on several benefits such as energy savings, indoor environment improvements and financial support. However, these procedures are often simplified due to the high cost that field measurements represent. The most common procedure for residential buildings is a walkthrough or visual inspection and the used of statistical data from a sample of buildings to estimate key characteristic. These simplifications can be seen in certification or labelling programs in order to analysis the building performance and to propose energy conservation measures. This study uses a case study to propose a method that in combination with building inspection can provided accurate data of the building performance and technical parameters such as U-values, ventilation rate, infiltration and internal load. The method as a firsts step tailored the information gather during the walkthrough in order to be uses in the second step which is a calibration based on data collected from the smart meter. The study case corresponds to a wooden terraced dwelling located in Oslo, the set temperature during winter are different in certain rooms of the dwelling as well their operational schedules. The results show that the uses of smart meter data can effectively improve the results from energy certificate and labelling in existing building, allowing to provide quality information to homeowners and policy makers.

Alex Gonzalez-CaceresOslo Metropolitan University, Norway

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Montaje robotizado de bloques de concreto stay-in-place

Abstract. This work exposes the experimentation of assembly with a robot of a constructive system with hollow blocks, which form a stay-in-place support to receive on site a mixture that generates a monolithic concrete wall with vertical steel reinforcements, as well thermal and acoustic insulation capabilities. The assembly system is tested with an industrial robot arm, programmed to assemble the blocks according to the layout of the building. The tests demonstrate the technical feasibility for execution on-site, with productive advantages and appropriate terminations. In addition, thermal and acoustic performance tests have been carried out to determine the fillings and structural studies for the complete conformation of the building, as well digital modelling of the design and construction management. The assembly tests have shown the speed and versatility of the robotic system, although the planning and installation of the equipment with respect to the total of the building must be developed.

Rodrigo Garcia Alvarado UBB, Chile

Alexis Perez FargalloUBB, Chile

Jesus Pulido Arcas UBB, Chile

Paula Ulloa Aguayo UBB, Chile

Javier Sepulveda UBB, ChileEric Forcael UBB, Chile

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106

Living and Building in Nature. A Case Study of an Ethical and Ecological

Architectural Education in La Araucanía Region, Chile.

Abstract . To found a new school of architecture today, in Araucanía (a region in Chile that embodies a global heritage for its conserved original nature and cultures), proposes the challenge of re-contextualizing the architectural practice and teaching. This article seeks to account for the particular process of re-contextualization, from the pedagogical experience in "Introduction to Architecture" of the Universidad Catolica de Temuco. The Experience was articulated around two questions: 1) How can we approach an architecture that is more sensitive to nature? 2) What can we learn from the vision that the local cultures have about man, space, and nature? To approach these questions, we have proposed an experiential methodology focused on promoting a multimodal and holistic education through living and working in nature, and a transcultural dialogue with the local cultures through building together. The method proposes the direct experience of the natural and spatial factors, from which, a sensitive and subtle measure of space emerges, materialized in physical signs on the site. In this way, students learn to design from awareness, appreciation, and care of the natural context. This article summarizes the field experiences of the class and its learning outcomes, according to the perspective of its participants. It proposes the possibility of a new approach for the Architecture-Nature relationship, and a new learning methodology of Architecture, which emphasizes the training of professionals with a deep ecological and ethical sensitivity, relevant to an ecologically and culturally sensitive Territory. This article seeks to be an invitation to a more ethical, humane, and sustainable education.

Pedro Pérez Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile

Miguel Eyquem Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile

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107

Andes Mountain Strategic Plan

Resumen. Según se explica en el documento “Un Mejor Estado para Chile” elaborado por el Consorcio para la Reforma del Estado (2009), el medio ambiente es una de las preocupaciones más relevantes de la era moderna, por lo que la manera como se hace gestión en esta materia no puede estar ajena a los municipios. En ese sentido, el Plan Estratégico Cordillera (PEC), desarrollado para la Municipalidad de Lo Barnechea, se entiende como una herramienta de gobernanza del suelo no-urbano con dimensiones ecológicas, recreativas y productivas, para imaginar y construir el territorio de montaña con una visión integrada. Si bien es cierto que en las temáticas ambientales existe un considerable déficit de producción sistemática de información oficial, también es necesario considerar que debido al aumento de la conciencia ambiental por parte de la ciudadanía, la demanda por información se ha transformado en una obligación que facilita los procesos de participación y validación social. En ese sentido, El Plan Estratégico Cordillera ha generado un inventario de información y una herramienta de gestión territorial que funciona como la base del sistema de seguimiento tanto para el municipio como para el público en general. La propuesta para desarrollar el PEC tiene como parte esencial el uso de instrumentos y diseño de paisaje que retroalimentan, durante partes fundamentales del estudio, especialmente en las instancias participativas y de seguimiento. En particular, estas también tuvieron un rol importante en la mantención de un diálogo constante en todas las etapas del proyecto ha sido de suma relevancia para incorporar las aspiraciones y roles de cada actor local en el planteamiento del PEC. Como explica Anita Berrizbeitía, Directora del Departamento de Arquitectura del Paisaje de la Universidad de Harvard e invitada como experta internacional al proyecto, existe una deuda en términos de planificación en territorios cordilleranos, que han sido constantemente invisibilizados. Berrizbeitia recalca que es momento de dedicarse al cuidado y a la planificación de las cordilleras en Latinoamérica. Una forma de entender la planificación de la montaña es comprender la importancia que tiene el acceso a ésta. Hoy el paisaje se percibe en su mayoría desde la carretera, por lo tanto, las herramientas representan una manera de traer una visión del paisaje de montaña a las personas, permitiendo que la ciudadanía conozca, viva, cuide y exija una protección a este ecosistema. En base a ello, Berrizbeitia recalca la importancia de construir un mejor proyecto es creando instancias de diálogo, manteniendo la concordancia de los intereses y la armonía en las comunidades. ”Creo que lo que han hecho ahora es muy importante, porque hay que crear un plano base, donde todo el mundo tenga un entendimiento geográfico y ambiental de ese sector de la cordillera que se ha compartido. Una vez que se entienda de qué tipo de territorio estamos hablando, de qué se puede hacer con ese territorio, entonces ahí se crea una base que después se puede discutir con todo esto” (Berrizbeitía, 2018).

Luis ValenzuelaTomas Folch

Andrea CastroUniversidad Adolfo Ibañez, Chile

Alejandra Vasquez Camila Romero

Universidad Catolica de Chile, Chile

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Un enfoque sostenible del paisaje amenazado a través de las artes

visuales

Resumen. Durante estas últimas décadas, producto del aumento de la temperatura global y el veloz cambio climático, se han registrado en nuestro planeta un progresivo aumento de los incendios forestales, especialmente en el territorio que comprende las zonas centro-sur y la Patagonia chilena, lo cual ha ido progresivamente modificando su paisaje. De esta forma se va generando una fractura en la percepción de la estética de los territorios. El paisaje natural, ancestral se ve amenazado por un inminente proceso de transformación. El fuego arrasa con sus milenarios bosques y su biodiversidad. En esta dramática acción catastrófica se genera una paradójica imagen de rara belleza; una “estética de la devastación”, aquella que nace de su ineludible desintegración. Todo se ve transformado, de lo vegetal vivo a los despojos inertes del que fuera un denso y exuberante bosque ancestral. Las verdes selvas se transforman en troncos calcinados, en carbón vegetal, finalmente en cenizas. La erosión amenaza con cambiar la imagen de nuestro paisaje y la vida que la habita. La creación artística da cuenta de este proceso implacable y de cómo la naturaleza se ve transformada en algo distinto a lo que fue, y lo que parecía un equilibrio de asombrosa belleza estética pasa a transformarse en un fenómeno natural antiestético que juega con otra extraña belleza, esta vez desfigurada y retorcida por el desastre. Hoy la trasgresión, la destrucción sistemática, el desgaste de los bienes y la pérdida total de la protección hacia nuestro medio ambiente, forja en el artista un acto de reacción - creación, cuya representación a través el arte puede evidenciar la pérdida de aquel equilibrio, enunciando la progresiva vulnerabilidad de nuestro entorno y su inevitable disipación. La creación artística es un medio para enfatizar la importancia de cuidar nuestro patrimonio natural en pos de la sustentabilidad de los equilibrios.

Leonardo CraveroUniversidad Católica de Temuco, Chile

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Planificación territorial estratégica sistémica del medio ambiente y la

sostenibilidad

Resumen. En Chile, y en el mundo, actualmente existe un gran interés en la visibilidad y accesibilidad del territorio. Los ciudadanos están exigiendo una mayor calidad de vida sobre sus entornos, por lo que es esencial encontrar nuevas formas de gobernanza para los territorios naturales y cercanos. Esto se hace visible de manera concreta con varias iniciativas nacionales, que están cambiando la forma en que se vive la gama general de condiciones de los paisajes. En este sentido, el Centro de Inteligencia Territorial diseñó una herramienta de gestión, capaz de integrar una amplia gama y diversidad a través de un instrumento metodológico para la planificación de un paisaje natural con una diversidad de usos humanos. En ese sentido, la planificación ambiental estratégica puede entenderse como un proceso dinámico para aplicar las directrices de planificación a largo plazo de los objetivos ambientales y sostenibles en el territorio, tanto las iniciativas privadas como las gubernamentales. A diferencia de la planificación urbana, la planificación ambiental busca como uno de sus principales objetivos, garantizar un alto nivel de protección del medio ambiente y contribuir a la integración de las actividades en el territorio a consideraciones medioambientales. La planificación estratégica se entiende como una herramienta de gobernanza del suelo no urbano con dimensiones ecológicas, recreativas y productivas, imaginar y construir el territorio con una visión integrada. Este diseño se complementa con un proceso participativo en sus etapas de desarrollo, a través de la implementación de diversos espacios de consulta.

Luis Valenzuela Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Chile

John Treimun GEONEYEN, Chile

Danisa Moya GEONEYEN, Chile

Andrea Castro Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Chile

Alexis Gamboa Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Chile

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110

La inestabilidad de los límites. Intervenciones impermanentes de

paisaje en el volcán Llaima. Región de la Araucanía.

Resumen. Basado en el significado conceptual del trabajo con la línea, el tema de este artículo busca vincular la intervención artística con el territorio de la Araucanía, en un carácter conciliador entre color, orden y paisaje, para el caso del volcán Llaima. Para definir la complejidad y belleza del paisaje de la Araucanía se trabaja la inestabilidad de límites como un confrontamiento entre la magnitud abierta y el detalle de lo visual, como una instancia espacial puesta en riesgo de manera constante. Este asombro por el territorio se asemeja a la búsqueda la idea de recuperar la unidad con esa ausencia que no logramos reconocer, para ello el color y el orden son parte de esa búsqueda. Las intervenciones impermanentes permiten generar mundo gráfico abstracto, pero también proporción y escala en el paisaje, que al pasar a la tridimensionalidad y aventurarse al espacio físico de un territorio, implica una decisión diferente que permite obtener diversas lecturas pero también enmarca virtudes y particularidades que determinan la localidad, que permitirá relevar la identidad de la Araucanía, el asombro por ellos una consecuencia de un descanso y seguridad que otorga una dimensión al espacio.

Daniela Alejandra Gaete Fontirroig Universidad Católica de Termuco, Chile

Lía Aliaga Universidad Católica de Termuco, Chile

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111

Alberto Curamil y el Premio Goldman: discusión en torno a la sustentabilidad cultural en la Región de La Araucanía

Resumen. En el siguiente artículo se propone discutir la figura del reciente ganador del premio Goldman, el líder mapuche Alberto Curamil, como un caso en la lucha por la sustentabilidad cultural en la Región de La Araucanía, principalmente en su rol como activista en la defensa del territorio y la cultura mapuche. Este importante premio internacional de carácter ambiental, entregado a Curamil por su unir a los chilenos para impedir la construcción de dos hidroeléctricas y proteger un río sagrado para el pueblo mapuche, superando en esta actividad persecución y ataques violentos en su contra; permite problematizar diferentes aspectos de la sustentabilidad cultural que son claves en la región, en particular la problemática que surge entre el progreso de la industria con la ancestralidad de los pueblos originarios. Interesa de esta forma, discutir a partir de este caso cómo se pueden llegar a compatibilizar estas dos visiones para de esta forma llegar a una sustentabilidad cultural, teniendo en cuenta principalmente el carácter intercultural de la novena región. Finalmente, esta ponencia busca analizar el rol que juega el Estado chileno y las acciones que lleva a cabo en torno a las prácticas de sustentabilidad cultural como las lideradas por Curamil.

Fabián Leal Universidad de La Frontera, Chile

Carolina Navarrete Universidad de La Frontera, Chile

Bastián García Universidad de La Frontera, Chile

272



112

Energy efficiency measures and data needs. The case of the European

building portfolio owners

Abstract. In line with EU Directives, European building portfolio owners are required to bring their stock to nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB) standards by 2050. To fulfil this goal in a timely and cost-effective manner, they will need to have a comprehensive understanding of their buildings’ condition, as well as consistent information on viable energy and low-carbon technology measures. Currently, in Europe, there is a lack of knowledge of what energy efficiency measures are being implemented in residential buildings. It is also unknown what are the decision-making processes behind the selection of these measures. On this basis, the aim of this study is to shed light on (1) what energy efficiency measures are currently carried out across European building portfolio owners (BPOs), (2) how are these measures selected (i.e. decision-making processes and information sources), and (3) what data would be needed to foster the uptake of low carbon energy efficiency technologies. The applied methodology combines desk research on scientific and grey literature, with findings in the field of building maintenance & operation. The later based on semi-structured interviews with 23 selected private and public BPOs across 7 European countries: Sweden, UK, Germany, Denmark, Italy, Spain and Switzerland. Results show that the most often implemented actions are the maintenance of the roof and the upgrade of the heating system. Measures are decided based on a combined planned and “reactive” (i.e. problem/solution) approach. The data that is typically used by BPOs is basic building information, such as gross floor area or year built. Although currently unavailable, the most often solicited evidence by the BPOS in favour of energy efficiency and low carbon technology measures is related to energy consumption and other user data.

Clara Camarasa Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden

Effrosyni Roussou Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden

Holger Wallbaum Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden

Abolfazl Sousanabadi Farahani Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden

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113

Detection of anomalous pollution sensors using deep learning strategies

Abstract. In recent years, the pollution problem has gained great importance due to is socioeconomic implications for people as regarding health or logistic issues. The pollution level classically is measured with specialized expensive detectors located in some few locations; in case of Temuco city, there are three such centralized pollution monitoring stations. An alternative approach for measuring the pollution level of cities builds on using cheap pollution sensors located on public transportation vehicles. Nonetheless, a drawback of this approach is that these cheap sensors can be sensitive to noise, vehicle movement, human intervention or tecnical failures. Therefore, it is relevant to be able to automatically detect failing sensors as they are multiple and cannot be submitted frequently to a technical revision. In this work, we propose a model to automatically detect these anomalous sensors using an unsupervised deep learning approach using autoencoders for Temuco city. This work is part of an ongoing project where massive data are not still available. In this context, the simulated output of mobile pollution sensors is generated by a time series model that systematically inserts outliers measurements. Our results indicate that the proposed detection model is able to reliably reproduce the data generated and to detect the simulated outliers with an accuracy of over 95%.

Billy Mark Peralta Marquez Andres Bello University, Chile

Richar Soria Andres Bello University, Chile

Luis CaroUniversidad Católica de Temuco, Chile

Nicolas Schiappacasse Catholic University of Temuco, Chile

Alejandro Mellado Catholic University of Temuco, Chile

Stefan Berres Catholic University of Temuco, Chile

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Espacio Público y Resiliencia Urbana: Una perspectiva desde la Niñez. El caso de los cerros de Valparaíso.

Abstract. Una escasa participación de la población infantil tanto en los procesos de diseño como en el uso del Espacio Público se he hecho notar en la literatura. Diversos factores de índole social como gubernamental (desde el clima de violencia hasta los mismos procesos planificadores) han generado paulatinamente un ambiente donde lo público se les torna ajeno. En este contexto, el análisis del Espacio Público y su relación con la niñez plantea la necesidad de visibilizar no sólo las percepciones que tienen los niños sobre estos espacios sino además sobre los usos que estos debieran albergar. Este artículo presenta tres casos de estudio correspondientes a tres espacios públicos diferenciados según el nivel de inclusión de la población infantil en sus respectivos procesos de diseño. Estos se ubican en los cerros de la ciudad de Valparaíso, territorio que además de poseer un alto déficit de área verde se caracteriza por una alta vulnerabilidad ante amenazas socio-naturales como terremotos e incendios. A través de la realización de seis grupos focales con niños entre 8 y 11 años que estudian en establecimientos educacionales cercanos a estos espacios, se plantea identificar la percepción de éstos ante el Espacio Público y su rol como espacios seguros ante riesgos de origen antrópico o natural. Los resultados muestran que los niños se sienten más involucrados y más cercanos a los espacios públicos donde han participado en su proceso de diseño, sin embargo, no los consideran espacios de protección contra desastres socio-naturales.

Marcela Soto Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Chile

Jorge León Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Chile

Anne Escobar Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Chile

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115

Thermal comfort analysis in both naturally ventilated and artificially refrigerated classrooms in a warm

and humid climate

Abstract. Thermal discomfort in schools can compromise learning processes and students and teacher’s health as in these environments users develop many cognitive processes. One solution to that problem in a tropical climate can be the installation of air conditioning devices. However, little do we know about the results of air conditioning systems‟ performances. This study aims to analyze the perception and sensation of thermal comfort from children aged 8 to 11 years old, studying in classrooms both naturally ventilated and artificially refrigerated inside the buildings of public schools in João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil. The research’s methodology consisted in measuring environmental variables (air temperature, average radiating temperature, relative air humidity, air speed), while applying questionnaires to the children, containing four questions regarding their sensation and preference towards the thermal environment. In the naturally ventilated rooms, we observed the average air temperature of 28,78°C, with 45,53% of the children discomforted by heat, and 22,77% of them discomforted by cold, also 47,97% of the children reported a preference for a colder room and 24,39% reported a preference for a warmer room. In the artificially refrigerated rooms, we observed the average air temperature of 26,99°C, with 39,37% of the children discomforted by heat, and 25,57% of them discomforted by cold, also 55,68% of the children reported a preference for a colder room and 14,46% reported a preference for a warmer room. The study emphasizes the occurrence of different votes of thermal sensation in the same air temperature ranges. The results also showed divergence between PMV and children's actual votes in artificially climate controlled percentage of students discomfort in the air-conditioned classrooms, encouraging the questioning about the real performance and necessity of the indiscriminate use of artificial climate control systems in substitution of bioclimatic strategies appropriate to the hot and humid context.

Jullyanne Ferreira de Souza Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Brazil

Barbara Lumy Noda Nogueira UFPB, Brazil

Amanda V. P. Lima Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Brazil

Solange Leder Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Brazil

285



116

Determinación del grado de confiabilidad de una simulación

energética basada en un modelo de Capacidad y Madurez organizacional

Abstract. El nivel de madurez y capacidad de una empresa son parámetros que se asocian directamente a su calidad y experiencia, y que, en la especialidad de simulación de desempeño energético, son un factor determinante en el nivel de confiabilidad de los resultados. En la realidad chilena, en ausencia de códigos, estándares o normativas de simulación energética, es de vital importancia contar con una estrategia que pueda ser precisa en sus predicciones. Este estudio se centra en determinar dicho nivel de incertidumbre por medio del análisis de diferentes empresas especializadas en este ámbito, revisando su nivel de experiencia y sus capacidades internas mediante un entorno innovador. Este estudio analiza 32 empresas consultoras en función de sus capacidades y experiencia por medio de una matriz de capacidad y madurez organizacional adaptada a la especialidad de Eficiencia Energética, para esto se propone como elementos de análisis: el tipo de sistema usado en la simulación (estática-dinámica), la calificación del personal a cargo de cada estudio, la acreditación de la empresa en normativas extranjeras o nacionales atingentes a la especialidad, el uso de protocolos internos de trabajo y la existencia de un sistema de aseguramiento de calidad para los procesos. Los resultados muestran que el nivel de confiabilidad aumenta conforme aumenta la madurez de la organización, al mismo tiempo que se asegura un buen nivel de desempeño cuando existen procedimientos objetivos que fundamenten las capacidades internas, de modo que los máximos niveles de predictibilidad se alcanzan cuando se trabaja en un entorno integrado complementado con un sistema de aseguramiento de calidad, o bien, con un entorno gestionado incorporando protocolos nacionales de Certificación Sustentable. Se espera que esta herramienta sirva de referencia a los mandantes en la etapa de anteproyecto, de modo que permita conocer el nivel de confianza de una simulación en función de la calidad y experiencia del especialista.

Wladimir Bugueño Universidad Mayor, Chile

Danny Lobos Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Chile

286



117

Vivienda colectiva y espacio público

Abstract. El crecimiento de la vivienda colectiva ha desarrollado interés en revisar las políticas de vivienda y la planificación urbana, específicamente en relación con su contribución al espacio público urbano. La ciudad de Temuco, en Chile, ha visto en los últimos años un fuerte desarrollo inmobiliario de proyectos de vivienda colectiva que son en su mayoría productos de sistemas financieros no necesariamente alineados con las necesidades del desarrollo urbano. El impacto de estos proyectos inmobiliarios en el espacio público es cuestionable, ya que no están obligados a entregar metros cuadrados de áreas verdes a la ciudad. Esto afecta negativamente la calidad de vida de quienes lo habitan debido a la falta de áreas verdes y áreas de ocio público. Sin embargo, este no siempre ha sido el caso: al realizar una revisión histórica hemos encontrado ejemplos de viviendas colectivas a mediados de los años 60 en Temuco que contribuyeron a la idea de una vida colectiva y proyectaron un ideal de la "vida urbana de masas "por ejemplo población Llaima. Estos proyectos habían integrado la coexistencia del espacio público y el hogar unifamiliar al incluir áreas verdes y parques urbanos en el proyecto. Volviendo a Temuco, proponemos revisar algunos de los ideales del orden colectivo que postuló la arquitectura moderna. Este marco de reflexión y análisis de referencias históricas servirá como base para comprender cómo mejorar la calidad de vida a través del paisaje urbano y sus relaciones específicas hacia y desde el territorio. Estos criterios de construcción pueden aplicarse en diferentes situaciones, escalas y programas, produciendo estrategias que permitan el desarrollo de posibilidades arquitectónicas y la integración del espacio público, recuperando el concepto de vivienda colectiva como una contribución que promueve el desarrollo de la ciudad y sociedad en su conjunto con estándares mínimos para las unidades de vivienda, áreas verdes, parques urbanos, servicios, instalaciones y espacios compartidos.

Ivan Cisternas Universidad Catolica de Temuco, Chile

288



118

Mapuche constructions and their relationship with sustainable

standards

Abstract. Mapuche people are an important native population of current Chile. This culture has produced small architecture and some markings in the landscape throughout its history, some of which still survive in certain areas. This article aims to be an approach to the relationship that exists between these constructions and sustainable standards of today. The general question behind this presentation is: what lessons can we learn from Mapuche culture in regards to building in a sustainable manner? Amidst all the disciplinary developments on what constitutes sustainable architecture, we posit that returning to a simpler perspective informed by vernacular wisdom can contribute to the discussion on this matter. In order to answer this inquiry, we will first identify the most relevant Mapuche constructions present on the landscape; secondly, we will offer an approach to the way in which this ethnic group understands his physical space, and finally, we will propose and analyze sustainability principles that can be gathered from these architectural practices.

Wladimir Antivil Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile

Iván Orellana Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Chile

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119

Mortar based on biomass ashes from Araucanía region

Abstract. Power plant COMASA S.A is located near to Temuco and burn a high amount of residual biomass from Araucanía region. However, main problem associated to this plant is the transportation and disposal of fly ashes (9 tons per week), a residue generated during combustion of boiler I. Currently, fly ashes from Boiler I are transported more than 200 km south, increasing transportation and final disposal costs. In this study, the development of a mortar based on fly ash from the combustion of biomass from COMASA S.A at the pre-feasibility level was analyzed. The experimental procedure consisted of (i) the physicochemical characterization of biomass fly ashes, (ii) obtaining of different test specimens (mortars) by addition of different proportions of fly ash (10-35%) to cement, and (iii) obtaining best specimen by analyzing the requirements of mortars for the construction (Chilean Norm NCh 1037). The test specimens were subjected to determination of apparent density, resistance to compression, water absorption capacity and moisture. The laboratory results showed that the mortar obtained with addition of 20% of fly ashes has similar physical characteristics as those mortars used for building blocks, being able to resist up to 20 MPa. To analyze the viability of the production of construction blocks based on best specimen, market, technical and economic-financial studies were carried out, considering the reuse of at least 60% of the fly ash generated per year. The study concluded the viability of the project, evidencing the potential use of this residue for the manufacture of low cost blocks, minimizing cost associated to residues handling.

Oscar SotoUniversidad Católica de Temuco, Chile

Aixa González Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile

Nelson Gómez Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile

Cristian Manzur Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile

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120

Desvinculación de las Áreas Verdes con los Sistemas Naturales, Temuco

Chile.

Abstract. La intervención estratégica de las áreas verdes en ciudades con problemas ambientales, puede ser una oportunidad de desarrollo urbano sostenible bajo una mirada integral y de planificación sistémica. En este sentido, el estudio de las áreas verdes de Temuco, en forma integrada al contexto natural y sus sistemas insertos en la trama urbana, son fundamentales para un diseño urbano pertinente ambiental, soco-cultural y económicamente. El estudio evalúa cuantitativa y cualitativamente la dotación, distribución y accesibilidad de las áreas verdes, identificando que a pesar de superar el estándar de la OMS, existen problemas de equidad territorial y especialmente de integración con los sistemas naturales existentes en la ciudad. Por lo que este buen estándar de superficie de áreas verdes no está aportando, mayormente, al desarrollo sostenible de la ciudad y la mitigación de problemas ambientales y de riesgos naturales.

Veronica Eltit Neumann Chile Universidad Mayor

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121

Desafíos de las ciudades creativas en Chile

Resumen. La relación entre cultura, creatividad y desarrollo sostenible se ha incluido en la agenda de instituciones que promueven el desarrollo humano y la sostenibilidad a nivel internacional, como La Asociación Mundial de Ciudades y Gobiernos Locales Unidos, los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible de las Nacionales Naciones Unidas, la Red de Ciudades Creativas de la UNESCO. Por lo tanto, vale la pena investigar cómo se está implementando este enfoque en las estrategias de desarrollo de las ciudades en Chile. Primero este artículo presenta el resultado de la revisión de políticas nacionales e internaciones en el campo de la cultura y el desarrollo sostenible. En segundo lugar, se presentan casos de ciudades en Chile que están implementando la cultura y la creatividad vinculadas a sus estrategias de desarrollo local, con resultados positivos en algunas de las dimensiones del desarrollo sostenible: cultura, desarrollo social, medio ambiente y desarrollo económico. A modo de conclusión se incluyen recomendaciones para la implementación de las ciudades creativas desde el desarrollo sostenible como modelo de intervención.

Antil Camacho Facultad de Artes, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Chile

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122

KAY: Restauración del Bosque Nativo para la Conservación de la Tradición Artesanal de la Pilwa del Lago Budi

Abstract. El territorio del Lago Budi comuna de Saavedra, Región de La Araucanía, es habitada por comunidades mapuche lafkenche, que a través de sus artesanas y artesanos desarrollan la pilwa - bolsa tejida en fibra de chupón- como una artesanía tradicional. La pilwa ha sido reconocida por organizaciones del estado por su valor cultural y ecológico. Sin embargo, su materia prima, el chupón “KAY”, esta declarada especie vulnerable. Esta condición ha generado que instituciones como FIA Fundación para la Innovación Agraria, destine recursos públicos para su conservación, introduciendo en el territorio conceptos foráneos para el cultivo de la planta, que incluyen la inclusión de plástico en los territorios mapuche. La presente ponencia indaga en los aspectos culturales de resistencia a esta visión, y en particular, a los elementos de la cosmovisión mapuche que se atribuyen a la especie y al bosque nativo. El estudio se basa en entrevistas realizadas a dirigentes mapuche, comunidades indígenas y familias de artesanos de la Pilwa, que el año 2018 levantaron proyecto de restauración del bosque nativo, para la preservación de la especie del chupón y la tradición artesanal. Dicho proyecto no fue financiado por el Fondo Común. No obstante las familias mapuche artesanas de la pilwa, han iniciado un proceso de conservación del bosque nativo en predios particulares, con el fin de promover el uso sustentable de la tierra y mantener la relación cultural con la naturaleza. Se espera desarollar un plan piloto comunicacional sobre los hallazgos, que apoye la futura presentación comunitaria de proyecto de restauración del bosque nativo en torno al Lago Budi.

Patricia Zúñiga GómezUniversidad Católica de Temuco, Chile

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123

The Open Spaces Systems in Santa Cruz, Rio de Janeiro

Abstract. This paper is presenting the results of conceptual reflections and methodological studies based on the theoretical scope that guided the Landscape Architecture course of the Graduate Course in Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism. Whose focus of analysis and research guides the study of the urban landscape considering the relations between its public spaces, uses and morphological aspect. It presents the transformations of the landscape in the region of Santa Cruz. Santa Cruz, despite being one of the most populous neighborhoods, retains little housing density due to its large dimension. The region is a complex system of residual open spaces, large housing complexes, an important industrial zone, cluster areas under military control, and discontinuous land strips separated by heavy road boundaries. The neighborhood of Paciência was the focus of this investigation, in order to observe the context of the public spaces in the regional scope, Paciência and Santa Cruz are the neighborhood in the center of our debate. The methodology consists in the apprehension of a theoretical foundation to define concepts of Territory, Landscape and open spaces systems that are developed during the course. The use of research methods makes it possible to determine its urban evolution and landscape transformation. Also it’s possible to understand urban expansion From these study it is possible to identify important elements for local history and identity, as well as to better understand the dynamics that govern the occupation of the public spaces and how the remaining open spaces are being used by the local population.

Elizabeth Nogueira Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Daniel Almeida Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Andressa Silva Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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124

Agro-industrial waste as precursor source for carbon nanotubes (CNTs)

synthesis using a new technical of solvent autoignition

Abstract. The objective of this research was to evaluate a novel technical of synthesis by autoignition of solvent is evaluated. The CNTs was synthesized using two methods of solvent autoignition: radiation assisted by a microwave oven and autoignition by muffle-furnace. Synthesized CNTs were examined by dynamic light scattering, UVVIS spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The results indicate that the physicochemical properties of CNTs were influenced by synthesis method. Biochars obtained by autoignition by muffle-furnace produced higher CNTs concentration and smaller hydrodynamic diameter and show a higher degree of wall graphitization, suggesting superior CNT quality. These results are promising for application in the construction industry and as a sustainable lignocellulosic residual biomass management solution.

Pamela HidalgoUniversidad Catolica de Temuco, Chile

Gladys Coronado Universidad Catolica de Temuco, Chile

Alejandra Sanchez Universidad Catolica de Temuco, Chile

Renato Hunter Universidad de La Frontera, Chile

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125

Composting with industrial and domiciliary ashes in Temuco, Chile

Abstract. Chilean urban areas generate around 3.12 Mton year-1 of organic residues. Besides, power plants near to these urban areas produce mainly about 0.42 Mton year-1 associated to ashes. Both residues contribute to the introduction of pollutants in a liquid and solid phase into the natural environment. This study proposes the composting process of organic/inorganic domiciliary residues and industrial ashes which involves minimizing the volume of residues to be disposed, incorporating the circular economy concept. Composting is a biological decomposition process of organic waste by bacteria, fungi, worms and other organisms under controlled aerobic conditions and its use is considering a good strategy for his simplicity, low cost, and environment-friendly process. Their final product is considered a natural alternative to chemical fertilizers for use in agriculture, gardening and plant nurseries. In this context, the main goal of this research was to study the incorporation of industrial and domiciliary ashes to domiciliary organic residues. The experimental procedure consisted of bioreactors of 22.5 L with the addition of mass fractions of 0, 5 and 10% of ashes. During the experiment, pH, temperature, humidity, and weight were controlled. After composting, the physic-chemical parameters and maturity degree (NCh2880) of the final product were evaluated. The results showed that all reactors loss weight between 30.0% and 70.4%, which agrees with data reported in the scientific literature. The reactors reached a temperature higher than 55 °C evidencing the thermophile phase. During composting, values of pH oscillated between 5 and 7. However, humidity values showed high variability, increasing with the higher dose of ashes assayed. Compost with the addition of domiciliary ashes could not meet physic-chemical parameters fixed in NCh2880. Only the treatment which a 5% of industrial ashes was added to the composting process evidenced acceptable physic-chemical parameters and maturity degree, corresponding to a class B compost.

Gustavo CuraqueoUniversidad Católica de Temuco, Chile

Paul Riquelme Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile

Erico Carmona Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile

Andrés Pérez-San Martín Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile

Aixa González Ruiz Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile

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126

Thermal sensation assessment at different types of covered outdoor spaces in Barranquilla - Colombia

Abstract. The notion of comfort applies to productivity, hygiene and air treatment and to the dimensions of sustainability and energy saving. This research analyzes thermal sensation and microclimatic conditions at several outdoor spaces with different combinations of parameters: artificial cover, vegetation cover and without cover. The evaluation scale used in this study is the seven-point ASHRAE scale, which is used to determine people’s psychological reactions to these spaces. The results show that the cover material affects the air temperature and thermal conditions of the spaces. The best thermal comfort conditions were found under trees and a tensioned membrane structure. These cover materials act by blocking radiation and projecting shade on pedestrians, the floor and the walls, which influences the thermal sensation. The results of this research are intended to contribute knowledge for the development of urban design guidelines that take into consideration the microclimatic conditions of tropical cities.

Lizeth Rodriguez-Potes Universidad del Atlántico, Colombia

Kattia Villadiego Universidad del Atlántico, Colombia

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