sustainable cities msc, aau a tiny denmark? malene munk ... · 4 abstract if tiny housing...

SustainableCitiesMSc,AAU ATinyDenmark?MaleneMunkJensen 18-02-2020

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‘

Credit:(Clotheslinetinyhomes.wordpress.com,2012)

‘‘ATinyDenmark?’

Aframeworkfortinyhousingasasustainablenichetoreachtransition

MaleneMunkJensen

Supervisor:

JesperOleJensen

Thesisofthe

Master’sdegreeinSustainableCitiesMScAalborgUniversity,Copenhagen2020


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Abstract......................................................................................................................................4

Preface........................................................................................................................................5

Introduction................................................................................................................................6Problemarea......................................................................................................................................................................................8Relevance.............................................................................................................................................................................................9

Background...............................................................................................................................10Tinyhousingandsustainability...............................................................................................................................................10Motivesbehindlivinginatinyhouse....................................................................................................................................10Anichemarketthathasbecomemainstream?.................................................................................................................11

Stateoftheart..........................................................................................................................12HousingsizeinDenmark............................................................................................................................................................12TinyhousinginDenmark...........................................................................................................................................................12Planningfortinyhousing?.........................................................................................................................................................13

Danishcompaniesoccupiedwithtinyhousing................................................................................................................15TinyhousingprojectsinDenmark........................................................................................................................................17

Literaturereview......................................................................................................................20‘TheNotSoBig’philosophy.......................................................................................................................................................20PioneeringtinyhousinginUSA................................................................................................................................................21Tinyhousingastemporarysolutiontourbanization....................................................................................................22Tinyhousingasresearchobject..............................................................................................................................................22Tinyhousingasculture...............................................................................................................................................................23

Theoreticalframework..............................................................................................................24TechnologicalTransition(TT)throughMulti-LevelPerspective(MLP)...............................................................24Bottomuptransitionstrategies..............................................................................................................................................25StrategicNicheManagement(SNM).....................................................................................................................................26Threepathwaysoftransition...................................................................................................................................................27

Methodology............................................................................................................................28ResearchDesign..............................................................................................................................................................................28Qualitativemethod........................................................................................................................................................................29Literaturestudy..............................................................................................................................................................................29Semi-structuredinterviews.......................................................................................................................................................30Interviewees.....................................................................................................................................................................................31Scaling.................................................................................................................................................................................................32

Presentationofempiricalfindings.............................................................................................33Scale....................................................................................................................................................................................................33Interviewwithatinyhouseowner.........................................................................................................................................33

Tinyhouseinitiativesongrassrootslevel..........................................................................................................................35DanskTinyHouseGruppe..........................................................................................................................................................35Tinyhouseconference..................................................................................................................................................................37lawdraftongreenzone...............................................................................................................................................................37

Physicaltinyhousingprojects.................................................................................................................................................39Rural:GrobundinEbeltoft.........................................................................................................................................................39Suburban:SmallLivingAlbertslund......................................................................................................................................40Urban:CPHVillageRefshaleøen...............................................................................................................................................41

AnalysisI:Accumulationofknowledge.....................................................................................43Legislationandrules....................................................................................................................................................................43


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Lackofexperimentalspace.......................................................................................................................................................45Definition...........................................................................................................................................................................................46Beinggrassroots.............................................................................................................................................................................47Lackoforganizationalframeworkandup-scaling........................................................................................................47Municipalinterests........................................................................................................................................................................49Economyandaffordability........................................................................................................................................................50

AnalysisII:Transitionthroughlocalprojects.............................................................................51Values,normsandpractisesinlocalprojects....................................................................................................................51Strategicmanagementofphysicalprojects.......................................................................................................................54Providinglocationforexperiment.........................................................................................................................................57Theroleofactors...........................................................................................................................................................................59Nichevs.regime?............................................................................................................................................................................60

Discussion.................................................................................................................................64Governancevs.Government......................................................................................................................................................64Add-onpotential.............................................................................................................................................................................66Threepathwaysoftransition...................................................................................................................................................69

Closingremark..........................................................................................................................731:1AmericanTinyHouseMovementinDenmark?.......................................................................................................73Conclusion................................................................................................................................74

Perspectivation.........................................................................................................................76

References................................................................................................................................77


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AbstractIftinyhousingrepresentsasustainablehousingsolutionwhyisthisnichenotmorepresentin

thebuiltenvironmentinDenmark?Tinyhousinglacksorganizationalframeworkandfaces

legalandbureaucraticbarrierssinceitislegallynotacceptedasliveableaccommodation.The

movementismainlycarriedbyactorsongrassrootslevelwhogoverninitiativesasidefrom

theirprofessionaljobs.Actorsembeddedintheregimeareslowlybeginningtointegrate

housingsizeintonewbuildingprojectsasawaytoprovideaffordableaccommodation.

Howevertinyhousingsuggestsmorethanjustasmallhousingsize.Itisanideology

embracingseveralvalues,normsandpractices.AsageneralconditionDenmarklacksspaces

forexperimentalhousingduetotherisktheyrepresent.Tinyhousingprojectssuggestsimilar

valuesasothernichesthatarealreadyestablishedaswell-integratedassociation.These

representanadd-onpotentialofLØS,LØBandBofællesskab.dkwheretinyhousingmaybe

integratedassub-categories.Throughanegotiationframeworkwheretinyhousingadaptto

ecologicalbuildingmethodsandgatherinlarge-scaledcommunitiesratherthansmall-scaled

projects.Forthenichetoachievetransitionthemostimpactfulpathwaysarediffusionby

proactivereplicationandup-scaling.Diffusionthroughthesepathwaysdemandsfortiny

housingtomanageastrategyofgovernancewhereactorsdefineapolicyframeworkthatis

easieraccommodatedbygovernment.

Keywords:Tinyhousing,transitiontheory,multi-levelperspective,grassrootsinnovation,governance


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PrefaceThisthesis,ATinyDenmark?,iscompletedonthe4thsemesterofthestudyprogramme

SustainableCitiesMScatAalborgUniversityCopenhagen.

ThereportapproachestinyhousingasasustainablenicheinaDanishcontextbyaskingof

whatthenicherepresentsandhowit,asasustainablehousingsolution,reachestransition.

Thebaselineofthisthesisconsidersgovernanceoftinyhousingandactorsinvolvedwith

protectingtheniche.

IhaveappliedtheHarvardreferencingmethodwherereferencesarecreatedasfollows;

(Author/publisher,year)

Iwouldliketothankthemanyactorswhohavecontributedwiththeirknowledge,

experiencesandpersonalstoriesofwhytheyengageintinyhousing.Itisatopicofcomplexity

andlegalprohibitionsthatrequiresanattitudeofsurplustocommitto.Aspecialthanktomy

networkwhoIhavebeenincontinuouslycontactwith;JensRandrup,JetteØstergaard,

DennisLythFrederiksenandFrederikBusck.

AdditionallyIwouldliketothankmysupervisorJesperOleJensen,whopatientlyhasguided

methroughaprocessandstraightenoutbumpsontheroad.


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IntroductionTheworldpopulationhasexceeded7,5billionpeopleandispredictedtoreachalmost10

billionin2050(Ritzau,2015).Atthesametimeurbanareasarerapidlygrowingand

constitutecentresofheavyresourceflowsandconsumption.Withtheincreasingamountof

peoplewithbasicneedssuchasfood,goods,spaceandhousinglivingtinyisonealternativeto

meettheglobaldemandforsustainableactionsincelessspace=lessenergyconsumption=

lessmaterialuse=lessusageofrawmaterialresource=lessenvironmentalimpact.

AccordingtoareportdevelopedbytheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)forUN

Environment,thebuildingsectorin2017worldwideaccountedfor39%ofthetotalenergy

relatedCO2emissions(UNEnvironment,2017)representingagreatpotentialforenergy

reduction.

Newtechnologiesresultinenergyefficientsolutionsforhouseholdstoconsumelessenergy.

Thisraisesaquestionofhowinnovativeandsustainablesolutionscouldbeintegratedwithin

thebuildingsectortomeettheincreasingdemandforloweringitsenergyconsumption(U.S.

EnergyInformation,2013).

Livingintinyhousesisnotanewconcept.Swissarchitect,cityplanneranddesignerLe

Corbusierintroducedthe1920-30’sfunctionalismandminimalismwhereheconsidered

minimalisticarchitecturetobefunctional,aestheticandsocial.Hefocusedonurban

environmentswantingbetterlivingconditionsforpeopleincrowdedcities(Renzi,2013).In

1952CorbusiercompletedTheCabanon–amicrocosm–withonlyoneroominspiredbyhis

ownmantra;‘ahouseisamachineforliving’(LeCorbusier,1986pp.107)measuringonly12x

12feet,correspondingtoapprox.3,6x3,6metres.

AnotherarchitectintroducingtheinitialthoughtsbehindtinyhousemovementwasAmerican

architectFrankLloydWright.IntheendoftheGreatDepressionin1936heintroducedthe

UsonianHousepurposedtoprovideaffordable,simpleandsmallhousingforeveryonein

society(Craven,2019).Inhislaterwork,Wrightbecamemoredeterminedtodownsize.Inhis

bookTheNaturalHouse’(1954)WrightformulatesUsonianAutomaticclearlydescribinghow


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houseownerscouldeasilybuildasmallhousethemselves;small,one-storey,moderately

pricedhousesconstructedfromnaturalmaterialsanddesignedaestheticallypleasant.

(Wright,1954)

Themoderntinyhousemovement,asthegeneraldenotationoflivingintinyhouses,beganin

thelate1980’sbutitwasnotuntiltheaftermathofhurricaneKatrinas’massdestructionsin

2005themovementgotattentionsincebuildingtinyhousesbecameanemergencytoolfor

peoplewholosttheirhomes.Acoupleofyearslaterwiththefinancialandhousingcrisisin

2007-2008themovementreallygainedmomentumandpresentedaviablehousing

alternative,affordableforregularUScitizens(Bradley,2016).

Downsizinginsquaremetressuddenlybecameanefficientwayofgettingridoftheenormous

mortgagespeoplefoundthemselvesin.TheNewYorkerdescribesinanarticle:

‘Therhetoricofpresentdaytiny-houselivingbeginswiththeassertionthatbighouses,aside

frombeingwastefulandenvironmentallynoxious,aredebtors’prisons”(Wilkinson,2011).

TinyhousemovementoriginatesfromUSAwithanideologybasedonarchitecturalandsocial

values.Forsomeitmayindicateaphilosophicalapproachtolifeandforotherslivingintiny

housesmaybereasoneddifferently.Todaytinyhousemovementexiststhroughbooks,

articles,YouTubevideosandTV-showsandisfoundedonthreepillars:Ecology,Economyand

Philosophy/Socialphilosophy(Ibid).

Thereisnohomogenousdefinitionorrequirementsforhowatinyhouseissupposedtobe

builtorlooklike.Thegeneralconceptionoftinyhousesisamobileconstructionthatmaybe

buildontrailerplatformsanddoestypicallynotexceedapprox.46m2(UVM,2019).

Accordinglythemovementisbotharchitecturallyandsociallygroundedwheresimpleliving

playsanimportantrole(Wilkinson,2011).Livingintinyhousesisnotmerelylivingsmallbut

isalsoalifestyleofminimalismandsimplicity.Todaythemovementhasgrowninpopularity

andexpandedtomanyothercountriesaroundtheworld.

Livingsmallprovidesresidentswithaneconomicfreedommostpeopledonotaccesswhen

livinginalarge,expensivehouse.Withtinyhousingcomesanincreasingdemandfor

innovativedesignsolutionswherefunctionalityisakeyelement.Tinyhouseprojectsshared


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oncommercialplatformsofferavarietyofnewandfunwaysofdesigningspacesfor

multifunctionalpurposes.Examplesofthismaybestorageroombeneaththestaircase,

foldablefurnitureorchoiceofwallpainttomakeroomsappearbigger.

ProblemareaInUSAtinyhousingisawell-establishednichepresentinganalternativehousingsolutionto

theexistingregime.WhyhasthiswayoflivingbecomesopopularintheUSandhowdoesit

takepartintodaysplanninginDenmark?Thisthesisexploresthephenomenontinyhousing

anddiscusseshowtinyhousinginDenmarkrepresentsanicheproposingasustainable

housingalternativetotheexistingregime.NumbersfromBoligashowhowweinDenmarkin

thisdecade,10-20’s,hasbuildnewhousingonalevelcorrespondingtothe60’sand70’s

buildingboom(Rebsdorf,2019).Atthesametimehousinghasgonethroughatransition

wherethebuiltenvironmentrepresentsmuchmorethanjustaphysicalconstruction.Todays’

housingispartofaplannedenvironmentwherearchitectsandplannersworkwithissuesas

sustainability,lifebetweenbuildings,defeatingloneliness,optimizinguseofspace,co-livingetc.

(Krausing,2019).Thebuildingsectorfindsitselfinanexperimentalperiodapproachingthis

newroleofwhatisdemandedfortodays’housing.Anthropologieshaveresearchedinhowwe

considerahometobeaconditioncreatedbyitsresidentsthroughouttime.Ahomeisfullof

feelingsandisabigpartofouridentity(Vacher,2010).Underthispremisemymotivational

backgroundisrootedintheintersectionbetweenwhatisdemandedoftodays’housingwhile

atthesametimeattemptingtointegratesustainabletechnologies.Tinyhousingissuchan

exampleandeversinceIwasintroducedtothephenomenonIwantedtolookdeeperintothis

wayofliving.Throughsocialmediaandstreamingservicestinyhousingispresentedasa

romanticwayofseekingeconomicandpersonalfreedomwhileintroducinginnovativedesign

solutions.ThisromanticismIwanttoaddressandinsomewaysaccept.Iftinyhousingreally

isasustainablehousingsolutionthatadditionallyrepresentsotherlifevaluesthenwhyisthis

nichenotmorepresentinnewhousingprojectsinDenmark?

AsresultoftheproblemareaIhavedevelopedfollowingresearchquestion;

HowhastinyhousemovementbeenadaptedinaDanishcontextandhowmayaframeworkfortransitionappearasinordertopromotethissustainablenicheinbothanurbanandruralcontext?


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Subquestionsareindicatorsstructuringthewayofhowtoanswertheresearchquestion.To

answeraboveresearchquestionIhavedevelopedfollowingsubquestions:

- Whatistinyhousemovementandwhatdoesthenicherepresent?

- HowandwhereistinyhousingpresentinDenmark?

- Whatarethemainbarriersfortinyhousingprojectstoberealized?

- Whoaretheactorsgoverningtinyhousing?

- Wheredoestinyhousingpositionsaccordingtoaniche-regimerelation

- Howmaytinyhousingachievetransition?

Inordertoanswersubquestionsaliteraturestudystatestheartoftinyhousinginaglobal

contextfollowedbyempiricalgroundedevidencenarrowingdownintolocalprojects

concernedwithtinyhousinginitiativesinDenmark.LookingthroughtheglassesofGeels’

(2002)theoreticalframeworkofmulti-level-perspectiveIwanttodiscusshowtinyhousingin

Denmarkrepresentsanicheandhowitpositionsinrelationtotransitiontotheregime.For

thispurposethereareseveralstrategies;Strategicnichemanagement(Kempetal.1998;

Geels&Raven2006)andbottomuptransitionstrategies(Smith2003&2007).AdditionallyI

lookintodifferentthreedifferentpathsoftransitionformulatedbyBoyer(2018);replication,

up-scalingandtranslation.LastlyIshedlightontheroleofactorsongovernancelevelinorder

todiscusstheirfunctionsinthesestrategiesandpathsoftransition.

RelevanceThebuildingsectorisincreasinglydemandingforinnovativesustainabletechnologies

purposedtominimizeCO2emissionsderivingfromthebuildingprocesswhereenvironmental

impactsfrommanufacturingandtransportationofbuildingmaterial,demolitionandother

activitiesareincluded.Whenahouseisbuilt,carbonemissionfromenergyforheatingand

cooling,lighting,appliancesandotherelectricequipmentaremaincomponentsin

environmentalimpacts.Tinyhousingoffersasustainablehousingalternativethatfroma

multi-levelperspectivemaysolveseveralproblemsinthebuiltenvironment.Thisnicheis

therebyrelevanttoexploreasapossiblesolutiontoaregimeofunsustainablebuilding

practices.


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BackgroundThischapterpresentsrelevantfindingsontinyhousingconcernedwiththetechnologyinan

NorthernAmericancontext.

TinyhousingandsustainabilityInDenmark,noremarkablescientificresearchhasbeenconductedonthetopicconsidering

whetherpeoplelivingintinyhousespractiseamoresustainablelifestylethanregular

homeowners.However,suchresearchhasbeendonebyMariaSaxtoninherPh.D.for

Americantinyhouseresidents.Saxtonconductedsurveysfrom80ownerswhohadlivedin

theirtinyhouseforatleastayear.Fromacalculationoftheecologicalfootprintsofthe

residentsinthe80households,beforeandaftermovingintotheirtinyhouses,Saxton

concludedthattheyreducedtheirindividualfootprintsby45%.Furthermoreresidents

changedtomoresustainablebehaviourparticularlywhenitcametoconsumptionpatterns.

Theresidentspurchasedlessfurniture,clothing/footwear,householdappliances,electronics,

booksandmagazines(Saxton,2019).

InDenmark,tinyhousingisarathernewconceptandforplannersandotheractorsintegrated

indevelopingthebuiltenvironmentitisessentialtohavefactualgroundedknowledgeon

whetherthesenewtypesofdwellingsactuallyaresustainableorjustpromotethemselves

beingsustainable.ResearchlikeSaxton’scontributegreatlytounderstandthepotentialtiny

housingpresentsasasustainabletechnologyandsuggestsatoolforplannerstoworkwith.

Motivesbehindlivinginatinyhouse

Whydopeoplewanttopackuptheirlivesintoasmallamountofspace?

Inherthesis,Mutter(2013)fromLundUniversityexaminedtinyhousesinNorthernAmerica.

Onbehalfofresearchfromarticles,newspapers,magazines,onlineblogsandYouTubevideos

combinedwithinterviewsoftinyhouseownersMutter(2013)concludedonmotivationsfor

thischoiceofhousing.Commonformostpeopleshefoundhowlivingintinyhouseswasa

waytoescapefromexpectationsofsociety.Mutterdiscoveredfollowingmotivational

backgroundsfortinyhouseownerslivingintinyhousingtobe:


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- Asimplerlife

- Sustainability/Environmentalism

- Cost

- FreedomandMobility

- AlternativeFormsofCommunity

- DesignandBuilding

(Mutter,2013Pp.47)

Thesemotivationspresentwhypeoplewanttoliveintinyhousesandprovideaninsightof

whatkindsofforcesmaysupportthemovementinDenmark.Additionallyitoffersanideaof

theclientsegmentbuyingintotinyhousing.

Anichemarketthathasbecomemainstream?

InthecountryoforiginUSA,thelistofbuildingcompaniessellingtailoredtinyhousesislong

(Sisson,2017).InanarticleintheacknowledgedlifestyleweblogApartmentTherapy,

journalistGraceStetsonargueshowtinyhouseswentfrombeingabudget-friendlyhousing

alternativethathasbecomeabusinessforcompaniesbuildingexpansiveluxurytinyhouses.

Thecommercialattentiontinyhouseswithinthelastdecadehasachievedhasbecomea

disserviceforitsfollowers.Oneofthereasonswhyisthelackofmarkettransparencywhere

buyershavenotbeenawareoftheadequatepricingsotheyhaveboughtoverpricedtiny

housesfrombuildingcompanies.Thishasresultedininflatedpriceswherecompanies

continuouslyhavebeenoverchargingcostumers.TinyhousedeveloperRandyJones,who

startedhiscompanyduetooutrageousmarketprices,isdevotedtobuildcheaptinyhouses

forthepeople.Heestimatesthattherearearound5.000tinyhousebuildingcompaniesin

USA,duetoan‘internetobsession’creatingagreatmarketforbuilderstoexploit.Nowthe

marketisoversaturatedandcompanieswillcontinuetobuildasmuchasthemarketallows

for(Stetson,2019).


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StateoftheartThischapterpresentstopicsrelatedtotinyhousinginDenmarkinordertounderstandthe

regimeinwhichtinyhousingasanicheattemptstotransit.

HousingsizeinDenmark

IngeneralhousingsizesinDenmarkhaveincreased.Inthebeginningofthe1900’sthe

generalhousingsizepr.personwas12,5m2.Inthe50’sthisnumberdoubledto25m2and

todayitredoubledagaintoapprox.52m2pr.personwhichisamongthebiggestworldwide

(Grossman,2017).IntheinterwarperiodsomeCopenhagencitizensevenlivedon1,6m2pr.

person(Gadeberg,2016).

AccordingtoStatisticsDenmark(DanmarksStatistik)thenumberofresidentsperhousehold

hasdecreasedfrom2,6to2,1persons.RealEstateeconomistMortenSkakformulateshow

peopletodayaremorelikelytolivealonewhichindicateshowsinglestendtooccupyhousing

meantformorethanjustoneperson(Gadeberg,2016).Whenitcomestonewhousing

development,the98differentmunicipalitiesinDenmarkhavetherighttodecidesize,

quantity,type,locationetc.(Larsen,2017).Asanexample,CopenhagenMunicipalitydecided

in2005onaruledemandingfornewhousingtobe95m2inaveragesizeandaminimumof

752(Herby,2018).Motivationforthisregulationwastoattractresourcefulfamiliesand

promoteamixedcompositionofresidents(ibid).

TinyhousinginDenmarkInapodcastbyden2radio,architectandprofessoratDanishBuildingResearchInstitute,(SBi,

StatensByggeforskningsinstitut)Claus-BechDanielsenargueswhylivingintinyhousesseems

appealing:

‘Ithinkmanypeoplearedreamingofasmallretreatinnaturewhereyouarelivingallby

yourself…itislocateddeepintothewoods,attheocean,inanoldindustrialareaormaybeeven

ontopofaskyscraper…whereyouhaveatinyretreat.Thatissomethingwecanseehasbecome


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verytrendythesedays…’(Bech-DanielseninGrossmann,D.K.2017.Atbo:‘Tinyhouses–mobil,

minimalistiskogmidlertidig.Den2radio)

FurthermoreBech-Danielsenargueshowarchitectsthroughoutthepastcenturyhaveworked

withminimalisminhousingbuttheactualtinyhousemovementhasjustrecentlyentered

Denmarkbyfragmentedprojectsspreadaroundthecountry.Accordingtohimthetrendof

livingsmallerisaresponsetogrowthinhousingsizeinthe20thcenturythathasexploded

andthemovementwillgrowbiggerinthefollowingyearsandgainagreaterimpactonthe

waypeoplelive(Grossmann,2017).

Bech-DanielsenhasstudiedhousingtrendsinEuropeandduringhisresearchhebecame

awareofmicro-housing.Therearedifferentreasonsofwhypeopletendtosqueezeintoless

space.InCopenhagenitismoreorlessamatterofapressureduetocircumstances

dominatedbyexpensivehousing(Bech-Danielsen,2019).Atthesametimebigcitiesbecome

moreliveableandtrendyreasoningwhyfamilieswanttostaybuthavetodownsizedue

economicability.Othersactivelychoosethiswayoflivingbecauseofideologywhereidentity

andhousingbecomemoreattached.Someofthesepeoplemayaffordtolivebiggerbutthey

wanttodownsizeandquestiontheexistingdefinitionsoffamilyvaluesanduseofresources

(ibid).

Planningfortinyhousing?TinyhousingisnotconsideredaspartoftheDanishplanningparadigmsincetinyhousesare

notcharacterizedasinhabitable(Frederiksen,2019).Duetoamissingdefinitiontinyhouses

aredifficulttoimplementinstructuralregulationsandzoningreasoningwhythisalternative

housingsolutionisnotimplementedinlocalplanning.Hencetinyhousingdoesnottakepart

inplanningofthebuiltenvironmentinDenmark.Bureaucraticinstitutionsarenotsureof

thembeingmobilehomes,motorhomes,accessorydwellings,temporaryhousingetc.Some

arguehowmobilityispartofatinyhousewithwheelsintegratedinthefoundationbutothers

donotconsidermobilitytobeimportant.Whetheratinyhouseismeantfortemporaryor

permanentuse,bothconstellationscomewithasetoflegislativeconsiderations.Alltypesof

houseshavetomeettherequirementsofTheBuildingRegulation(BR),anadministrative

orderthatspecifiesthedemandsoftheBuildingAct(Byggeloven)(Nielsen,2018).Itdefines


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standardsthatbuildingsarerequiredtoaccommodateintermsofjustifiablecraft,technique

andsafety.ThecurrentBuildingRegulation,(BR18),isfrequentlyrevisedasaresultofnew

techniques,researchandchangeinpolitics.Thiscouldbeinmaterialuse,indoorclimate,

energylossetc.(Ibid).

TinyhouseresidentDennisLythFrederiksen,hasbuildhisowntinyhouseandistheauthor

ofthebookMitTinyHouse(2019).Frederiksens’bookisanexampleofhowregulations

concernedwithtinyhousescanbeinterpretandcarriedout.Fundamentallythelegislation

lacksanexplicitacknowledgementofalternativeconstructionsthataresuitablefor

inhabiting.NeithertheBuildingActnorBuildingRegulationaddresssmallhousingsizeand

sincethereisnospecificdefinitionoftinyhousingtherearesomedifferentcategorieswith

belonginglegislativecommitmentsthattinyhousesmaytrytofitinto.Thesecategorisations

aresingle-familyhouse,detachedhouse,flats,transportableconstructionorcaravans.Within

thesecategorieslieBRrequirementsthatcomplicatethesmallsizeelement.BRrequirements

speciallyinhibitingfortinyhousesarerelatedtoinsulation,energyconsumption,drainpipes,

indoorfurnishingandwater(Frederiksen,2019).Frederiksenargueshow,asitistoday,the

mostsuitablewayforaself-buildertoaccommodatelegalrequirements,isbycategorizing

yourtinyhouseasatransportableconstruction.Eventhoughitpermittedtoinhabitallyear

roundandisbylawrequiredtochangelocationeverysixweeksthiswayyouachievealegal

construction.Itisuptomunicipalitiestoenforcelegislation,whichcanbedifficultand

resourceful(Frederiksen,Facebookcorrespondence13/9-2019).

BesidesBRrequirementsasubsequentbarrieriswheretoputyourtinyhouse.ThePlanning

ActispurposedtosecureacoherentplanningoftheDanishlandscapeaccommodating

societal,naturalandenvironmentalissueswhilecreatingagoodframeworkofgrowthand

development(Retsinformation,n.d).Inordertocreatedefinedboundariesbetweencitiesand

theopenland,Denmarkisdividedintothreezones;urbanzones,ruralzonesandzonesfor

holidayhomes(Erhvervsstyrelsen,2018).Zoningisatoolthatsupportsanorganisedand

plannedsettlementinDenmarkandallowsformunicipal-andlocalplanningauthoritiesto

handlecityplanningaccordingtomunicipalpriorities(Ibid).Plotratio,distancetoboarders,

requirementsforimplementationandsuchlikeisdecidedthroughacombinationoflegislation

forthespecificzoneandtheexistinglocalplan(Sode&Jensen,2017).Thesespecific


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requirementsarechallengingfortinyhousestoaccommodateandcomplicateacquirementof

abuildingpermission.Additionallyitisforallself-buildprojectsatimedemandingand

bureaucraticprocesstoovercomealllegislativeactswithnoprofessionalhelp.

DanishcompaniesoccupiedwithtinyhousingThissubsectionstatestheartofcompaniesoccupiedwithtinyhousinginDenmark.By

presentingbuildingcompaniesandarchitectswhohaveintegratedtinyhousingelementsin

theirworkitispossibletocreateanideaofthedegreeofprofessionalinterestinthe

movementinaDanishcontext.Whenaddressingtinyhousingasanicheitisimportantto

understandwhatkindsofactorswhoareprofessionallyinvested.

TinyHouseLivingTinyHouseLivingisaDanishentrepreneurship,foundedbyMichaelHenneckeandLasse

Nielsenwhospecializeinbuildingtinyhouses.Theylaunchedtheirfirsthousein2017and

areoneoftheonlybuildingcompaniesmainlyfocusingontinyhousebuilding.Henneckeand

Nielsenexperiencedasocietywherestudentsandrefugeeswhereputinpooraccommodation

andtheywantedtochangethisbycreatinggoodqualityhomesforthesepeople.Forthemit

wasimportanttobuildyear-roundresidencewithkitchen,bathroomandwashingmachine.

Theyacknowledgethetrendofdownsizing,somethingthathasalsoreachedseniors,families

andbusybusinesspeople.OfficiallyTinyHouseLiving‘gavebirth’tothefirsttinyhouseon

wheelsinDenmarkin2016(Mayner,2017).ThiswassimilartotheAmericanmobile

constructiononwheelswithmeasuresallowingforittobemovedasacaravanontheDanish

roads.AdditionallyTinyHouseLivinghasbuiltatinyhouseavailableforAirbnb.Itcanbe

pickedupinOdder,wherethecompanyislocated,andtransportedtowhateverlocationis

wanted(tinyhouseliving.dk,n.d)

AddaroomIn2010thecompanyAddaroomwascreatedwiththepurposeofbuildingsmallmodular

andmovablehousingunitsofhighqualityfromsustainablematerials.Flexibilityisan

importantaspectandthehousingunitsaredesignedinawaythatallowsforyoutoadd,

removeormoveamodulesoitfitsnewdemandsorthenaturalenvironment.Thehousesare


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designedbyarchitectLarsFrankNielsenwhofocusesonaminimalisticexpressionwherethe

modulesaresuitedforstandingaloneorbeingattachedtoeachother.

(addaroom.dk,n.d.)

BÅKSThisSilkeborgbasedbuildingcompanyspecialisesinmodularboxesashousingunits.Similar

toAddaroom,BÅKSdeliverssmallunitsasannexesorasuniquedetachedhousing.Theyare

builtincorrelationtoregularhousingstandardsmeetingBR18requirements.BÅKSdelivers

modulestolocationsallaroundDenmark(båks.dk,2019)

SimplyBohemeSimplyBohemeisasmallcompanyinDragørspecialisedinbuildinganddesigningsmall

mobilehouses.KarenRosendalworkedasastewardessfor23yearsbeforeshein2014quit

herjobtobecomeself-employedatSimplyBoheme.Rosendalfoundtheideaofanaesthetic

andsimplelifeappealingandwantedtobuildasmallretreatforherselfwhereshecouldhave

herownspacewithouthusbandandchildren.Are-makeofanoldcaravanof17m2wasthe

resultthatafterwardsbecameabusinessidea(Vöge,2015).SimplyBohemeoffersfour

differentmodelsofsmallhousinginthesizerangeof10-21m2from128.000–268.000kr.

Thesmallcaravansarebuiltbyfewemployeesofmaterialsfromspecialisedsuppliers

(simplyboheme.com,n.d.)

ArcgencyCopenhagenbasedarchitectcompanyArcgencyoccupieswiththeintersectionbetween

architectureandsustainability.Theyadaptnewbuildingmethodsandtechniquesintotheir

buildingsandintegratere-usabilityandlife-cyclestrategies.ThemanifestofArcgencyisto

createarchitectureinharmonywithnaturewhendevelopingliveablecities.RCA,Resource

ConsciousArchitecture,isavalueArcgencyintegrateintheirworkbydoinglotsofresearch,

dialoguewithprofessionalsandtesting(arcgency.com,n.d(1))Theyhavebuiltaluxury

micro-housemadeoutofsteelforthedesigncompanyVIPPandisthearchitectsbehind

CPHVillageRefshaleøenhousingstudentsinup-cycledcontainers(arcgency.com,n.d.(2)).


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TinyhousingprojectsinDenmarkTinyhousingastheAmericanconceptmaynotbeadapted1:1inbuildingprojectsbutin

ordertounderstandthescaleofwhichtinyhousingexistsinDenmarkfollowingissucha

suggestion.Someofthefollowingprojectswillbeelaboratedonnow,someinalateranalysis

anddiscussionandrestispointedoutonthemapbelowsincetheseareonlyrecentlydecided

onandlackspecifiedwritteninformation.Commonfortheseprojectsishowtheyhavean

articulatedvisionthatcorrelateswithtinyhousing.Thearticulationdiffersandreasonswhy

theexactarticulationoftheseprojectsishighlightedonthemap.

NREPisadevelopercompanypursuingamoresustainablelong-termvaluedrealestate

projectsintheNordiccountries(nrep.com.n.d).ThroughamultidisciplinaryteamNREP

seekstoimprovethebuiltenvironmentandensureliveablecities.TogetherwithLendager,

ÅrstiderneArkitekterandMoeogArup,NREPisbehindtheUN17VillageprojectinØrestad

South.BasedonUN’s17sustainabledevelopmentgoalstheprojectactivelyimplementsa

holisticsustainabilityapproachinthenewvillageexpectedtobehabitablein2023

(Gregersen,2018).Fivedifferentblockssupportdifferenthousingtypologiesapproaching

differentkindsofresidentsfromfamilies,singles,studentsandseniors.Amongsttheseare

minimalhousingunits.Additionallyvariouscommonareasandfacilitiesareofferedsuchas

dininghall,bathinghouse,garage,commonroometc.(ibid).

FridlevisanupcominghousingcommunityinHvalsø,experimentingwithnewwaysofliving

inasocialfellowship.Itisinspiredbyoldercooperativemovementsandstatestobepartof

tinyhousemovementofferingsmallandsimplehousingatalowcost.Theprojectis

developedbyAlmenR,acompanyfrom2017facilitatinghousingcommunitiesonaplatform

ofmorethan8.000members(Sevel,2020).Fridlevoffersminihousesat40m2bothasrental

orownership.Additionallythecommunityoffersthreeacresofcommonparkarea,300m2

commonhousingandspaceforofficecommunity(Almenr.dk,n.d).Anothercurrentproject

integratingsmallhousingsizeisRobusteSmåBoligersupplyingEgedalMunicipalitywith106

newhousingdistributedinfourdifferentareaswithinmunicipalboardersinMåløv,Stenløse

andØlstykke.Housingassociation3BandEgedalMunicipalityinitiatedtheprojectthatis

realizedbycontractorG.V.LEnterpriseincooperationwitharchitectsLeth&Gori,Bjerg

ArkitekturLassenLandskabandAdvisoryengineersEKJ(Adolfsen,2019).RobusteSmå


18

Boligerentailsfourhousingtypologies,allsemi-detachedhousingunits,intherangeof45to

60m2.Ineachofthefourareastherewillbeacommunityhouseandgreencommonareas.

Thevisionistocreateaffordableandsustainablehousingavailablefortheweakestinsociety

(Ibid).Insamecategoryaninitiativehousingfragilecitizenscalled‘skæveboliger’was

introducedin2009withthepurposeofallowingformunicipalitiestobesubsidisedwhen

developingthesetypesofhousing.In2017,504‘skæveboliger’wereerectedin16Danish

municipalitieswithahousingsizeintherange22-53m2(Transport-,Bygnings–og

Boligudvalget,2017).CurrentlyarchitectLeth&Goritogetherwithbuildingassociation3B,

CopenhagenMunicipalityandEgenVindingogDatteraredeveloping34‘skæveboliger’in

AmagerandKøbenhavnNordvest(Blindkilde,2018).AsimilarprojectistheAarhusbased

ProjektUDENFOR.Housingforhomelessisasocietalissuethatcanbeansweredby

downsizingandProjektUDENFORbuildstinyhousestogetherwiththehomelesswhoinhabit

them.Sixtinymobileconstructionscurrentlyconstituteahousingcommunitywhere

inclusion,sustainablearchitecture,diversity,respectandcarearekeyvalues.Theprojectis

supportedbyDenEuropæiskeFondforBistandtildeSocialDårligstStillede(FEAD)and

realizedbyvariouscontributorsandcollaboratorsamongstothersArkitekterUdenGrænser

(udenfor.dk,2019)

ThemapbeneathvisualizesthepresentedDanishtinyhousingprojects:


19

TheseprojectsindicatehowtinyhousingispresentinDenmarkbothasatoolofnecessity

providingaffordablehousingbutalsoasasustainableanattractivehousingalternative

developedtopeoplechoosingthiswayofliving.

GrobundAssens:’Off-gridtinyhouses’Upcomingprojectn.d

GrobundEbeltoft:’off-gridtinyhouses’.Expected2020

GrobundBrenderup:’off-gridmobilehousingwheresomearetinyhouses’.Expected2021.

ProjektUdenfor’Levefællesskabet’,Aarhus:’6tinyhousesgatheredinacommunityinhabitedbyformerlyhomeless.2019

EgtvedCamping:’onetinyhousepossibletorent.ItisrentedoutbyTinyHouseLivingtothecampingsite’.2018

CPHVillageRefshaleøen:’mobilehousinginrefurbishedcontainers’.2018

Eco-villageKorsvejgård.Måløv:’mikroboliger’.Expected2021

SmallLivingAlbertslund:’smallhousing’.Upcomingproject.n.d

UN17Villageproject,KøbenhavnØrestaden’minimalhousingunitsinoneoutoffiveblocks’Exptected2023

’RobusteSmåBoliger’,EgedalMunicipality’102Smallhousingunitsforlessresourcesfulpeople’Expected2020

Municipalitywith’skæveboliger’

Fridlev,Lejre:’Housingcommunityofferingminihousesat40m2’Expected2022’

Figur1:ShowshousingprojectsinDenmarkwithanintegratedvisionoftinyhousing


20

LiteraturereviewAcademicliteratureontinyhousingissparse.Literatureismainlyconcernedwitharticles,

blogs,non-academicbooksandYouTubevideos.Howeverthisdoesnotindicatethatthistype

ofliteratureisnotrelevant.Thischapterincludesliteraturewrittenontinyhouseasan

ideologyrootedinaNorthernAmericancontextfollowedbyexamplesoutsideAmerican

boardersinordertogetanideaofthemovements’footholdglobally.

‘TheNotSoBig’philosophyTheUSarchitectSarahSusanka,isfounderofthe‘NotSoBig’philosophy.Inherbook‘TheNot

SoBigHouse’from1998,sheexpressesaresistancetowardsthewayofthinkingthatbiggeris

better.The‘NotSoBig’approachequalstheindividualwithsustainabilitybyphrasingthe

motto:

“Sustainabilitybeginsathome.Itbeginswithyou.”(Susanka,S.&Obolensky,K.1998:Thenot

sobighouse.Pp.2)

AccordingtoSusankaitisnottheamountofspacethatconstitutesaliveablehousebutthe

designthatfitstodays’moreinformallifestyle(Susanka&Obolensky,1998).Shetranslates

architectureintohowweinhabitourlives.Livingsmallinitselfisofnovalueifwedonotslow

downandliveinthemoment,cultivatingthingsinourlifethatmakesushappy.Susanka

believeshowthereisaconnectionbetweenthe‘NotSoBigLife’philosophyandgreenliving

(Vouchilas,2015).AccordingtoSusanka,ahouseshouldonlyhavespacesthatareuseddaily

andnotirregularly.In2007Susankapublishedyetanotherbook‘NotSoBigLife’thatdoes

notonlyfocusonthearchitecturalaspectofdownsizingbutalsotargetsgoalsinlife.This

philosophytransformstheequation,where‘life’becomesthemediuminsteadof‘house’and

reconsider‘time’insteadof‘space’(Abrams,2015).Itisnotjustaboutbuildingasmaller

houseforyouandyourfamily;itistheconceptofconcretizingtheessenceofwhatmakesyou

happyandstress-free.Thestrongtiesbetweenarchitectureandwell-beingisarticulatedby

Susankaasaproductoftoday’shousingmarket:


21

“Withallthechallengesinthehousingmarket,it’sclearweneedanewvisionforthewaywe

designourhomes,ourcommunities,andevenourlives”(Susanka,S.inSchwolsky,2011)

Additionally,Susankadefinesthisnewvisionasalifedesignandhowsheexploresthe

underlyingorderofhowtoensureagoodlifedesign.Buildingsmallisakeyfactorbecauseit

promotesalifedesignbeginningwiththeindividualandtheirhomesandnottheotherway

around(Vouchilas,2015).Susankewishesforeveryoneandnotjustthefewtorecognise

valuesoflivingsmaller.Herrecipeissimple:

“Themoreofuswholivesthisway,themorethemessagewillspread.It’scontagious.”(Susanka,

S.2008.Pp.3)

PioneeringtinyhousinginUSAEnvironmentalConsultantJayShaferisconsideredtopioneertinyhousemovementinUSA.

HemovedintohisowntinyhouseeighteenyearsagoinIowaandeversincehehasbuiltand

designedtinyhomesforothers.Todayheownsthe

design–andbuildingcompany‘TumbleweedTiny

HouseCompany’andliveswithhiswifein

Californiainhisthirdtinyhouse.Shaferwrotehis

firstarticlealreadyin1999andtodayhisCV

resumeofpublishesincludesanumberofbooks.

Shaferhasamaster’sdegreeinfineartspainting

andthroughpaintinghebegancaringmoreabout

formandproportionratherthansubjectmatter.

Thisbecamethekick-offtohisideologyoflivingwithlessmaterialisticstuff,givinguphis

apartmentsleepingonamattresscoveredbyapieceofplastic.GivinguppaintingShafer

devotedhimselftoexplorethiswayoflivingwithanideaofbeingabletofallasleepwherever

feelingtired.Heboughta1964Airstreamtraveltrailerandrenovateditsoitbecameliveable

forpermanentaccommodation.ThisbecamethebeginningofShafers’hobbyofdrawingand

designingsmallhouses(Wilkinson,2011).Thushesoonbecamefamiliarwiththe

InternationalCodeCouncil’sbuildingcodesconsideringthesesmallhousesillegalaccording

Picture1:JayShaferoutsidehistinyhouse.Credit:(Langston,2018)


22

toitsrecommendations.NowShaferbecamededicatedtofigureouthowtodesignasuitable

solutionthatwouldbelegaltoinhabitdespitesitstinysize(Shafer,2010).

TinyhousingastemporarysolutiontourbanizationThesecondlargestcityintheNetherlandsisabouttobuildupto3.000mobiletinyhousesas

aresponsetothecity’shousingcrisis.WhileRotterdamisinaprocessofbuildingpermanent

commonhousing,thesetinyhousesaredesignedtoreducethepressureonthehousing

marketasatemporarysolution.Theprefabricatedhousesare39m2insizeandprovide

housingforlow-incomeresidentsonlyforapproximatelyadecadewhilepermanenthousing

isbuild.ThisexampleisnotuniqueintheNetherlands

wheremanycitiesexperimentintemporarymicro-

neighbourhoodsofmobileprefabricatedhousing.In

general,citiesaroundthecountryaddresssizing

requirementsfornewhousinginorderto

accommodatetheincreasinghousingdemand.In

Nijerk,asmallcityanhourawayfromRotterdama

tinyhousecommunityof28housingunitsarealready

establishedandillustrateshowfuturetemporarycommunitiesinthefuturemaylooklike

(O’Sullivan,2018).

TinyhousingasresearchobjectIn2016architectVanBo-LeMentzelfoundedtheNGO-associationTinyHouseUniversity

(tinyU)locatedinfrontofthemuseumBauhausArchivinBerlin.Togetherwithateamof

designers,educationactivistsandrefugeeshechallengesthewaywelivetoday(Gyulai-Gaal,

2018).Theprojectisrootedinbeliefsofnewarchitecturalmodelsastoolsforcreatingsocial

anddiverseneighbourhoodsdownsizinginspace.TinyUisaneducationalresearchproject

fightingforjustice,participation,socialequality,integration,democracy,sustainabilityand

righttohousing.TheorganisationisinspiredbyBauhausasautopianradicalphilosophyand

socio-criticpoliticalscientistLeopoldKorhwhophrased‘SmallisBeautiful’andreasonswhy

buildingsmall,beautifulandmovablehousingiskeyvaluefortinyU.

Picture2:TemporarytinyhousesinRotterdam.Credit:(O’sollivan,2018)


23

Mentzelargueshowwehavetodefinelivinginacityasacontributiontosociety(DiChiara,

n.d).Besidesbuildingtheyresearchonthemesas

tinyliving,temporarylivingintheurbanscene,

mobilestructures,strategiesforaffordablehousing,

legalaspectsoftinyhouses,permaculturedesign,

transformablefurniture(DiChiara,n.d).Prototype

testingisintegratedinthelearningprocessandis

awayofexperimentingwithdifferentdesigns.

‘Spaceforpossibility’isatermembeddedinthe

ideologywhichappreciatesthevalueofsmall

spacesevenjustat10m2.VolunteersandmembersoftheNGOareallowedtosleepinthe

housesaslongastheyaregoneby9amwhenthemuseumopens(Ibid).

TinyhousingascultureJapanhasafascinationofeverythingsmallandcute.Includinghomes.KawaiiistheJapanese

wordforcutenessandispartofJapaneseculturesince1970’swherethetrendwas

introducedthroughJapanesepopculture(Chey,2017).Overpopulatedcitiesandscarceliving

spaceisnothingnewinJapanandthepopulationhasalreadysincetheaftermathofWWII

beenlivingsmall.The70’srecoveryfromthe

warcamewithabuildingboomdemandingfor

smallurbanhousing.Tinyandflexiblehousing

becameatrendinthebiggercitiessuchas

Tokyo.KyoshojutakuistheJapanesetermfor

microhomeandrepresentsanexperimental

architecturethatre-thinkspurposesofthe

spacesweinhabit.Awardwinningarchitect

YasuhiroYamashitaisknownforhismicro-

housedesignsandexplainshisminimalisticapproachtoberootedinZenBuddhismsaying

that‘youdon’tneedmorethanhalfatatamimattostandandafullmattosleep’(CNN,2017).

ThisideologyhasinspiredYamashita’sfuturisticmicro-housesfrontrunninginaesthetic3-D

designstofullyexploitindoorspaceasfunctionallivingspace.Newdesignsandtechnology

hasonlymadethesequirkytinyhomesmorepopularinJapanandtodaytherearecountless

Picture3:TinyHouseUniversity.Credit:(DiChiara,n.d)

Picture4:Twodifferentdesignsofkyoshojutaka.Credit:(CNN,2017)


24

architectsoccupiedwithminimalistichousingdesign.Notonlyasresponsetohighdense

citiesbutalsoasculturalandreligiouswayofthinkingofhowahomeshouldbe.(Ibid)

TheoreticalframeworkThischapterpresentsthetheoreticalframeworkappliedtounderstandtinyhousingasa

nicheinDenmarkthroughamulti-levelperspective.

TechnologicalTransition(TT)throughMulti-LevelPerspective(MLP)TechnologicalTransitionisbyGeels(2002)describedasmajortechnologicaltransformation

inthewaysocialfunctionsarefulfilled(Geels,2002.Pp.1257).Suchashousing,transportation,

communicatione.g.AdditionallyGeelsproposessocialdimensionsofTTaschangeinuser

practices,regulation,industrialnetworks,infrastructureandsymbolicmeaningorculture

(ibid).Todayweexperienceagreaterfocusontransitionduetotheincreasedawarenesson

sustainableissuesdemandingforpolicymakers,companiesandNGO’stosupportinnovative

solutions.Multi-levelperspective(MLP)isananalytictoolintegratedinTTappliedfor

understandingthecomplexityanddynamicsofsociotechnicalchange.Thedifferentanalytic

levelsaredividedintoniches,regimesandlandscapes.Thesociotechnicallandscape(macro-

level)isrootedinprofoundstructuraltrendsandheterogeneousfactorssuchaspolitical

conditions,economicgrowth,oilprices,immigrationetc.thatcannoteasilybechanged.The

sociotechnologicalregime(meso-level)iseasierchangedthantheexistinglandscapeand

containsnetworkofactorsandsocietalgroups,rulesofformalandinformalcharacter,

technicalandmaterialcomponents.Itincludestechnologies,institutionsandactors.Rulesare

notautonomousunitsbutorganiseandlinktogetherwithinasocialrulesystem(Geels,2005).

Lastlycomesniche(micro-level)whereradicalinnovationisgeneratedandalternative

solutionsarecreated.Nicheschallengetheexistingregimeandofferaplaceforlearning

processes.Ifanicheiswell-establishedanstrongenoughitwillintervenewiththeregimeand

substitutecurrentpractises.Whenthelandscapeexperiencessocietalchangeitputsthe

regimeunderpressureaskingforinnovationoccurringwhennichesaredeveloped.Niches

havedifferentwaysofenteringtheregimewhereitmaybeintegratedwithintheregime

withoutnecessarilycompetingorreplacingit(Schot&Geels,2008).


25

FollowingfigurevisualizesthedifferentlevelsofMLP;

Figur2:Showsthethreehierarchicallyanalyticlevelsofmulti-levelperspective(Geels,2002.Pp.1261)

Theincreasingfocusonclimateisatopicthathasreachedpoliticalconditionsinthesocio-

technicallandscapepressuringnationalpoliticalagendasmanifestedinvariousregimesalso

thebuildingsectorandpremisestheresearchquestionofthisthesis.

BottomuptransitionstrategiesTransitionwithinsectorsmovingtowardsmoresustainableproductionandconsumption

patternsishighlymotivatedbyalternativemovements(Smith,2003).Alternativehousing

experimentsaredrivenbysocialactorswhoareinvolvedinalternativemovementsfighting

formaterialandsocialsustainability(ibid).Inordertocomprehendhowtransitionof

alternativesocio-technologicalnichesmayreachtransitionitisbeneficialtounderstandwhat

kindsofalternativenorms,valuesandpractisestheysuggest(Holmetal,2014).

Thisapproachunderstandstransitionthroughgovernance.Whenpoliticalprogramsand

planninginitiativesaredevelopedinordertosupportalternativetechnologyniches,an

analyticalframeworkhastobeincludedtosuccessfullyintegratethealternativevariationsto

theregime.Thisinteractionbetweenthenicheandregimecomeswithacomplexprocess

wherevaluesandknowledgeofthealternativenichetoacertainextentisadaptedtothe

regime.Smith(2007)addressesbottomuptransitionstrategiesofalternativetechnological

movementsandpresentstwoissuesintherelationbetweenalternativenichesandthe

regime:


26

- Add-onàwhenalternativenichesareintegratedinothernichepractises

- Negotiationframeworkàcompromisesmadeinordertofacilitateacommonground

forthealternativetechnologyandtheestablishedsector.Alternativenichesfind

tensionsintheregimetonavigatebyandseektonarrowtheirideologiesdownto

piecesthatmaybeintegratedinspecificpoliticalagendas.

StrategicNicheManagement(SNM)Strategicnichemanagementcomprehendstechnologyinasociologicalperspectivewhere

nichesareleadingthewaytoasustainabletransitionofthefutureregime(Schot&Geels,

2008).SNMconsiderstransformationtobeanevolutionaryprocess,takingplaceoverseveral

yearsthroughgovernanceandbusiness.MainobjectisforSNMtointegrateasustainable

developmentvisionintothetransformationprocessandapproachesaforward-lookingpolicy

forthistohappen.GovernanceallowsfornicheexperimentsandKempetal.(1998)describe

maingoalfortheseexperiments:

- Toarticulatechangesintechnologyandintheinstitutionalframeworkthatare

necessaryfortheeconomicsuccessofthenewtechnology

- Tobuildaconstituencybehindaproduct–offirms,researchers,publicauthorities–

whosesemi-coordinatedactionsarenecessarytobringaboutsubstantialshiftin

interconnectedtechnologiesandpractices.

(Kempetal.1998,pp.186)

Interactionbetweennewincentives,socialorganisations,consumptionpatternsand

alternativetechnologiesarecrucialiftransitionistobecarriedoutsuccessfully.Thefollowing

modelisdevelopedbyGeels&Raven(2006)andvisualisesinteractionbetweenlocal

experimentalprojectsandhowexperiencesandvariouselementsofthesestabilizeona

globalnichelevel.Thesefragmentedexperimentsgatherinsequencesandaccumulate

knowledge;


27

Figur3:Emergingtechnicaltrajectorycarriedbylocalprojects(Geels&Raven,2006.Pp.379)

Bergmanetal.(2008)definenicheactorsas‘individualsorsmallgroupsofactors,withlocal

practiceswhichdifferfromtheregime’(Bergmanetal,2008.Pp.3).Whenmanaginganiche

strategically,actorsembeddedintheprocessarerequiredtomanageexperimentsby

providinglocationandfacilitatelearningprocesses(Geels,2004).Howeveractorswho

managegovernanceofanichedependonpolicymakersandinstitutionsatgovernmentto

accommodatechanges.

ThreepathwaysoftransitionAcceptingthepremiseoftinyhousinginDenmarkbeingasustainablealternativehousing

technologycarriedoutbynicheactorsongovernanceleveltherearedifferentapproaches

towardstransition.Boyer(2018)presentshowgrassrootsinnovationdiffuseintothreepaths

oftransition;translation,replicationandup-scaling.Certainconditionsofthegrassroots

innovationencouragedifferentpathsoftransitionandintermediacydifferently.Intermediacy

isastatusdissolvingboundariesbetweennicheandregime.AdditionallyBoyer(2018)refers

to‘pragmaticutopias’asmovementsproposingasocio-environmentalcritiqueseekingto

involveindividualsandinstitutionsembeddedinthemainstream.Translationistheforemost

researchedpathwaysbyscholars.Throughathicktranslationtheregimeaccommodates

nichepracticesandvaluesandchangesdominantsocial,physicalandregulatorystructures

e.g.newlanduseregulations.Thintranslationprocessesoccurwhentheregimechangessome

elementsofthenicheandtransplantothers.Thepathwayofreplicationiswhenmorelocal

initiativesaredevelopedandspreadoutinformationconcernedwithvaluesandpracticesof

theniche.Thiscanbethroughconferences,workshops,educationandmouth-to-mouth


28

communicationinsideofthenetwork.Replicationappearsinthreeways;reactivelywithno

connectiontotheglobalniche,proactivelywhenguidedandsupportedbytheglobalnicheor

managedthroughapprovalofactorsintheglobalnichenetwork.Thesecategoriesimply

differentrelationsbetweenactorsongrassrootslevelandactorsonglobalnichelevel.Lastly,

diffusingthroughup-scalingisapathwaywherelocalprojectsexpandandreachoutsidethe

activistcoretoindividualswithnopriorconnectiontotheniche.Expansioninvolvesmore

participants,activityand/orahigherdegreeofimpact.Do-it-yourselfprojectsareawayto

reachabiggeraudience.Withinanup-scalingprocessarebothinternalandexternalfactors

measurementsforsuccessofaproject.Internalfactorsmaybeaccessibilitytoresourcesand

externalfactorsmaybethesocio-environmentalframeworkofaproject.

Followingfigureillustratesthetreedifferentpathwaysoftransitionofgrassroots

innovations;

Figur4:Showsthreepathwaysoftransitionofgrassrootsinnovations;replication,up-scalingandtranslation(Boyer,2018.Pp.33)

MethodologyThischapterpresentsmethodsappliedinthisthesiswiththepurposeofuncovertinyhousing

asasustainablealternativeniche.

ResearchDesignByraisingphilosophicalquestionsofwhatpartsofrealitytoacceptfollowedbyquestioning

howtocollectthisknowledge,thisthesisevolvesaroundanepistemologicalandontological

perspective(Kirkeby,2011).Epistemologyisbydefinitionthenatureofknowledgeandseeks

toconcludewhattrueknowledgeisandhowtoobtainit.Forthispurposetherearetwo

methodologicalapproaches;inductionanddeduction.Researchofthisthesisremains

explorativetowardsthesubjectoftinyhousing,wheninductivelyobservingthephenomenon


29

intherealworld.Theresearchquestionseekstoexploretinyhousingwiththebaselineof

beingopentowardsdisambiguatefindings.Andersen(1999)describesthemaintargetof

explorativemethodsas;‘asocialscientificmethodtoexplorecircumstancesorphenomenon

thatarelessknown’(Andersen,1999.Pp.22).Thisratheropenapproachtowardsthe

researchquestionreasonsthenon-linearpathofknowledgecollection.Newfindingshave

emergedthroughasnowballeffectwhereactorsinmyestablishednetworkhaveputmein

contactwithnewactorswhohavecontributedwithnewinsightandknowledgeonthetopic.

QualitativemethodThisthesisisbasedonqualitativemethodswhereknowledgeisachievedthroughresearch,

literaturestudyandinterviewsofvariouskinds.Qualitativeresearchprovidesinsightsintoa

topicwithindifferentcontextsthataredifficulttomeasureandgivesadeeperunderstanding

ofmotives,opinionsandpotentialdiscrepancy(Roald&Køppe,2008).Qualitativeresearchis

amethodallowinginterpretationsofempiricalgeneratedknowledge.Aqualitativeapproach

towardstheresearchquestionallowsforexamplestobeanalysedinordertomake

generalizations.Someofthisempiricalgeneratedknowledgecanbecarriedoutascase

studies.Acasestudyisamethodtodescribetangibleandpracticalexamplesonatopic

(Flyvbjerg,2006).Itisamethodwhereyouunderstandaphenomenonwithindifferent

contextsdependingonthespecificcase.In‘FiveMisunderstandingsAboutCase-StudyResearch’

(2006)Flyvbjergargueshowcasestudiescanbeusedwheninductivelyapproachingatopic.

Furthermoreheargueshowcasestudiescanbeconsideredasscientificqualitativeproducts

appliedforgeneralization.WiththepurposeofexploringtinyhousinginDenmarkas

phenomenon,threesubcasesarepresentedinrespectivelyarural(Grobund,Ebeltoft),

suburban(SmallLivingAlbertslund)anurbancontext(CPHVillageRefshaleøen).Theyare

chosenonbehalfoftheirhousingtypecorrelatingwithelementsoftinyhousing,becauseof

theirdifferentgeographicallocationandscale.

LiteraturestudyAliteraturestudyasdocumentarymethodisawayofincludingindirectobservancesofa

socialphenomenon.Usingliteratureassourceofexplorationtheresearchergetsto

understandthelandscape,history,challengesandvisionsthatconstitutesthephenomenon

(Andersen&Gamdrup,2011).Thefoundationofmyqualitativeapproachtowardsthe


30

phenomenonisgroundedonbehalfofresearchconductedonEbscohost,gatheringmost

popularresearchdatabases,Googleresearchandknowledgecollectedthroughinterviews.

Searchtermsincluded‘tinyhousing’,‘tinyhousemovement’,‘tinyhouse*’purposedtoonly

choosehitscontainingthisspecificwording.Thiswasachoicemadeonbehalfof

understandingwhatspecificallytinyhousemovementrepresentswhenstatingtheartofthe

phenomenonandprovidingaccuratebackgroundknowledgeasfoundation.

Tinyhousingisarathernewconceptlackingacademicresearchandreasonswhysome

literaturepresentedinthisthesisisofmoreinformalcharacterofvariousblogsandarticles

fromsmallerlessfamiliarmagazines.Validityoftheseinformalresearchsourceshasbeen

evaluatedbycertaincriteriaquestioningthemotivationalbackgroundsofauthorsinvolved.In

thebeginningofmyresearchprocessitbecamequiteobvioushowtinyhousingismainly

carriedbyindividualswhoarenotnecessarilyprofessionallyinvolvedandthevaliditycriteria

ismeasuredbythemotivationforanddegreeofinvolvement.Therearenumerousarticles,

blogsetc.writtenbyindividualswhofindinterestinthiswayofliving,buttheirknowledgeis

notsupportedbybackgroundknowledgeorfamiliaritytowardsthetopic.Theseliterature

sourcesdonottakepartofthisliteraturestudy.Contrary,individualswhodoexpresstohave

aknowledgefoundationontinyhousingeitherfromownexperiencesorprofessiondo

contributewiththeiropinionsonthetopicandtakepartinliteraturepresented.

Semi-structuredinterviewsInordertocollectknowledgeontinyhousinginDenmark,interviewswithactorsofrelevance

havebeenconducted;bothlifeworldandexpertinterviewsandinsomeinterviewsthe

balancebetweenthesetwodifferenttypesofinterviewsisdelicate.Itisduetothemany

actorsbeingbothexpertsonthetopicbutatthesametimetheyaretheoneslivingintiny

housingordedicatedtopromotetinyhousingoralternative/experimentalwaysofliving.

Whereexpertinterviewsseektoachievequalifiedknowledgeoncomplicatedissueslifeworld

interviewsprovideinsightinhowaphenomenoncarriesoutinthelifeworldofthe

interviewee(Kvale&Brinkmann,2009).Commonlyishowtheyremaindescriptivetowards

thetopic.AccordingtoKvale&Brinkmann(2009)qualitativeinterviewsareoften

characterizedasunstandardizedandopentowardsnewpathsoccurringduringtheinterview,

demandinggreatskillsfortheinterviewer.Withthepurposeofnotexcludingrelevant


31

informationinterviewsremainsemi-structured.Whenperformingasemi-structured

interviewaguidelineforquestionsisessentialinordertomaintainsomedegreeofcontrol.

Thereisafinebalanceofstayingopenfornewdimensionsthatcontributewithunpredictable

informationbutsillfocusthequestionstoensurecertainissuescovered.Semi-structured

interviewsasmethodbenefitsthequalitativeapproachwheninformantsgetthepossibilityto

elaboratingontheirinterpretationsandopinions(ibid).Themesensureanswerwhythis

interviewisrelevanttotheresearchquestion,whatkindofknowledgetheinterviewerwants

toachievefromtheinterviewandhowtheintervieweraccessesthisknowledge.Ithasnot

beenpossibletoaccessface-to-faceinterviewswithallintervieweesreasoningwhysomeare

conductedovertelephoneandothersbymail.Thesetypesofcommunicationimplywith

limitations,whichIamawareof.Howeverthesehavebeenexpertinterviewspurposedto

achieveinformationofmoreformalcharacter,andforthisreasonlimitationshavenotbeenas

significant.Iftheseinterviewssoughttocaptureemotionsormorepersonalexpressions

limitationswouldhavebeenmoreinhibitingfortheanalyticalprocess.Someinterviews

conductedbymailarefollowedbyaprocessofcorrespondenceallowingforelaborationof

specificstatementsthatIhaveneededfurtherexplanationfor.Additionally,informal

correspondencewithactorsbymailorFacebookarenotdirectlyappliedinthethesisbut

havebeenagreattooltoacquirebackgroundinformationontopicspeciallyconcerning

regulations,bureaucracyandinsideknowledgeonnewprojectsandotheractorsembedded

withtinyhousingprojects.Seeappendix1-13forinterviewguides.

IntervieweesAnexplorativeapproachtowardsansweringtheresearchquestionconsidersthemovement

asasustainablealternativeniche.Iseektoexaminegovernanceofthisnicheandthis

approachhasputmeincontactwithactorsmainlyworkingatthegrassrootslevel.

Theyarechosenonbehalfoftheirroleininitiativesallrepresentingelementsoftinyhousing.

Followingactorsembeddedinthefieldoftinyhousemovementhavecontributedtothis

thesisthroughvariousinterviews:


32

JensRandrup,co-founderofGrobund:Face-to-faceinterviewand‘follow-up’telephoneconversationsSteenMøller,co-founderofGrobund:InterviewbytelephoneHansChristianEskildsen,memberofGrobund:Face-to-faceinterviewPeterFriis,founderofSmallLivingAlbertslund:Face-to-faceinterviewFrederikNolteniusBusck,co-founderandpartnerofCPHVillage:InterviewbytelephoneMichaelPlesner,co-founderandpartnerofCPHVillage:Interviewbymailand‘follow-up’correspondencesCharlieMcPhilips,residentatCPHVillageRefshaleøen:Face-to-faceinterviewJetteØstergaard,co-founderofFacebookgroupDanskTinyHouseGruppe:InterviewbytelephoneKristianeRavnFrost,initiatorbehindlawdraftongreenzone:InterviewbytelephoneMichaelØhrberg,self-buildtinyhouseresident:InterviewbytelephoneDennisLythFrederiksen,authorofthebookMitTinyHouse:FacebookcorrespondenceKatarinaMichelsen,anthropologystudentatKU:MailandFacebookcorrespondenceMichaelHennecke,co-founderandpartnerof‘TinyHouseLiving’:MailcorrespondenceMadsMøller,foundingpartnerofArcgency:Interviewbymail

Scaling

WithoutpursuingaquantitativeapproachtowardstheresearchquestionIdoseektosuggest

thescaleoftinyhousinginDenmark.Workingfromatheoreticalperspectivethatexplores

governanceoftinyhousinganditsroletowardstransitionstotheregimeitisrelevantto

provideafoundationforunderstandingtheextentofpresenceoftinyhousinginDenmark.

Researchprovidedinsightinhowsocialmedia,particularlyFacebook,isawell-usedplatform

forpeoplewithinterestintinyhousingtoshareexperiences.DanskTinyHouseGruppeisthe

largestgroup,gatheringpeoplewhoareinterestedinthiswayofliving.OnbehalfofasurveyI

conductedonthisgroupandlookingthroughallpostsfromthebeginningofthetimeline,I

createdanumberofwhoactuallylivesintinyhousesfromthisgroup.ThisnumberIchoose

asindicationofanapproximatelyscaleofisolatedtinyhouseownerswhoarenotattachedto

anyprojects,butlivebythemselvesand/ortheirfamilyinatinyhousearoundthecountry.

SecondlyaspartofthescalingIhaveexaminedhowmanyactualtinyhouseprojectsthereare

inDenmark.Theseprovideanapproximateideaoftheextentofwhichtinyhousingis

projectedontoprojectsaroundthecountry.ThesearefoundonbehalfofanInternetresearch,


33

knowledgesharedbymembersofDanskTinyHouseGruppeandthroughmynetworkof

interviewees.

PresentationofempiricalfindingsThischapterpresentsempiricalfindingsrelevanttotinyhousinginDenmarkandisdivided

intothreesections.FirstlyascalingofisolatedtinyhousesinDenmark,secondlyinitiatives

governedongrassrootslevelandthirdlythreephysicaltinyhousingprojectsinarural,

suburbanandurbancontextarepresented.

ScalePreviouslyinthechapterstatingtheart,projectsinvolvedwithtinyhousingwerepresented

andmappedout.Thusitisadditionallyrelevanttoexaminetheextenttowhichtinyhousing

existsasindividualslivingbythemselveswithnoattachmentstoactualprojects.

Thereareundoubtedlypeoplelivingthiswaywithoutawarenessofbeingpartofamovement.

Thisthesisacceptstinyhousingaspartofthenicheregardlessofitbeingarticulatedornot.

Howeverthispremisedoesmakeamappingquitedifficultandreasonswhymostof

individualsincludedinthisscalingarepeoplewhodefineandexpressthemselvesastiny

houseowners.SincetinyhousingfacelegalimpedimentsinDenmarkIamawareofnotall

tinyhouseownerswanttotakepartofthisexamination.Ihavereceivedmessagesfromtiny

houseownersexpressingtheirconcernswithbeingpartofthisthesis,whichIrespect.

OnbehalfofasurveyonandscreeningofpostsinDanskTinyHouseGruppe59individualtiny

houseownersarefound.Thenumber59shouldnotbeascribedaconclusivemeasurement

butIfinditrelevantwhenaddressingifthemovementisseenmanifestedinDenmarkby

isolatedtinyhousesunattachedtotheregime.Anditis.The59housesarespreadaroundthe

countrybothonSealand,FunenandJutland.Thusageneralobservationfromrespondentsis

howmajorityarelocatedinruralareasandonlyoneoutoftheinCopenhagen.

InterviewwithatinyhouseownerForthebenefitofgettingaglimpseofinsightinhowitistobeanindividualunattachedtothe

regimewhohaschosentoliveinatinyhousefollowinginterviewallowsforthis.The


34

interviewisnotanattempttomakeageneralizationofeverytinyhouseownerbutitisa

storycontributingtothenarrativeofwhysomemaychoosethiswayoflivingandhowthey

makeitworkpractically.

‘Livinginacircus’

MichaelØhrberglivesbyhimselfina28m2containerinhisfriends’backyardinNorthern

Jutland.DespiteofthefactthathelivesthereillegallyMichaelisnotafraidofthemunicipality

throwinghimawayanydaysoon;‘municipalitiesturn

theblindeyetothis’.InDecember2017thecontainer

wasreadytobeinhabitedafteraprocessofdiggingout

thearea,planthesurfacegroundandinstalling

necessarylivingequipmentsuchaskitchen,bathroom

andabedinsidethecontainer.Michaelisaninitiative

craftsmanandifhewasnotexperiencedinmore

technicalaspectsofconstructionworkhewouldhave

foundthisprocessextremelydifficult;‘youhavetobea

bitentrepreneurialtodothis’.DuetoadivorceMichaelneededanewplacetoliveandtried

outbuyinganapartmenttooexpansivesoheworkedwaytoohardathisjobuntilhehitrock

bottom.Withinspirationfromhisdaughterhewantedtoliveinacontainerwithlessmaterial

goodsandperformanotherwayofliving.Sohe

boughtacontainerfromDanishContainerSupplyfor

12.000+VATandaspiritualjourneybegan.Michael

didnotreallyexperienceanydifficultieslivingonless

spacesandsawlotsofdesignpossibilities–bothwith

inspirationofPinterestbutalsohisownideas.Heis

quiteahandymanandadjustedtechnicalsolutions

intothecontainer.Forthebedheusedaheight

adjustabletabletocreateaflexibleinterposeplan.Itis

importanttothinkofmultipleplansinheightwhen

thegroundfloorisonlyfewsquaremetres.Thereare72m3toexploitsowhydonotconsider

alloftheminsteadofonlythegroundfloor?Itcanbeexpansivetobuycustommadefurniture

Picture5:ThefacadeofMichael’stinyhouse.Credit:(Øhrberg,n.d)

Picture6:InsideMichael’stinyhouse.Credit:(Øhrberg,n.d)


35

whichmaybeproblematicinatinyhousesincetheydonothavestandardmeasurements.He

boughtacouchtoolongbutsimplyjustremovedoneofthesidesandcutituntilitfittedinto

hisroom.Michaelhasevenbuilthimselfamusicroomsincehelovesplayingmusicandalso

worksasaDJsometimes.Purposedtobringthenatureinsideheintegratedbigwindows

allowinghimtolookoutonthefieldandabsorbthesunlight.Notmuchmaterialstuffis

broughtintohishousesincehedoesnotneedthem.Theydonothaveanyvalueofhappiness.

Timeisavaluableresourcethough;‘peoplearebeingmoreawareofhowtheyspendtheirtime’.

Anadvicefromhimistothinkofmulti-functionalityinthedesign.Heassociatesatinyhouse

withacircus.Foracircustravellingarounditsessentialforeverythingtheytakewiththemto

havemorethanonlyonefunction.Thesamegoesforatinyhouse.Ifyoutakesomethinginto

yourtinyhouseitneedsatleasttwofunctionsinordertostay.AccordingtoMichaelyou

reallyneedtoaskyourselfwhyyouneedallofyourstuff.Whatvaluedoesitbringyou?

(Ørhberg,October24th2019)

TinyhouseinitiativesongrassrootslevelFollowingsectionpresentsinitiativescarriedoutongrassrootslevel.Theycontributewithan

understandingofwhatkindsofinitiativestakepartoftheniche,motivesbehindandactors

involved.

DanskTinyHouseGruppeTinyhousemovementgatherspeopleonsocialmediaplatformFacebookinthepublicgroup

DanskTinyHouseGruppe(DanishTinyHouseGroup).Co-founderofthegroupJette

Østergaard,whoisalsoamemberofDanishAssociationofEcologicalBuilding(LØB)andlives

inatinyhouseherselfinitiatedthegroupasDanskTinyHouseForening’(DanishTinyHouse

Association).Theassociationsuggestedahighdegreeofinvolvementandadministration

frommemberswhocouldnotcontributewithtimedemandedsotheassociationneverreally

becameareality.Hencethegroupchangedintoamoreinformalplatformandsodidthe

nameandpurpose.Membersarepeoplewhoareinterestedintinyhousing,peoplewhoare

livingintinyhousesorpeoplewhowantstobuildandliveinatinyhousebutareunsureof


36

legalrequirementsortechnicalsolutions.Thegroupcountsfor2021members(09/02-2020)

andwasfoundedinOctober2018withtheformalpurposeto:

- ‘Tospreadoutknowledgeontinyhouseliving’

- ‘Tocollect,developandshareknowledgethatconcernsTinyHouses’

- ‘TobeaplacewhereeveryonewhowantstobuildorliveinaTinyHousemayapplyfor

counsellingthatconcernsrules,legislation,design,accommodationetc.

- ‘TostartupandinitiateprojectsthatmaydevelopandadjusttheconceptofTinyHouse

toDanishconditions.’

(Facebook,2019:DanskTinyHouseGruppe:Omdennegruppe.Beskrivelse)

Postssharedonthewallbymembersincludeideas,articlesandquestionsofvariouskinds

relatedtotinyhousing.OthermemberssharemorespecificpostsrelatedtoBRrequirements

theyhavecomeacrossandwouldliketoshare,areasinthecountrythatmaybesuitableas

locationfor(a)tinyhouse(s)orsalespostsofcaravanse.g.thatmaybetransformableinto

tinyhouses.

Twoexamplesfromthegroupillustrateverywellthetypeofpostssharedamongstmembers;

’IhavebeenfollowingthisgroupforacoupleoftimesinceIamveryinterestedinthiswayof

living.AndnowIhaveaquestion.HowdoyouTinyHousepeoplewanttolive?Closetothecityor

inthecountry??Incommunitiesorbyyourself??ThereasonIamaskingisbecauseaftera

divorceIamalonewithafarmat8acresoflandwhereIwouldliketocreateacommunity,butI

donotknowifit’sofanyinterest?

(Pilgaard.M,1/5-2019)

and

‘Hotwaterheatingsystemsintinyhouses?Anythingfromgastoair:Whatdoyourecommend

for4peoplewhere2ofthesearestilllessthan3yearsold.’

(Bank,J.25/6-2019)


37

TinyhouseconferenceInAugust2019thefirstevertinyhouseconferenceinDenmarktookplace.Theconference

wasorganisedby‘ConvenientlyGreen’foundedbytinyhouseenthusiastElisabethSidenius

Nordentoftandincludedapaneloffourpanellists;

- MortenBøgedal:DepartmentofCentreforCityPlanninginCopenhagenMunicipality,

ByplanVest.

- MichaelHennecke:Co-founderofbuildingcompany‘TinyHouseLiving’

- CamillaNielsen-Englyst:ConsultantatBofællesskab.dkforBæreboandmemberof

DanishAssociationofEco-Communities(LØS)

- MichaelØhrberg:Self-buildtinyhouseresident

Theconferencegatheredmorethan70participantswhoengagedindialoguewiththe

panellists.(ConvenientlyGreen,2019)

Mainpurposeoftheconferencewastogatherpeopleofinterest,shareknowledgeand

insightsinordertostimulatethemovement.Sincemanyprojectsarefragmentedaroundthe

country,thisconferencecreatedaplatformforknowledgeaccumulation.Bothactorson

grassrootslevelscontributingwithgovernanceoftinyhousingandactorsattachedtothe

regimepresentingauthoritiesatgovernmentlevelcontributedwithopinionsandknowledge

(Ibid)

Lawdraftongreenzone

KristianeRavnFrostisamemberofLØSandinitiatorbehindalawdraftpropositionto

municipalitiesthatinvolvesagreenzoneaspartofafrikommuneforsøg.Thelawdraftis

supportedbyLØS,PermacultureDenmarkandPracticalEcology(PraktiskØkologi)(Frost,

September9th2019).MinistryofSocialAffairsandtheInterior(2017)defines

‘frikommuneforsøg’asanattempttoallowformunicipalitiestochallengeexistingrulesand

practicesinaperiodoffouryears.Municipalitiestakingpartoftheexperimentmaybe

exemptedfromcertaingovernmentalrulesandregulationsthatinhibittheexperiment(Social

–ogIndenrigsministeriet,2017).


38

InaninterviewFrostdescribeshowthelawdraftpropositionisdevelopedasaresultof

todays’complicatedandnon-transparentlegislationwhenitcomestosettlementand

experimentalconstruction(Frost,September9th2019).Withinmunicipalregithe

administrativeemployeesareadditionallysubjectedtolackofinsightinlegislationand

justificationtoprovidelegalexemptiontoalternativesustainableprojects.Thepropositionis

developedtogetherwithformermunicipalemployeeinGribskovMunicipalityandmemberof

PermakulturDanmark,TanjaCondrea,andsuggeststhreesolutionstomeetabovementioned

problemareas:

1. ThePlanningAct:Developmentofagreenzone

2. TheBuildingRegulation:Simplifyingwithfocusonthetotalembeddedenergy

consumption

3. Handlingofwastewaterandhumandeposits:Restoringthenaturalcycle

(Fromlawdraft,seeAppendix14)

Agreenzoneshouldbeaddedtotheexistingcity,ruralandholidayhousezoneinthe

PlanningAct.AccordingtoFrost,manyoftodays’newgreenbuildingsandcommunitiesfind

themselvesinalimbowherelegislativerequirementsforcity–orruralzonedonot

accommodatespecialneedsthatcomeswiththeseprojects.Theydemandforacombination

ofcity,ruralandbusinessareas.Thepropositionasksforanexemptionfrom§11a(1)inthe

PlanningActstatinghowmunicipalitiesonlycandefinerural,city–andholidayhousezones.

Withthepurposeofprovidingmunicipalitieswiththepossibilityofestablishingmore

experimentalbuildingsandsettlementsthepropositionadditionallyasksforanexemption

from§13a(2).Thisparagraphrequiresformunicipalitiestodevelopanewlocalplan

whenevernewandlargersubdivisions,buildingsorconstructionworkisplanned(Appendix

14).AdditionallynewbuildingsingreenzonesshouldbeexemptedfromcertainBR

requirementstoocomplicatedanddifficulttoaccommodatewhenbuildingsimple

constructionsofnaturematerial.Thepropositionasksforasimplificationofseveral

requirementstoeasesustainableandexperimentalbuildingprojects.

Unfortunatelythelawdraftwasnotsubmittedtothegovernmentbyanyofthe16approached

municipalities(TelephoneconversationwithRandrup,October24th2019)


39

Physicaltinyhousingprojects

Followingprojectspresenttinyhousingindifferentcontexts;rural,suburbanandurban.They

representcaseschosenonbehalfoftheirvisionscorrespondingtowhatthisthesisacceptsas

tinyhousing.Thesecasestudiesenablein-depthunderstandingofhowtinyhousingprojects

suggest a sustainablealternativenicheusing land sufficiently indifferentphysical contexts.

Additionally what kinds of actors are involved and where they positions in a multi-level

perspective.

Rural:GrobundinEbeltoftGrobundisasocietalorganisationandentrepreneurialcommunityintheprocessof

developingatinyhouseeco-communityinEbeltoftwiththeideologybeingwaste–anddebt

free.In2018thefundofGrobund,Gældfri,boughta10.000m2steelfactoryneartheferry

harbour(Heilskov,2018).Thefactoryisthecentreofrotationforthefuturevillage,making

roomforresidentstoestablishbusiness,containingalargecommonkitchenandspacefor

eventsforthecommunityandisboughtby160memberseachpaying50.000fortheproject

ensuringthemafuturebuildingplot.TheinitialideabehindGrobundcomesfromSteen

Møllerwhoisalsofounderofanothereco-village;FrilandonDjursland,Jutlandandthe

associationholdsapprox.700memberspayingafeeof200kr.Thesemembersarepotentially

interestedinlivingatGrobundandthemembershipallowsforthemtoparticipateinevents

andassemblies(Jensen,2019).TheoverallideologyofGrobundistohaveaclosedresource

loopsupportedbycradle-to-cradletechnologies.Itisacriteriaforhousestobeoff-gridand

eventhoughhousingsizeisnotyetwrittenintothemanifest,membershavesofaronlybuild

thistypeofmobiletinyhousingsolutionwaitingtobetakeninuse.Housesareself-buildand

residentsaremoreorlessfreetoexperimentindifferentsolutions.Agroupofmemberswho

areexperiencedinbuildingtechniquesstartedacompanycalledTinyhouseGrobund.They

offertobuildorguidefutureresidentsinhowtobuildoff-gridtinyhousesaccommodating

individualneeds(Bofællesskab.dk,2019).Atthemoment10outofthe28acresofland

surroundingthefactorybelongstoGrobund,althoughbuildingisnotpossiblebeforeSyddjurs

Municipalitydevelopsthelocalplanfor2020.Restoftheareaismunicipallyowned.


40

Suburban:SmallLivingAlbertslundSmallLivingAlbertslundisanassociationlookingforaplacetostartupahousingcommunity

ofsmallerandsustainablehousingunits.Theassociationhasnotyetmanagedtofinda

buildinggroundforthefuturecommunity.SmallLivingAlbertslundislookingforresidents

whobuyintooneormoreoffollowingideologies;‘areyoudreamingoflivingsmall;ina

sustainablewoodenhouse;inurbannature;inacommunitywithotherpeople…thenSmall

LivingAlbertslundistheplaceforyou’(Bofaellesskab.dk,n.d).

SmallLivingAlbertslundisfoundedonthreepillarstones:

1) Livingsmaller:Butfunctionalandbeingpresentwithotherresidentsofthehouse

2) Livingsimpler:Withlesspossession,useofresourcesandgreateroverview

3) Livingaffordable:Expensesforhousingandconsumptiondoesnotcreateanystressand

everydayconcerns.

(ibid)

Ensuringeconomicsustainabilityintermediariessuchascontractors,architectsand

consultantsarecutoutoftheprocess.Theassociationisindirectcontactwithabuilding

companyspecializedinconstructionofwoodenhouses.ThecurrentplanisforSmallLiving

Albertslundtoofferhousingofdifferentsizeswithanaverageofgross70m2equivalenttonet

56m2.Thesmallestisplannedtobe40m2.(Friis,August7th2019)Itisyetuncertainwhether

itisgoingtobedetachedorsemi-detachedhousing.Thehousingcommunityentailsa

fellowshipsharingcommonareassuchasakitchengarden,fireplace,playgroundand

recreationalareas.TheassociationofSmallLivingAlbertslundwillownthelandbuthouses

areowneroccupiedwithindividualcreditloansandthecommunityhousewillbecommonly

owned.Tobecomeamemberyouhavetobecredit-approved.Initiatorbehindtheproject

PeterFriis,usedtoliveinLangeEng,anotherhousingcommunityinAlbertslundsoheis

experiencedinthiswayoflivingtogether.InMay2017theassociationSmallLiving

Albertslundwerecreatedandtoday(August2019)itcontainsof17membersand100people

onthelistofinterests(ibid).Thebuildingplottheassociationseekstobuyrequiresacapacity

of20smallhousingunits.Theprojectallowsforco-buildpossibilitiesandwhenalocationis

foundtheassociationgatherstodiscussexactsize,typologyandgeneralpolicyframework.


41

Urban:CPHVillageRefshaleøenCPHVillageisaDanishcompanyworkingonnewandsustainablewaysoflivinginurban

environments.IttargetsanincreasingdemandforhousingforyoungpeopleinCopenhagen.

CPHVillagewasfoundedin2017byeconomistMichaelPlesnerandFrederikBusck,whohas

adegreeinPoliticsofSustainability.CirculareconomyisthefoundationofCPHVillage

targetingthebuildingsectors’highenvironmentalimpact.Thereareapprox.20million

shippingcontainersoutintheoceanrepresentingagreatresourceasbuildingmaterialand

reasonswhythefirstCPHVillageatRefshaleøenismadeofoldcontainers(Koefoed,2018).

CPHVillageRefshaleøenconsistsof88containersat20m2separatedintotworoomssoeach

containerissharedbytwopeoplehavingtheirownroomof11m2.Eachresidenthasasmall

teakitchenwherethetworesidentssharingacontaineralsosharebathroom.Additionallyall

residentsinthevillageshareabigindustrialkitchen.Themonthlyrentincluding

consumptionis4.250kr.andonlydemandisforresidentstobestudying(ibid).Thevillageis

locatedona‘perspectivearea’designatedbyCopenhagenMunicipalityforfutureplanning.

Duetoanexemptionfrom§19inthePlanningActitwasmadepossibletobuildtemporary

studenthousingof10yearsintheseperspectiveareas(Busck,October20th2019).Theareais

ownedbyRefshaleøensEjendomsselskabandrentedouttoCPHVillageina10-yearperiod.

CPHVillagehasobtainedloansthroughthegovernmentalfinancingfundVækstfondenand

andelskassenFælleskassen(Buscketal.2019).Co-livingiskeyelementintheideology

wherethebuiltenvironmentfacilitatescommonareasandspacesforactivities.Additionally

thevillagecontainsakiosk‘Molevitten’runbyresidentsandacommondinnerinitiative

‘Madklubben’wheretworesidentsarecookingdinnerfortherestofthevillageeachSunday.

Acentralplacepromotingco-livingisthe‘CommunitySpace’,frequentlyusedfordifferent

eventsarrangedbyresidents.The‘CommunitySpace’facilitatesmeetingsbetweenpeople

withdifferentopinionsandbackgrounds.ThesecondCPHVillageisunderdevelopmentand

willbelocatedattheoldDSBgarageinVesterbro.Housingunitswillbemadeoutofwood

insteadofcontainers(Thomsen,2019).ThevisionisforCPHVillagetoalsoprovideAmager,

SydhavnandNordhavnwithaffordableandsustainablestudenthousing(cphvillage.com,n.d)


42

InterviewwithresidentfromCPHVillageCPHVillageistheonlyphysicalprojectthatisbuildasaccommodationforothersthan

initiatorsbehindtheproject.WherebothGrobundandSmallLivingAlbertslundarecreated

onbehalfofentrepreneurswantingthiswayoflivingforthemselvesCPHVillageprovides

housingforothers.InordertogetanideaofhowitistoliveinasmallcontainerIhavevisited

thevillageandinterviewedoneoftheresidents:

’Livinginanexperiment’The22yearoldbiologyandbiotechnologystudentfromCopenhagenUniversityCharlie

McPhilipshaslivedinacontainerinCPHVillageRefshaleøenforayear.Hewasmovingfrom

OdensetostudyinCopenhagenandneededaplace

toliveandstumbleduponthisproject.Hedidnot

reallywanttoliveatadormbutwasintriguedby

theideologyofCPHVillage.Intentionallyhethought

ofitasatemporarysolutionbutbegantolikethis

wayofliving.WhenCharliefirstmovedinhe

designedtheroominawaythathaslaterbeenre-

donemanytimes.Ashearguesitisalearning

processtoadjusttothespaceyoufindyourselfin.

Buthewouldhavegonethroughthesameprocess

eventhoughtheplacewasbigger.Beforehehadclosetsanddrawersforstorageuse,

somethinghegotridoffandeverythingisnowout

intheopen.Helikesthathehascontroloverhis

stuffandcanseethem.Itcalmshim.Hefiguredthat

heactuallydidnotneedthatmuchspacefor

storage.NowCharliehashisclotheshangingona

rackattachedtotheceilingtocreatemorefloor

space.Achallengehasbeenthesteelwalls

impossibletodrillanythinginto;‘ifyouwantto

hangsomethingyouhavetousemagnetsorhooks’.

Butthatisjustsomethingyoufindoutandadjustto;‘itisaprojectandanexercise…everyone

Picture7:InsideCharlie’sroom.Credit:(McPhilips,2019)

Picture8:InsideCharlie’sroom.Credit:(McPhilips,2019)


43

hasfoundawaythatworksforthem’.Charliedoesnotmindthesmalllivingspacebutitisat

thesametimenotsomethinghepractises.Thisideology.Thesociallifeinthevillageiswhat

reallyhasmadehimthinkoflivinginacommunityassomethinghewouldliketocarryon

withhimwhenheeventuallymovesaway;‘withoutthesocialitwouldnotbeasgreat.Itis

reallyimportanttome’.Peopleinthevillagereallytakeresponsibilityanditresultsinlotsof

activitiesandsmallprojects.‘Wewantedasmallkitchengardeninthecorner.Sowejustbuild

it.Becausewecan.Itreallyprovidesasenseofownership’.Beingapartofanexperimentisnot

somethinghereallythinksaboutonlywhentouristswhoreadaboutCPHVillagecomeand

peakintowindowswithoutaskingandjustwalksintothearea.Andwhensomeone(likeme)

makeanacademicresearchproject(McPhilips,October1st2019)

AnalysisI:Accumulationofknowledge

Geels&Raven(2006)presentthemodelofemergingtechnicaltrajectoryasaprocesswhere

localprojectsgatherataglobalnichelevel.Oneofthestepsinthisprocessisaccumulationof

knowledge.TinyhousingisnotrepresentedinDenmarkasahomogenousmovementbutas

fragmentedprojectsmoreorlessindependentfromeachotherandreasonswhythereisno

globallevelofsharedrules.Howeverempiricalfindingsproposeasetofgeneralbarriersof

whichactorsgoverningtinyhousingstruggletoovercome.Thesetakepartofaprocessof

accumulatingknowledgeandproposeissuestoconsiderataglobalnichelevel.Thisfirst

analysisseekstoanswerthesubquestionoftheresearchquestion;whatkindsofbarriersare

tinyhousinginDenmarksubjectedto?

LegislationandrulesAgeneralobservationishowlegislationandrulesinhibittinyhousingprojects.Fromasurvey

madeontheFacebookgroupDanskTinyHouseGruppe98outof169answeredhow

legislationandrulesisthebiggestchallengeforthemtobeabletobuildandliveinatiny

house(Gravesen,2019onDanskTinyHouseGruppe,Facebook).InhisbookFrederiksen

argueshowit,asaself-builder,ishighlytimeconsuminganddifficulttofullygraspwhatkind

oflegislationandrulestoovercome.BothaccordingtoBRrequirementsbutalsoother

planningregulationssuchaszoninginurbanandruralareas(Frederiksen,2019).Forself-

buildersthispuzzlemaybeimpossibletoovercome.‘Iamsurethatalltherequirementsare


44

developedwithgoodintentionsbutforaself-builderwhojustwantsaroofoverhisheadyouare

metwithadocumentaryburdenthatmakesyouwanttoquitit’(Frederiksen,Facebook

correspondence15/92019)

InitiatorbehindGrobund,SteenMøllerdesribesaclashbetweentinyhousingandtodays’

legislationsaccordingly;

‘thelegislationissooutdatedthatitmaintainssocietalpatterns…thesystemisstructuredbyso

manyrulesandlegislationsthatyoucannoteventurnaroundwithoutitbeingwrong’(Møller,

September4th2019)

Co-founderofTinyHouseLivingHenneckeagreesonBRrequirementsbeingdifficultto

overcomebutfromtheperspectiveofabuildingcompanyitisnotimpossibleor

unreasonable:

‘Thebuildingregulationsareclearbuttherearenoproblemsinmeetingtherequirements,itjust

takesalongertimeandismoreexpensivetobuildasmallhouseafterrulesontracthouses

(typehuseed.)(Hennecke,August12th2019).

Bureaucracyplaysanequallyinhibitingroleforexperimentalhousingprojects.Initiator

behindlawdraftongreenzones,Frost,discoveredduringtheprocessthedegreeof

bureaucracyshewasexposedto.Ithastogothroughseveralmunicipaldepartmentswhichis

timedemandingandintransparent,whichisdifficulttodeterminewhetherobstaclesmeeting

experimentalhousingareofstatuarycharacterorliewithinmunicipalregi(Frost,September

9th2019).Anotherprobleminvolvedwithbureaucracyishowsomemunicipalitieslacktime

toaccommodategovernance.SlagelseMunicipalitywaspositivetowardsthepropositionbut

thePlanningDepartmentdidnothaveresourcestoworkonthelawdraftthemselves:

‘They(PlanningDepartment,ed.)calledmeandsaidthatifIwantedtogofurtherwiththis

propositionIwouldhavetosendthemsomethingmorespecificbecausetheydidnothavethe

timeforitrightnow’.(Frost,September9th2019)


45

Another aspect for pioneering experimental housing is how legislation by municipal

caseworkers is equally new for them toworkwith. The process of adaptation comeswith

uncertainty both from caseworkers and clients. CPHVillage exemplifies such a process. The

revisionofPlanningAct§19,allowedforperspectiveareastobetemporaryusedforstudent

housing up to ten years. This is the first ever project that Copenhagen Municipality is

subjected tohaving thispossibility.Pioneeringprojectsareoften involvedwithuncertainty

andCPHVillageexemplifies thispresumption.Withnoprecedent todrawexperiences from,

caseworkers have been challenged by various decisive circumstances such as capacity,

connection to district heating, smell – and noise zones (Plesner, August 30th 2019).

Additionally the project attracted massive public attention putting caseworkers under

pressurewhentryingtopleasehigherlevelsinthedepartmentandcityhallwhileatthesame

time enforcing new law rightfully. Under these circumstances the collaboration has been

demanding.Co-founderPlesnerargueshowcaseworkershavetheirprofessionallyreputation

toconsider,soitiseasierforthemnottodeviatefrombusinessasusual:

‘ItisageneralchallengeforinnovationinthebuiltenvironmentasIseeit’(Plesner,August30th2019)Riskthatcomeswithbeingthefirsttoexperimentingininnovativesustainablehousinghas

equallybeeninhibitingforthelawdraftproposition,thatwasnotcarriedanyfurtherby

neitherofthe16approachedmunicipalities.

LackofexperimentalspaceGrobundisanexampleofavisionaryprojectthatexperimentswithsustainablehousing

solutions.Off-gridandtinyhousingtakepartinthisvision.Sinceallpropertiesarerequiredto

beattachedtothemunicipalsewagesystemithasbeenproblematicforGrobundtoovercome

thislegislation(Miljø–ogFødevareministeriet,n.d).ThroughdialoguewithSyddjurs

Municipalitywhoownedthelandithasbeenchangedfromlanddesignatedtoenterpriseto

landofdevelopingpurposes.Thesetypesofareasarelessrestricted.Furthermorethecostfor

therespectivelandrecentlyboughtbyGrobundandisdesignatedfordevelopingpurposes

costs11kr./m2andthelandremainingstillputoutfortenderbythemunicipalitycosts40

kr/m2duetotheconnectionfee.Accordingtoco-founderRandrupthatistooexpansivefor


46

Grobundtoacquireeventhoughtheymaybeexemptedfromtheconnectionfeeinanother

way(Randrup,October24th2019).Affordablespacesforexperimentalhousingarelikewise

requestedthroughthelawdraftongreenzones.FrostwhoisamemberofLØSargueshow

eco-villagesexperimentinnewsustainablesolutionsandrequestforlocationstoperform

suchkindsofexperiments(Frost,September9th2019).Temporaryuseofspacesisastrategic

toolthatenablesexperimentssuchastinyhousingprojects.Temporaryuseofspacesis

purposedtobreathelifeintospacesnotbeingused(Udlændinge-,Integrations–og

Boligministeriet,2016).CPHVillageatRefshaleøenexemplifythis.Temporalityisusedin

urbanareasandconstitutesagreatpotentialforexperimentalhousingprojects(Busck,

October20th2019).AccordingtoBusckitmakesnosensetoplantoopermanenthousing

solutionssincethefutureishighlyuncertain.Thatiswhytemporaryexperimentsareso

importantinurbanplanning;

‘actuallywedon’tknowshitaboutwhathappensinsocietyjustin5years’(Busk.October20th).

DefinitionNeitherthroughliteraturenorinterviewsisahomogenousdefinitionfortinyhousing

specified.Attheconferencewheremainactorsoftinyhousemovementdebatedtheyall

contributedwithdifferentdefinitionsofwhatconstitutesatinyhousefromtheirpointof

view:

Bofællesskab.dkrepresentedbyNielsen-Englyst

Livinginatinyhouseisalifestyleattemptingtolimitresourceconsumption.Thesizeofthe

houseisnoteverything,itisjustapartoftheideology(Nielsen-Englyst,August20th2019).

TinyHouseLivingrepresentedbyHennecke

DefinesatinyhouseaccordingtotheAmericandefinition.Thesearemobileconstructionson

wheelswiththemaximummeasures2.55m.inwidth,10m.inlengthand4m.inheight

(Hennecke,August20th2019).


47

LØBrepresentedbyØstergaard

Asmallmobileconstructionasprimaryresidencewiththemaximumsizeof35m2

(Østergaard,August20th2019).

PlanningdepartmentofCopenhagenMunicipalityrepresentedbyBøgedal

Uncertainofwhatconstitutesatinyhouseandargueshowitisdifficultfrommunicipalsideto

workwithbeforeadefinitionisclarified.Bøgedalasksforothertypesofhousingtobe

includedinthedefinition.Itmaybeapartmentswithsharedfacilitiesandcommonareasor

themanyhouseboatslyinginthewaterinCopenhagenthatcouldalsobedefinedastiny

houses(Bøgedal,August20th2019).

BeinggrassrootsAnthropologystudentatKU,KatarinaMichelsen,iscurrentlywritingherthesisontiny

housinginUSA,Oregonwhereshehascompletedfieldwork.Michelsenattendedthe

conferenceandtoldhowthelackofdefinitionleadstoaninsufficientframeworkfortiny

housing.SomethingthemovementlikewisestrugglewithintheUS.Eventhoughtinyhousing

hasbecomeamainstreamednichecarriedbybuildingcompaniesthephenomenonisstill

facinglegislativebarriersattemptedtobeovercomethroughgovernance.Michelsenargues

thatinordertodevelopaframework,professionalssuchasarchitectsandengineersmustbe

includedintheprocess(Michelsen,August20th2019).TheAmericanTinyHouseAssociation

isinworkingprocesswherevolunteermemberscollectknowledgeconcernedwithtinyhouse

livinginordertopresentittorespectivelegislators.Thisisdonebyincludingateamof

professionals.Thistypeoftangibleknowledgeissomewhateasierforgovernmental

institutionstoworkwithanddefendinfutureplanning(Michelsen,August20th2019).

Lackoforganizationalframeworkandup-scalingAtinyhouseassociationwasin2018createdasaFacebookgroupDanskTinyHouseForening

co-foundedbyLØBmemberØstergaard.Duetolackofdedicatedinvolvementthemovement

failedtoreachmomentum.Inaninterviewsheargues:


48

‘Itmightbethateventuallythereisbreedinggroundforcreatinganassociationagain…and

thenwejusthavetostartoveragain…becausethereispowerinbeinganassociationwhen

workingonprojects.’(Østergaard,September18th2019)

TodaythegroupDanskTinyHouseGruppeisthelargestplatformforsharingprojects,ideas

andothertopicsofrelevancebutitdonotrepresentagatheredorganisation.Tinyhouse

projectsexistmoreorlessunattachedtoeachother.

AnotherwayofstrengthentheorganisationalframeworkispresentedbyNielsen-Englystwho

believesthatself-buildandsmallscaledprojectsfailtoachieveimpact(Nielsen-Englyst,

August20th2019).SheworksatBofællesskab.dkandchargesprocessfacilitation,

communicationandcitizeninvolvementatBærebo–anorganizationcreatingsustainable

housingcommunitiesaroundthecountry(Baerebo.org,2018).Bæreboenteredamarketon

behalfofunsuccessfulsustainablehousingcommunitiesunabletoorganiseandupscaleina

waythatachievedgettingattentionfrommunicipalauthorities.Nielsen-Englystargueshow

self-buildandsmall-scaledprojectsspreadaroundthecountrydonotachievemunicipal

attentionnordotheycontributetoagatheredorganizationalframework(Nielsen-Englyst,

August20th2019).Strongandorganisedmovementaretakenmuchmoreseriousinpublic

hearingsandmunicipalitiesbecomemoreeagertoengageinhousingexperimentsthatdiffer

fromthenormal.Additionallymunicipalitieswillhavemoreincentiveandsupporttoapply

forbecominga‘frikommune’.Projectsinvolvedwithtinyhousingbenefitfromcreatinga

unisonvoice.Thisisaprocesssuggestingtinytownsratherthanisolatedtinyhousing

projects(Nielsen-Englyst,2019).AccordingtoNielsen-Englysttinyhousingmayseemasa

newradicalwayoflivingbutinrealitythenichedonotdivergemuchfrommoreestablished

nichessuchaseco-villagesandothersustainablehousingcommunities:

‘Therearemanyofthesemovementswhoareactuallyfightingforthesame’(Nielsen-Englyst,

August20th2019)

LØSandLØBaresuchmovementsandarealreadyknownbymostmunicipalities.Hence

Nielsen-Englystsuggestshowtinyhousingwouldbenefitfrombeingsupportedbythese

associations.


49

MunicipalinterestsMunicipalagendasmaybedifficulttoovercomewhenpresentingexperimentalhousing

projectssincetheyareoftenassociatedwithuncertaintyandareriskyformunicipalitiesto

engagein.SmallLivingAlbertslundexemplifiesthisprobleminitsattempttoreachmunicipal

attention.AlbertslundisaClimateMunicipality(Klimakommune),whichisanagreementwith

TheDanishSocietyforNatureConservation(DanmarkNaturfredningsforening)demanding

forayearly2%CO2reduction(DanmarksNaturfredningsforening,n.d).Eventhoughdialogue

withAlbertslundMunicipalityhasbeenconstructiveandthemunicipalityishighlyconcerned

withlocalinitiativesassistingtoloweritsCO2consumption(AlbertslundKommune,n.d)the

demandforseniorhousingisprioritizedoverSmallLivingAlbertslundasasmall-scaled

experimentalsustainablehousingcommunity.Theoldermunicipalpopulationiscurrently

livingindetachedhousesandsoontomoveout.SinceAlbertslundMunicipalityisinterested

inretainingthisresourcefuloldergeneration,theywanttoofferattractiveseniorhousing

communities,sotheydonotmovetoborderedmunicipalitiesasVallensbækandGlostrup

(Friis,August7th2019).Thishasresultedinthefewmunicipalownedbuildinggroundsthat

areleftarenowreservedforseniorhousing.

Anotheraspectwhenpresentingexperimentalhousingprojectsishowtheyarebrandedand

pitchedtothemunicipality.Nielsen-Englystarguesthatitisvitalhowtinyhousingprojects

articulatethemselvesinawaythataccommodatetherespectivemunicipalagenda:

‘IfIsayecovillage.Thentheythinkhippie.IfIsaytinyhouse.Theythinkhippie.Theythink

unemploymentincome,andnotaxmoneyinthecashier.Theythinksomanythings.ButthenifI

callitasustainablecommunity,thenitallofasuddensoundstotallydifferent.AndifIsaymicro-

livingitsoundsreallycool.Muchcoolerthantinyhouseeventhoughitisactuallythesame’

(Nielsen-Englyst,August20th,2019).

CPHVillageisanexampleofaprojecttalkingintothemunicipalagenda.Copenhagen

MunicipalitylacksstudenthousingandthisloopholeintheregimeBusckandPlesnersaw

potentialin.TheincreasingfocusonclimateisapoliticalissuethathasreachedCopenhagen

Municipalitywantingtobeconsideredasagreenmunicipality(KøbenhavnsKommune,n.d).

ThecontainervillageatRefshaleøentalksintobothofthesemunicipalfocusareasand


50

reasonedwhythisprojectwaseasiertogetthemunicipalityonboardwith(Busck,October

20th2019).

EconomyandaffordabilityChoosingtoliveinatinyhousehasbeensuggestedbyallphysicalprojectstobemotivatedby

economicreasonsinsomedegree.Tinyhouselivingisbesidesthesustainableaspectalsoa

wayofseekingeconomicfreedom.Akeyfactorinthetotalhousingcostiscostoftheland.

Thereisaparadoxforself-buildersseekingaffordablehousingandthenpursuingthisin

urbanareasandreasonswhyisolatedtinyhousesingeneralareconsideredinarural

environment.Aneconomicchallengefortinyhouseownersishowitisimpossibletoobtain

mortgageinthesetinymobileconstructionssincetheyarenotconsideredasliveable

accommodation(Hennecke,mailcorrespondenceAugust12th2019).Thisasksfordifferent

complimentaryfinancialoptionsfortinyhousingprojects.Grobunddemandsforresidentsto

bedebt-freeandprovidemoneyupfrontwhenbuyingintothecommunity.Thecostfor

housingisequallylowduetocostoflandandself/co-build.CPHVillageisaninvestmentonly

madepossibleduetoexternalinvestorsandsupportfromfinancialinstitutions.Theprojectis

realisedthroughthefinancialinstitutesFælleskassenandVækstfonden,lendingmoneyto

CPHVillage,andRefshaleøensEjendomsselskabA/Swhorentsouttheproperty.Awin-win

forRefshaleøensEjendomsselskabA/Ssincethevillagecultivatestheareaandmakesitmore

attractiveforfutureinvestments(Busck,October20th2019).SinceSmallLivingAlbertslundis

non-mobileconstructionsofpermanentcharacteritispossibleforresidentstoobtain

mortgagesinthehouse.Membersarerequiredtobecreditapprovedinordertoguaranteea

financialsecurityfortheproject.Housingwillbehomeownershipwheretheassociation

ownsthegroundandthecommonhouseiscommonlyowned(Friis,August7th2019)

Thephysicalprojectshavedifferentstrategiestoofferaffordablehousing.SmallLiving

Albertslundskipsintermediariesandisindirectdialoguewithabuildingcompany

specializedinwoodenconstructions.BesidesthelowcostforlandGrobundtargetsself-build

tinyhousesasaffordablesolution.Duetomanyofthemembersbeingskilledinhandicraftthe

ideaistoshareknowledgesoexternalprofessionalsareunnecessary.Øhrbergwhodesigned

hisowncontainerargueshowself-buildisawayofloweringthecostbutdemandsforthe

residenttobeskilledinhandicraft(Øhrberg,October24th2019).CPHVillageisacompany


51

seekingfinancialexpansionthroughthevillageatRefshaleøenasapilotprojectattractingnew

investors.Externalsupporthasbeennecessaryfortheeconomicsuccessoftheproject.

OppositetoGrobundtheeconomicincentiveforself-buildersdisappearsinurbanareassuch

asCopenhagenwherepropertypricesareskyhigh.

AnalysisII:Transitionthroughlocalprojects

Thischapterappliestheoreticalframeworkontoempiricalfindingswiththepurposeof

understandingwherethenicheoftinyhousinginDenmarkpositionsinordertoreach

technologicaltransition.ThisanalysisconsidersempiricalfindingsaccordingtoGeels&

Ravens’(2006)localprojectsgovernedbynicheactorsthatareindividualsorsmallgroupsof

actorswithlocalpractices,whichdifferfromtheregime(Bergmanetal.2008).Inalater

discussiontransitionoftinyhousemovementasawholesomewillbediscussedonbehalfof

AnalysisIandII.

Values,normsandpractisesinlocalprojectsBottom-uptransitionstrategiessuggesthowalternativemovementsmotivatetechnological

transition(Smith,2003).Similartoallempiricalfindingsishowtheyarecarriedbyactors

whogoverntheideologyandwanttomovethegeneralperceptionofhowitisnormaltolive.

DanskTinyHouseGruppeisanexampleofagroupofpeoplewhochallengenormsinsociety

byquestioninghowtolive.Theyrepresentatargetgroupwhoarelookingforalternativesto

theirregularhousingsituation.Somethingthattinyhousingoffers.Tinyhousingprojects

representasetofvalues,normsandpracticesthataccordingtoHolmetal.(2014)are

importanttocomprehendforunderstandinghowtransitioncouldbereached.Inorderto

understandwhatkindsofvalues,normsandpracticestinyhousingprojectsrepresent

followingtableelaboratesontheseonbehalfofthethreephysicalprojects.Normsarelisted

inarankingofmostimportanttoleast,estimatedonbehalfofinterviewswithfoundersofthe

projects:


52

Values Norms Practices

Grobund Livinginharmonywith

naturewithminimalCO2

footprintsby

experimentinginnew

housingtechnologies

-Self-sufficiency

-Circulareconomy

-Economicfreedom

-Livingasimplelife

-Co-living

-Buildingoff-gridtiny

houses

-Advancedwastesorting

-Makingspacefor

permaculture

-Promotinglocal

businesses

-Sharespacesand

facilities

SmallLiving

Albertslund

Livingasenvironmentally

andeconomically

sustainableaspossibleina

normalhousing

constellation

-Reducingecological

footprints

-Economicfreedom

-Functionality

-Livingasimplelife

-Co-living

-Buildingwoodenhousing

-Buildingwithleast

possibleinterferencewith

biodiversity

-Sharespacesand

facilities

CPHVillage Effecientuseofspacesin

Copenhagenallowingfor

affordableandsustainable

housingforstudents

-Circulareconomy

-Affordability

-Co-living

-Temporality

-Urbanlife

-Sharespacesand

facilities

-Up-cyclecontainers

-Socialevents

Table1:Showsvalues,normsandpracticesrepresentedbythethreephysicalprojects

Drawingparallelsbetweenthethreedifferentprojectsthetableaboveshowshowtheyall

expressinterestinsustainabilitybuthavedifferentwaysofachievingit.Theyalladdress

housingsizeaspartoftheirstrategythustheirexperimentaldegreediffers.Grobundishighly

experimentalandradicalinitsethoswheretinyhousingisawaytosupportvaluesand

norms.EskildsenwhoisamemberofGrobundandwaspartofrealizingthepurchaseofthe

factory,expresseshowheasafutureresidentconsidershowtocarryoutpracticestogether

withhisco-residents;

‘itisalsoalearningprocess.Wehaveworkshopswherewelearn,whatkindsofsolutionsthat


53

areavailableandwhatittakes.Andthensomealsojustgotryanderror’(Eskildsen,July9th,

2019)

SinceGrobundtargetsaspecificgroupofpeoplewhoshareabovevaluesandnormstheyare

morefreetoexperimentinsolutionsofgettingthere.Randrupdoesnotbelieveofpeoplewith

adissimilarideologytoinhabitGrobundandtherebyvaluesandnormsaresubjacentbelieved

tobecarriedoutinresidents’practices(Randrup,July9th2019).

SmallLivingAlbertslundisalsoconcernedwithreducinguseofresourcesbutnotradically.

HousingsizeisintendedtobelargerthaninGrobundandCPHVillage.Thesmallhousingsize

isawaytoachievesustainability,affordabilityandasimplelifewithlesspossession.Small

LivingAlbertslundistheonlyprojecthighlyfocusedonintegratingaflexibledesigninto

housing.Thisisatooltoaccommodatethesmallsizewhilemakingitliveable.Theideological

frameworkofnormsandvaluesmainlysupportpracticesattachedtothebuiltenvironment

whenpursuingsustainablematerialandreducedhousingsize.AccordingtoFriisco-livingwill

comenaturallyandhedoesnotbelievethatanyonewithoutadesireforlivinginacommunity

wouldwanttobecomearesident(Friis,August7th2019).Thisequallysuggestshowresidents

themselvesaresupposedtogovernanideologyoftinyhousing.MainvalueforCPHVillageis

tohousestudentsasaffordableaspossible.Sustainabilityisavaluebutismainlymanifested

throughup-cyclingofcontainers.Thesmallhousingsizeisawaytolowerthecostfor

studentsandaresultofanup-cyclingstrategy.Geels(2002)argueshowindividualsinterpret

valuesandnormsdifferentlyandtherebybehaviouralpracticesfollow.Sinceabovetableis

developedonbehalfofinterviewswithactorsbehindthethreelocalprojectstheremust

assuminglybeagapininterpretationofvaluesandnormsbetweeninitiatorsandresidentsof

CPHVillage.InitiatorsbehindbothGrobundandSmallLivingAlbertslundarefutureresidents

ofthehousingprojectsbutinitiatorsbehindCPHVillage,PlesnerandBusck,aredistanced

fromthepeopleactuallycarryingoutthepractices.Thedistanceisexemplifiedthrough

interviewingMcPhilipswholivesinthevillage.Hedidnotmoveintotinycontainersasa

resultofhisownvaluesbutbecauseofthepriceandlocationbytheocean.Thebuilt

environmentwasalreadythereforhimandovertimehelearnedhowtoadapttothefew

squaremetres.McPhilipsprioritizethesociallifeandactivitiesthatincludeshishobbyof

kayaking.Thisroleofactorswillbeelaboratedoninalaterdiscussion.


54

StrategicmanagementofphysicalprojectsKempetal(1998)arguehowgovernanceallowsfornicheexperiments.Experimentsthattake

partinaprocessofshapingaglobalnichelevel.Thethreephysicalprojectscontributewith

differentapproachestowardsgovernancethatcanbeconsideredasaframeworkforstrategic

nichemanagement.TocomprehendthedegreeofsuccessforSNMforthephysicalprojects

therearesomemaingoalsofindication.Followingtableoutlinesthesemaingoalsdeveloped

byKempetal(1998):

Changeintechnology Economicfeasibility Constituencybehind

product

Grobund Off-gridhousingMobilesinglehousingunitsofminimalsize.Factoryascommonareaprovidingspaceforbusiness,sharedkitchenanddininghallCommonoutdoorspacecultivatedforpermaculture

Circulareconomy:-Off-gridhousingwithminimalenergydemand-Factoryopenforresidents’business-PermacultureascomplimentaryfoodsupplyReductioninpriceoflandduetoexemptionofattachmenttosewagesystem.Færgegården+10acresofland1,95mio.kr.Pricepr.Squaremetreof11kr.(RandrupOctober24th2019)*GenerallandtaxforasinglefamilyhouseinSyddjursis9.894kr.(Rasmussen,2019)‘TinyHouseGrobund’providesaffordablecounsellingtoresidents.Majorityofresidentshaveabudgetof100.000-300.000savedup(Møller,September4th2019)

Møllerisexperiencedinstartingthistypeofexperimentalsustainablehousingprojects.HeplaysanimportantroleingoverningtheprojectcontributingwithprocessfacilitationGrobundexperiencedrapidgrowthinmembers.Therehasbeenagreatinterestfortheproject(Randrup,July9th2019)BothRandrupandMøllerhavemanycontactstoaccessexternalknowledgefromSyddjursMunicipalityhasbeenthemostsignificantsupportingactor


55

SmallLiving

Albertslund

Smallhousingsizeintegratedinnormaltypesofhousing(non-mobile)Differentsizingstandardswithminimumsizeof40m2.FocusonfunctionalinteriordesignCommunityhousewithsharedkitchenanddinginghallOutdoorcommonarea

Skippingintermediariessuchascontractors,architectsandexternalconsultants.DirectdialoguewithbuildingcompaniesSmallhousingsizeasaffordablesolution‘BothmunicipalandprivatebuildinggroundsforsaleinAlbertslundareverysparse(Friis,August7th2019).*Generallandtaxforasinglefamilyhouseis25.693kr.inAlbertslund(Rasmussen,2019)

Theprojecthasno

constituencybehinditas

externalsupport.Friisis

currentlychargingdialogue

withAlbertslundMunicipality

andbuildingcompaniesby

himself.

Mainsupporteroftheproject,

AlbertslundMunicipality,has

anagendaofdeveloping

seniorhousingasfirst

priorityandrepresenta

conflictofinterest.

CPHVillage Containersashousingsolution(semi-mobile)TemporaryhousingOutdoorcommonareasCommunityhouseSharedindustrialkitchenKioskMolevitten

CPHVillageRefshaleøenisan

investmentsupportedby

externalfinancialinstitutions

Mobileconstructionsdonot

allowmortgages.Thishasbeen

afinancialchallengesince

containersarecharacterizedas

beingmobile

Usingthe10yearprojectperiod

toup-scaleanddevelopthe

conceptinordertoattractnew

investors(SBi,2018)

*Generallandtaxforasingle

familyhouseis41.435kr.in

Copenhagen(Rasmussen,2019)

BusckandPlesnerdida

comprehensivepreparatory

workonlookingforsupport

atpensionfunds,political

studentorganisationsand

DanskByggeri(Busk,October

20th2019)

Onbehalfofthissupportand

aclearlyframedproject

CopenhagenMunicipality

enteredtheprojectand

workedonarevisionof§19in

thePlanningAct.The

municipalityhasplayeda

centralroleforrealizingthe

project

Table2:MaingoalsforphysicalprojectsasindicationsforsuccessdevelopedbyKempetal(1998)

*Landtaxiscalculatedonbehalfofapublicassessmentofthecostofthelandandlandtaxpermille

decidedbythemunicipal.Itindicateshowvaluablelandinthethreedifferentmunicipalitiesis.Main

purposeistosuggesthowurbanareasaremoreexpensivethanrural(boligejer.dk,2019)


56

Fromabovemaingoalsofsuccessfulnicheexperimentsitisnoticeablehowtheyallrepresent

differentmodelsforachievingeconomicfeasibility.Somethingthatismanifestedinchangein

technologyanddemandforconstituency.Mostradicalchangesintechnologyarepresented

byGrobund,eventhoughthisprojectpresentsasimpleeconomicmodelandaconstituency

thatdoesnotaskformuchexternalsupport.OnthecontraryCPHVillage,asalarge

investment,donotaskforequallyradicaltechnologicalchangesbutdemandsforagreat

constituencyandexternaleconomicsupportinordertosucceed.Thisconstituencyconsistof

studentpoliticalorganisations,DanskByggeri,3Fandothercompanies.Actorswithgreat

impact.Theseindicatorssuggesthowtinyhousingprojectsasnicheexperimentshave

differentmeasuresofsuccessinurbanandruralcontexts.Grobundasaruralprojectallowsa

higherdegreeofexperimentationandradicalnesswhereCPHVillageissubjectedtolower

experimentalcapacitybutisrequiredmuchexternalsupportbothfrompoliticalandfinancial

organisationsinordertoreachaneconomicallyfeasiblemodel.Bothoftheseprojectsare

large-scaled.SmallLivingAlbertslundisasmall-scaledprojectwherechangeintechnology

doesnotcorrelatewithpoliticaloreconomicconstituencybehindtheproject.Maingoalsfor

successarenotaccommodatedandtheprojectstillseekstoberealized.

Thethreeprojectsrepresentdifferenteconomicplausiblemodelsthatarenotinseparableto

norms,valuesandpracticespreviouslyoutlined(Seetable1).WhereGrobundandSmall

LivingAlbertslundsuggesteconomicfreedomachievedthroughthephysicalbuilt

environmenttheseprojects,thatarenotfinancialsupportedbyexternalinvestment,seek

low-costsolutions.Thebuildingprocessesentailastrategyofself-buildandskipping

unnecessaryintermediaries.Allempiricalfindingssuggesthowactorsbehindtinyhousing

initiativesareequallymotivatedbyeconomicfreedombecausetheyinhabittheirown

projects.Hencetheydevelopaframeworkbasedonlow-costsolutions.ResidentsatGrobund

arenotallowedanymortgage,andpayupfrontleavingtheminahigherrisk.CPHVillageisan

investmentdependedoninvestorsbutresidentsthemselvesarenoteconomicallyrisking

anything.Thesetwoeconomicmodelsforfeasibilityaredifferentlyapproachingtinyhousing

projects,eitherasinternalorexternal.ThebuiltenvironmentinCPHVillagesupportstheir

valuesofup-cyclingbutrefurbishmentofpurchasedMÆRSKcontainerscost0,5millionkr.

reassuringforNorisoltoprovideasmobilesolutionaspossible(Johansen&Busck,2018).An

expensivesolutionforprojectswithnofinancialsupportasGrobundandSmallLiving


57

Albertslund.UnderthepremiseofbeingatemporaryprojectCPHVillagedependsofthispilot

projecttoattractnewinvestors.CPHVillagepresentsaparadoxinhoweconomicfreedomis

strategized.TinyhousingrepresentseconomicfreedomwhereCPHVillagedependson

attractingeconomicsupport.AlthoughthisparadoxallowsforresidentsatCPHVillagetolive

affordableinthemostexpensivecityinDenmark.

ProvidinglocationforexperimentGeels(2004)argueshownicheactorsaresubjectedtofulfilasetoffunctionsinorderto

achieveahigherdegreeofagency.Oneofthese,whichIfindsignificantfortinyhousing

projects,istoprovidelocationforexperiment.Ageneralobservationfoundthroughseveral

interviewsishowlocalprojectsstruggletofindsufficientspacetocarryouttheirniche

experiment.ThisargumentwaspresentedinAnalysisIandnowIseektounderstandhow

actorswhogoverntinyhousingovercomethisbarrier.Thissectioninvolvesactorspresented

notonlyinthephysicalprojectsbutinallempiricalfindings.Forindividualtinyhouseowners

findingalocationislegallynearlyimpossible.Thereistheactivistsapproachtowardsit,as

Øhrbergrepresents:

‘JustdoitforChristsake.Idonotwanttowaitforit…IamanactivistandIdoitmyself…Iwas

luckytofindabackyardwhereIcouldbe…wenevergotabuildingpermissionbutweretoldthat

themunicipalitieshadreceivedallofthedocumentationtofulfilit.Andweareabidingbythe

buildingregulations.ButInevergotit(ed.buildingpermission).(Ørhberg,August20th2019)

Fortheoneswhoseektoobeybytherulestherearevarioushalfheartedsolutionsmeeting

incontrovertibleBRrequirementsinadditiontotheBuildingActandrespectivelocalplans.

FromaplanningperspectivethisactivistapproachdisputeagainstaDanishplanning

paradigmthattriestoorganizeandcontrolthephysicallandscape.Withoutthiscontrol

infrastructuralsystemsofwaste,water,energyetc.wouldnotbepossibletoplanormanage.

BøgedalfromthePlanningDepartmentinCopenhagenexpressesthiscounterargument;

‘Ithinkitiscoolthatyouarejustdoingit.Butitmakesnosenseifwearealldoinglikethat.

Becausethemunicipalityhasanobligationtoinspecthousingforsustainability,wastesorting

andlotsofotherpracticalthings.Somemayfinditstupidbutothersarguehowthisitwhat


58

makesacitywork.Thatweareburningourwasteandproducingenergy.Andhowdoyou

controlthisinthemunicipality?Itisbyaskingthemunicipalitysoyouactuallyhaveanaddress.´

(Bøgedal,August20th2019)

CPHVillagefounders,PlesnerandBusck,workedfromapremiseofusingurbanareasmore

sufficientlyandconsideremptyspacesasgreatpotentialfordevelopment.Temporaryuseof

thespaceatRefshaleøenbecameatoolforthemtorealizetheirtemporaryproject.Grobund

asaruralprojectisnotexposedtolackofspacesavailableinthemunicipality(Syddjurs

Kommune,2020).ForMøllerandRandrupotherproblemareascomplicatedtheprocessof

findingasuitablelocation.WithoutinvestorsbehindtheprojectGrobundhasasmallfinancial

leeway.Withtherequirementforhousingtobeeoff-gridcomesbothaneconomicand

legislativebarrier.AccordingtotheEnvironmentalProtectionActallhousingareobligatedto

beconnectedtothepublicsewagesystemunlessitfrommunicipalsideisexempted(Miljø–

ogFødevareministeriet,2018).TheareaGrobundwasinterestedinwasbeforehand

designatedforenterpriseandsubjectedtosewageconnectionobligation,whichincreasedthe

priceremarkablyduetoaconnectionfee.SyddjursMunicipalityrevisedthecategorizationof

theareasoitbecameadevelopingareaexemptedfromtheconnectionobligation.Theother

halfoftheareathatGrobundisinterestedinisstillmunicipallyownedsinceitremains

designatedforenterpriseandtherebyunaffordableforGrobund.IngeneralGrobundwould

notbearealitywithoutmunicipalsupportsinceSyddjursMunicipalityownstheland.Fist

stepwasforMøllerandRandruptoenteradialoguewiththemunicipality,whichhasbeen

constructivefromthebeginningandthemunicipalitysawpotentialintheproject.Somuch

thatthemunicipalityprioritizedGrobundoveralloftheotherproposals(Randrup,October

24th2019).AdditionallyRandruptogetherwithothermembershavedoneapreparatory

workoninvitingthelocalpopulationofEbeltofttocommunitydinnersandotherevents.In

thebeginningtheywereabitscepticaltowardstheprojectassociatingitwithanew

Christianiabutnowtheyhavemetpeoplebehindtheprojectandarenotscepticalanymore

butsupportit(Randrup,July9th2019).

InitiatorbehindSmallLivingAlbertslund,Friisisyettosucceedinprovidinglocationforthe

projectandargueswhy:


59

‘ThereisnotmuchavailablelandinAlbertslund.Itisawell-developedmunicipality.Thereare

fewplacesleftbutnotreallyanyprivateplots…intheenditisbecause,thepieceoflandweare

goingtobuywillbeownedbythemunicipality…theseareprobablythelastpiecesofbuilding

plotsthemunicipalitycansell’(Friis,August7th2019)

Friisstandsalonewiththejobofprovidinglocationandeventhoughdialoguewith

AlbertslundMunicipalityisverypositivethemunicipalityfocusesonhousingcommunitiesfor

seniors.

TheroleofactorsAnaspectrepresentedinthethreephysicalprojectsishowtheroleofactorsdiffers.Holmet

at(2014)arguehowgrassrootsinnovationsarehighlycarriedbyactorsongovernancelevel

andtherebyitisrelevanttounderstandtheroleofactorsinvolvedinthethreelocalprojects.

WhereCPHVillageisaprojectwithmanyactorsinvolvedintheprocess;builder(CPHVillage),

contractor(NorisolA/S),enterprisecompany(CENTOA/S),supplierofcontainers(MÆRSK),

supplierofwindows(VELUX),realtorcompany(Lejerbo)andarchitectcompany(Arcgency).

AdditionallyCopenhagenMunicipalityhasequallyplayedabigroleinrealizingthisprojectby

developingadraftforarevised§19inthePlanningAct.Thesemanyactorscanbedifficultto

navigatebetweenmainlyinthedialogue,whichdemandforastrictcoordinationframework.

Actorsinvolvedarealreadyestablishedinthebuildingsectorandtakepartoftheexisting

regime.InoppositionGrobundisagrassrootsprojectwithshortdistancebetweenactors

involved.Thisisageneralconditionforprojectscarriedoutongrassrootslevel(Jensen,

December11th2019).ActorsinvolvedinGrobundhavemultiplerolessincetheyare

developers,manufacturers,usersanddesignersoftheproduct.Thisbenefitsthedialogue

withashortfeedbackprocessanddecisionsarequicklymade.Italsoleadstoaprocessof

‘learningbydoing’sincenoprofessionalsareinvolved.Thesetwodifferentbuildingprocesses

symbolizehowtinyhousingprojectscanbecarriedoutdually.Intheurbanareaof

Copenhagentheprocessisinahigherdegreetop-downcontrolledwheretheprocessfor

Grobundasaruralprojectisgovernedfromthebottom-up.SmallLivingAlberslund

exemplifiesasub-urbantinyhousingprojectongrassrootslevelwithnoexternalactors

involvedandabottom-upcontrolledprocess.Thisprojectsuggestshowinvolvementofmore

actorscf.constituencybehindprojectwouldstrengthenagovernanceframeworkinorderto


60

attractactorsongovernmentlevel.Astheprojectmanifeststhedistancebetweenthefew

actorsinvolvedistoosignificant.Friisasasingleactorgoverninganichethatdiffersfromthe

regimehasnotyetachievedimpactonpolicymakers.Membersoftheassociationhavemet

oncebutarenotinvolvedwiththeprocessofaccessingland,whichisamaingoalforits

success.Ashorterdistancebetweenmembersmayinitiateaprocessfacilitationthatclarifies

rolesandfocusareasforfuturedevelopmentoftheproject.

Nichevs.regime?LookingthroughtheglassesofGeels’(2002)theoryofmulti-levelperspectiveitisrelevantto

addresswheretinyhousingasanichepositions.Throughouttheanalysisempiricalfindings

contributewithdifferentwaystoapproachtinyhousing.Theseconstituteafoundationfor

understandingtherelationbetweennicheandregimepurposedtoleadthewayforalater

discussiononhowtoreachtransition.

Tinyhousingrepresentsasustainablealternativehousingtechnologythatinotherpartsof

theworldismorepracticedthanitisinDenmark.Introductorycompaniesoccupiedwith

buildingtinyhousesandarchitectswerepresented.Theyarenotmanybutrepresenthowthe

establishedbuildingsectorisslowlybeginningtointegratetinyhousinginprojects.However

tinyhousingprojectswithvalues,normsandpracticesthatrepresentastrongideologyas

partofthetechnologyisonlyseencarriedoutongrassrootslevel.Empiricalfindingsare

indicatorsshowinghowthereisaninterestintinyhousinginDenmarkbutthetechnology

takesformdifferently.Thusthisinterestislargelymanifestedinpeopletalkingabouttiny

housinginahigherdegreethanpeopleareactuallylivingintinyhousing.DanskTinyHouse

Gruppeexemplifiesthisargument.AdditionallyHenneckefromTinyHouseLivingexpresses

howheisexposedtopeopleofinterestonadailybasiswritingthecompany;

‘Wearereceivingapproximatelyfivetotenrequestsdailywithquestionsconcerninghowto

legalizeourthings(ed.tinyhouse).Oftentheyaskiftheymaytrytoliveinatinyhouse.Thatis

whywenowAirbnbsomehouses….sotheygetthechancetoknewifitissomethingforthem’

(Hennecke,August13th2019)


61

TinyHouseLivingiscurrentlyonstandbybuildingtinyhousesduetootherprojectsrelatedto

realestatecompanies(Hennecke,June3rd2019).TheseotherprojectsTinyHouseLivingis

occupiedwithsymbolizeverywellhowactorsembeddedintinyhousingfindsthemselvesone

footedonnicheandregimelevel.Onnicheleveltheyworkonpromotingtinyhousingasa

hobbywhileprofessionallyworkingintheregimetosecurefinancialincome.TinyHouse

Livinghasonefootinbuildingtinyhousesandanotherfootinotherbuildingprojects

securingafinancialincomeandminimizingtheriskthatcomeswithbuildingtinyhousingtoa

marketnotyetmaturetothistechnology.CPHVillageissomewhereclosetotheregimelevel

representedbytheexistingbuildingsector.Actorsinvolvedintheprojectareprofound

playerswellintegratedintheregime.Co-founderPlesnerargueshowhebelievesthatitis

theseprofoundactorsincludinghimselfresponsibleofshowinghowlivingtinyisnotonly

nicheworthy:

‘Weconsideritasourjobtoshowhowitcanbecooltolivetiny.Partlybyshowingthatsmall

housingcanbefunctionalandcoolbutalsotoemphasizewhatindividualsandsocietycanwin

bylimitingourselves.Itisimportantthatthemind-setfollowsthehousing.’(Plesner,August

30th2019)

ThisresponsibilitywillaccordingtoPlesnerresultinmoretinyhousingprojectsaroundthe

countryandallowforpeopletoseealternativeandsustainablewaysoflivingthatareequally

attractive.Becausehowdoyouexpectpeoplewantingtolivedifferentlyiftheydonotknow

ofanyalternativestothetraditional?(Plesner,August30th2019).CPHVillageexemplifieshow

livingtinycomewithinnovativedesignsolutionsandasBusckargues,tinyhousinghavetobe

consideredasanattractivealternativeinordertocreateamarketthatmaybeintegratedin

theregime.Orinhisownwords;‘itneedstobemadesexy’(Busck,October20th2019)

Thethreephysicalprojectsrepresentdifficultlevelsofinvolvementofitsresidents.

Grobundmainlyfocusesonself-buildbuthasstartedupabuildingcompany‘TinyHouse

Grobund’readytosuperviseorbuildhousesforfutureresidents.Thiscompanyisownedand

runbyresidentsthemselvesanddoesnotrequireexternalbuildingcompaniesorarchitectsto

supervisethebuildingprocess.Thisclosedloopexcludeinterferencefromregimelevel.Small

LivingAlbertslundallowsforco-buildincorporationwiththechosenbuildingcompany


62

specializedinwoodenconstruction.Skippingintermediariesisanattempttoexcluding

regimeactorsthatcomeswithhighcosts(Friis,August7th2019).

Inordertovisualisetherathercomplexpictureoftinyhousinginamulti-levelperspective

followingfigureissuchanattempt.Itisdevelopedonbehalfofempiricalfindingswhere

projectspresentedinthechapter‘stateoftheart’arenotincludedsinceitwouldsuggestanin

depthexaminationofthese.Thesizeofcirclesindicateswhetherprojectsarelarge–orsmall-

scaled.


63

LØS

SmallLivingAlbertslund

GrobundLawdraftongreenzone

CPVillage

LØB

Isolatedself-buildprojects Isolatedself-

buildprojects

Landscape

Globalstructuralcircumstancesasacombinationofnational–andEUregulative

Actorsembeddedintheregime:-Authorities-Propertydevelopers-Contractors-Buildingcompanies-Consultants-Architects-Craftsmen-Engineers

Experimentallocalprojects:Carriedoutthroughlocalnetworkscharacterizedbylocalvariety.

Add-on/Plug-inNegotiationframework

Globalnichelevelfortinyhousing:-Ahomogenousdefinition-Sharedvaluesandnorms-Frameworkfororganisation-Accumulationofknowledgeandexperiencesoflocalprojects

Focuson:Internationalpoliticalclimatecommitments,globalisation,urbanization,sustainabletechnologies

Underlyingstructuresintheregime:Mutualdependenciesbetweenactorsembeddedinthebuildingindustryinteractingwithinacomplexsystem;material,productsandsolutionshavetooperateacrosstheindustry.

Changesintechnology-Smallandfunctionalhousing-Focusonsustainablematerialuse-Sharedspacesandfacilities-Communityhouse

AA

Economicfeasibility-Lessuseofspace-Lessmaterialuse-Lessenergyuse-Lessmaterialstuff

Regime:Buildingsector

Figure5:Tinyhousinginmulti-levelperspective(Geels,2002)developedonbehalfofempiricalfindings


64

Abovefigureillustrateshowprojectsinvolvedwithtinyhousingpositiondifferentlyin

relationtotheexistingregime.CPHVillageisalarge-scaledprojectalmostatregimelevel

wheresmall-scaledisolatedtinyhousingprojectsevolvelongdistancedfromregimelevel.

Dottedlinesindicatedifferentpathsoftransitionsthattinyhousingmaydiffuseintoinorder

toreachregimelevel.Figure1isstartingpointfortheanalyticaldiscussionpresentedin

followingchapter.

DiscussionThischapterseekstoanswersubquestion:Howmaytinyhousingachievetransition?Inorder

toreachaconclusionofthis,themovementasawholesomeisdiscussedonbehalfofall

presentedliteratureandempiricalevidenceofthisthesis.Withthepurposeofincluding

supportiveargumentsfollowingdiscussiondoesincludeanalysedstatementsfromactors

ensuringaplatformcreatedonevidence.

Governancevs.GovernmentAlternativemovementshavehadabigroleintheDanishdevelopmentofsustainablebuilding

alternatives(Holmetal.2014).Thesealternativemovementsareabletopushactorson

governmentlevelandchangestructuresembeddedintheexistingregimes.Newtechnologies

haveseemedutopianbuthavetransitionedovertime.Møller,founderofGrobundargueshow

hebelievesintiny–andoffgridhousingmayseemutopianforsomebutisonthevergeto

becomemoreacceptablejustasotherprofoundnichetechnologies;

‘windmillsandbiogasinthe70’s.Backthenitwasalsoimpossible.Itisrealitynow.Ecological

agricultureinthe80’s.Backthenitwasimpossible.Anditisarealitynow’(Møller,September

4th2019).

Alternativetechnologiescannotachievetransitioniftheyareonlycarriedoutbygovernance

butarerequiredforactorsongovernmentleveltoaccommodatetechnologicalchanges(Holm

etal.2014).ThisapproachissupportedbyHenneckewhorepresentsabuildingcompanynot

farfromregimelevel;

‘Ittakeschangeinattitudefrommunicipalside’(Hennecke,August20th2019).


65

Tinyhousingprojectsaretodaymetwithalegislativepuzzlethatalmostmakesitimpossible

forthemovementtodevelop.BR-requirementsaredifficultfortinyhousingtoaccommodate

andthesamegoesforrequirementsnecessaryforpursuingabuildingpermission.Inother

words;tinyhousingisnotsuitedfortodays’planningparadigm.AnalysisIIuncoveredhow

theurbanandsuburbanlocalprojecthadlessexperimentalfreedomfromwhattherural

projectwassubjectedto.Thisisanexpressionofhowlackofspaceinhibitstinyhousing

projectsanddemandsforahigherdegreeofgovernmentalsupporttoprioritizetinyhousing.

AsBøgedalfromthePlanningDepartmentofCopenhagenMunicipalityargues;

‘tinyhousingissimplynotrankedhighonthelist.Thatisourchildren.Schools.Sowheneverwe

haveanemptyspacewesellittodevelopingprojectsofschoolsorotherinstitution.Becausethat

isanacutemunicipalneed.’(Bøgedal,August20th2019)

Friisissubjectedtolackofgovernmentsupportandexpresseshowheconsidersthe

relationshipbetweengovernanceandgovernment:

‘Ifwewereachessgame,itmaybethatyouhavethechesspieces.Butthemunicipalityalsohas

theirs.Anditisbythewaythemwhodecidesonhowthechessboardlookslike.’(Friis,August7th

2019).

Tinyhousingasamovementlacksanorganisationalframeworkandasaresultitfailsto

attractinterestfromgovernment.Forgovernmentauthoritiestinyhousingisundefinedand

difficulttoimplementinplanningpracticesduetolackofknowledgeonwhattinyhousing

offersbothintermsofsustainabilitybutalsoasanattractivewaytolive.Inorderfortiny

housinginDenmarktodevelopaframeworkittakesinclusionofprofessionalstoattract

governmentalinterest.Professionalsbeyondgrassrootslevelcontributewithknowledgethat

strengthensaframeworkeasilycomprehendedbyauthorities.Asitisnowseveralisolated

tinyhousesexistsaroundthecountryandprojectsdonothaveaunisonplatformtoshareand

accumulateknowledge.Thiscomplicatesthedevelopmentofaframework.

Thedemandforgovernmentalwillingnesstoprioritizemoreradicalhousinginnovationsis

yetinhibitingfortinyhousing.Lawdrafton‘frikommuneforsøg’introducesagreenzoneand


66

supportaboveargument.Thelawdraftwassentto16municipalitieswheresomeofthesee.g.

SlagelseandSyddjursMunicipalityhadshowninterest.However,duetolackofcoordination

betweenmunicipalitiesneitherofthemwantedtotaketheriskofcommittingtothe

experimentsincetheyrequiredsupportfromothermunicipalitiestoenterthisproject

together(Frost,September9th2019).Thissuggestsadenotationofahighergovernmentlevel

thatmediatesaplatformformunicipalitiestocommunicate.Thismediatormaybetheregions

gatheringandfacilitatingcoordinationforexperimentalhousingprojectssuchastiny

housing.MichelsenprovidesinsightinhowAmericanTinyHouseAssociationisrunby

volunteersbothonnationalandstatelevel.InDenmarkthatmaybeequivalentto

Hovedstaden,Sealand,FunenandJutland(Michelsen,August20th2019).Asitisnowtiny

housingisgovernedbyvolunteersweaklyattachedtoeachotherasidefromgovernment.

InitiativesastheconferenceandDanskTinyHouseGruppearestepstowardsunifyinga

strategyofgovernancethatinthefuturemaybeeasierforgovernmenttoaccommodate.

Add-onpotential

Allempiricalfindingsindicatehowtinyhousingisanideologyofmorethanjustlivingonfew

squaremetres.Sustainability,economicfreedom,innovativedesignsolutions,simplicityandco-

livingareaspectsrepresentedinphysicalprojects.Last-mentionedisawayofliving

integratedinhousingcommunities;analreadyexistingnichesuggestinganadd-onpotential

fortinyhousing.Smith(2007)presentstwoissuesunfoldinganiche-regimerelation:Add-on

andnegotiationframework.Formeraddressestherelationbetweennicheandaglobalniche

levelandsecondanichetoregimerelation.Isuggesthowthistheoryisnotdirectlyapplicable

sincenichesadding-ontoothernichesequallydemandforanegotiationframework.Tiny

housingisnotyetestablishedasaglobalniche.Inordertocreateaglobalnicheleveltiny

housingbenefitsfromaddingontoalreadyexistinghousingmovements.BothØstergaard

(LØB)andNielsen-Englyst(Bofællesskab.dk)arguehowotheralternativehousing

movementsproposesimilarnormsandvaluesastinyhousing.BothLØBandLØSarewell-

establishedmovementswithanorganizationalstructureandclearlydefinedframework.Over

theyearstheyhavealreadydoneagreatpreparatoryworkoncreatingconstructivedialogue

withmunicipalitiesandotheractorsongovernmentlevel(Østergaard,September18th2019).

SimilarlydoesBofællesskab.dksuggestasupportiveroleforhousingcommunitiesaroundthe


67

country.Add-onpotentialthatstrengthenstheorganizationalframeworkoftinyhousing

potentiallydiffuseinto:

TheDanishAssociationofEcologicalBuilding(LØB):‘Purposedtopromoteenvironmental

friendlyconstruction.Theassociationrepresentsavarietyofcontributorsandmanufacturersof

sustainablebuildingmaterial,craftsmen,andarchitectsetc.whoareinterestedinsharing

knowledgeonthetopic.LØBcommunicatesknowledgeonenvironmentallyfriendlybuilding

throughopendebates,journals,exhibitionsandexcursions.Membersgettheopportunityto

shareproductsandservices’(lob.dk.n.d)

Add-on:IntegratetinyhousingasasubgroupofLØBandfacilitateknowledgegenerationon

tinyhousingamongstdifferentprofessionsengagedintheassociation.

Negotiationframework:Tinyhousingintegratesavisionofmoreenvironmentalfriendly

buildingmaterialintoarticulatedvalues,normsandpractices.

TheDanishAssociationofEco-Communities(LØS):‘Providesaframeworkforsharing

experiencesandknowledge,andispoliticallyengagedinpromotingtheestablishmentofeco-

communitiesinDenmarkandencouragingsocietyatlargetobecomeengagedinlivingmore

sustainably…Ourpurposeiseffectuatedby:Representingeco-communities,interactingwith

politiciansandpublicauthorities,cooperatingwithotherorganizationsonthebasisofour

commoninterests…’(okosamfund.dk,n.d)

Add-on:Integratetinyhousingaspartofthesustainablevisionofeco-communitieswhen

mediatingwithpoliticiansandpublicauthorities

Negotiationframework:Tinyhousingintegratesineco-villagesandadaptvalues,normsand

practicescarriedoutineco-villageprojects.Tinyhousesareofferedasasubdivisionoffuture

eco-villagesasidewitotherhousingsolutions

Bofællesskab.dk:‘Anon-profitassociation,primarilytaskedtosupportandpromote

communityorientedwaysofliving…theassociationfacilitateseventsandmaterialsubjectedto

alternativewaysoflivingtogether…Bofaellesskab.dkaddsknowledge,advisementandtoolsasa

start-up-package…’(bofaellesskab.dk,n.d)

Add-on:Integrateknowledgeontinyhousinginthestart-up-packageinordertoexpandthis

typeofhousingtocommunitiesthatareinthedevelopingprocess.


68

Negotiationframework:Tinyhousingentersbofællesskb.dkonbehalfofanideologythat

integratesafocusareaevolvedaroundcreatingup-scaledattractivecommunities

InitiatorbehindlawdraftFrostandNielsen-EnglystconsultantatBofællesskab.dkareboth

membersofLØSwhereØstergaard,initiatorbehindDanskTinyHouseGruppeisamemberof

LØB.Thisexemplifieshowactorsembeddedintinyhousingprojectsareequallyoccupiedin

othermovementsandhaveseveralrolesallpurposedtopromotingsustainableand

alternativehousingsolutions.Theseactorsarealreadyexperiencedinhowtoorganize

projectsandequallyinterestedinimplementingvaluesandnormsoftinyhousing.Tiny

housingasaglobalnichemaybydevelopedthroughLØBandLØS.Notasatinyhouse

movementbutassomethingelse;asub-groupsorsubcategoryetc.

Aniche-to-regimenegotiationframeworkismoredifficultproposedsinceitdemandsfora

globalnicheleveltounifyaplatformfornegotiation.Howeveritispossibletocommenton

alreadyexistingtrendsintegratedinprojectscarriedoutbytheregime.Introducing,projects

integratingtinyhousingelementswerepresented.Justasempiricalfindingspresenteda

visionoflivingtogethersodidtheseprojects.Usuallyadiscussiondoesnotpresentnew

literaturebutforthisImakeanexception.Inordertoprovideevidenceforaniche-to-regime

negotiationframeworknewhousingtrendscarriedoutbytheregimeindicatessuch.

Thetrendoflivingtogetherinhousingcommunitieshasbecomeatrendonahighersocietal

levelratherthananideologyonlyintegratedingrassrootsmovements.SBiprofessorand

architectBech-Danielsenhasresearchedinhousingcommunitiesandargueshowliving

togetherisatrendthatonlybecomesbiggerwiththeyoungergeneration.Itisaresponseto

todays’individualizationandlackofsustainabilitythatsuggestssharedresponsibility,

practicaltasksandeconomy(Bech-Danielsen,2018).Thissocialaspectofwhathousingtoday

ismovingtowardsiscorrespondinglyexpressedbyarchitectbehindCPHVillage,MadsMøller

fromArcgency,whoexperiencesmorefocusonsharedspacesinthebuiltenvironment.Thus

weshouldnotthinkofitasanewtrend.Moreofanexpressionofoldpracticesthathave

becomeattractiveagain.Inaninterviewheargues:

‘Commonspacesfocusingonthesocialaspect.Itisnotanewthingtakingbackqualitiesfrom

the60’sand70’architecture’.(Møller,August15th2019)


69

AdditionallyMøllerexpresseshowtinyhousingisoneanswertowardsamoresustainable

buildingsector.Heconsiderstinyhousingasantechnologythatfollowsthissocietaltrendof

re-definingwhatahousetodayshouldrepresent.Møllerargues;

‘Itisapossibilityforbuildingmorerationalandusingresourcesinabetterway.Thepossibility

ofredefiningwhatagoodhomeis.(Møller,August15th2019)

Henceanegotiationframeworkamongstnicheandregimeequallyaddresseshowtiny

housingandhousingcommunitiesmayfindacommongroundinnewprojects.Focusingon

the‘somethingelse’tinyhousingbringstothetablebeingsenseoffellowship.Particularlyin

urbanareastinyhousingisabeneficialtoolaccommodatingtheincreaseddemandfornew

housing.Anegotiationframeworkwithpublicauthoritiesishighlyplacespecificsince

municipalitiesareentitledtodecideonsize,quantity,type,locationetc.whendevelopingnew

housing(Larsen,J.2017).AnurbannegotiationscenariocarriedoutinCopenhagenwould

demandformunicipalattentiontowardsnewlegislativeplanningacts.Inordertofacilitate

tinyhousingcommunitiesCopenhagenMunicipalitywouldhavetorevisethe95m2rule

developedin2005purposedtopromotebetterfacilitiesforfamilieswithchildren(Ekeroth,

2019).Thisruledemandsforanaveragesizeof95m2innewhousingandaminimumat75m2

foreachresidenceandexemplifiesaplacespecificnegotiationframeworkdemandingfor

government.

ThreepathwaysoftransitionTinyhousingpresentsaradicalnichewithanideologydifferingfromthegeneralwayofliving

tryingtoanswersocialandenvironmentalissuesinsociety.Howthisnicheachieves

transitionintoregimelevelcanbeproposedbyapplyingBoyers’(2018)threepathwaysof

transition.Followingpresentshowtinyhousingcurrentlydiffusebythesepathwaysfollowed

byasuggestionofhowtostrategiesthese.Themovementiscontinuouslyexperimentingin

newtechnologiesofbuildingmaterial,insulation,functionalandaestheticdesign.

Technologiesthatattempttomakeitmoreappealingtolivetiny.TinyhousinginDenmarkis

inspiredbytheAmericanmovementthroughTV-shows,blogsandYouTubechannels.

Undoubtedlythisromanticizedvisionoftinyhousinghasencouragedthemovementswayto

Denmark.Thusthephenomenonhasnotenteredthemarketquitethesimilarway;tiny


70

housinginDenmarkisnotpartofthemainstream.Insomedegreethemovementhas

passivelyemergedasahobbyforpeoplebothembeddedinthegrassrootsmovementbutalso

fortheelite.Differencebetweenthesetwogroupsishowgrassrootsactivelyworkon

protectingthenichewhilepeopleoftheelitebuildforthemselvesasafunexperiment.

Regardlessofhowtinyhousingiscarriedoutitrepresentsa‘pragmaticutopia’when

attemptingtoaccommodatesocio-environmentalissuesinsocietybytargetingresidentsand

institutionsbothinsideandoutsidethemainstream.Issuesdemandingforthebuildingsector

toreduceitsCO2emissionsandsocialconcernsseekingtointegratesenseoffellowshipinthe

builtenvironment.

Throughthreepathwaystranslation,up-scalingandreplicationitcanbeunderstoodhowtiny

housingasagrassrootsinnovationcarriesoutandattemptstoachievetransition.Diffusion

bytranslationissimilartothenegationframeworkpresentedasanadd-onpotential.This

pathwayistheleastefficientfortinyhousing.

Translation:Thintranslationfocusingonsmallhousingsizeinnewbuilding

Wheretinyhousingstruggletodiffusebyapathwayoftranslationisduetoitsradicalism.

Grobundrepresentsatechnologydemandingforstructuralchangesoftheincumbentsystem.

Translationinvolveschangesinregulatorystructuressuchaslanduseregulationsasoneof

themainbarriersfortinyhousingasitisnow.Lawdraftongreenzonewasanattemptto

achievesuchchangesbutduetotheradicalnessofthepropositiondemandingforthick

translationitfailed.InCopenhagenhousingshortageisanurgentproblem.CPHVillageisa

successfulprojectbutitshouldnotdirectlybeconsideredasresultofatranslationoftiny

housingmoreasaresultoflackofstudenthousing.CPHVillagerepresentshowtinyhousing

achievedthicktranslationbyfocusingontheadd-onpotentialofcurrenthousingtrendsas

studenthousing,co-livingandup-cycling.Intermediacyisanimportantconditionina

translationprocessbutbecomesunreachableiftinyhousingdemandsfortoomanychanges.

Tinyhousingwouldadvantagebystrategicallyusepragmatisminatranslationprocessasa

solutionforsocio-environmentalissuesinsociety;demandforaffordablehousinginbigcities

inDenmarkandreductionofcarbonemissionsfromthebuildingsector.


71

Suggestion:Focusonadd-onpotentialoftinyhousingthroughdiffusionbythintranslation.

Tinyhousinghasnotmaturedandrepresentsaradicaltechnologythatsuggestsstructural

changesofestablishedregimenotwilling/readytoaccommodatesuch.Advantageof

pragmatismsuggestingforhousingsizetosolvesocio-environmentalissuesinsociety.

Up-scaling:Understandingtinyhousingasanexperimentaldevelopingprocessratherthana

completedproduct

Tinyhousingmovementiscurrentlyinadevelopingprocesstryingtofigureoutwhatproduct

thenicherepresents.Hencediffusionbyup-scalingoftinyhousesshouldbeconsideredasa

processratherthanaproduct.Theprocessinvolveslocalexperimentalprojectscontributing

withdifferentinterpretationsofwhatthephenomenonrepresents.Thereisanincreasing

interestfortinyhousing,whichsuggestsanup-scalingbyrecruitmentofnewmembersand

growingactivity.Sincetinyhousingappealstodo-it-yourselfprojectthenicheiseasily

approachabletoindividualsoutsidethenichealsotheelitewhoarepartofthemainstream.

Howevertheimpactofanup-scalingprocessisnotcorrespondingwithgrowthinimpactof

themovement.Aninternalfactornecessaryfortinyhousingistheaccesstospace,something

projectsstruggletoachieve.Ageneralcharacteristicofgrassrootsinnovationsishowthey

dependonvolunteersdevotedtoyearsofunpaidwork(Boyer,2018).Tinyhousingismainly

carriedbyactorswhovoluntarilyspendtheirsparetimeonvariousinitiatives.Theseactors

bothexistinsideandoutsidetheniche.Up-scalingadvantagesofthisintermediatestatusby

mitigatingriskyinvestmentssinceindividualsarenotfullydependingonincomefromtiny

housingprojects.Onthecontrarytheintermediacyslowsdownthemovementbymembers

havingfewerresources,mostlytime,tofocusastrategyforexpansion.TinyHouseLivingis

suchanexample.Thebuildingcompanyoccupieswithbuildingtinyhousesbutalsowith

otherbuildingprojectsasfinancialsecurityminimizingthefinancialrisk.Grobundisfinanced

byasmallfeefrommembersat200kr.Thisfeeallowsformemberstotakepartinmeetings

andothersocialeventsthatenablepotentialresidentstotestthewatersbeforefully

committingfinancially.Laterintheprocessahigherinvestment,50.000kr.,isrequiredfor

membersinordertorealizetheproject.Ittakesasuccessfullyframedprojecttomaintain

interestofmemberssotheyarewillingtodepositahigheramountofmoneyinaproject.

Thereisagreatdifferenceonexpandingtinyhousingtoanaudiencethatjustfindit


72

interestingandthosewhoactivelywanttorealizethiswayofliving.Henceup-scaling

requiresanaudiencecommittedtogovernance.Manyoftheseprojectsareimpliedwith

uncertaintyduetobureaucraticandlegalbarriers.Theseuncertaintiesinhibitbothdo-it-

yourselfandlargerprojecttoberealizedandmakesitdifficulttorecruitmemberswhomay

onlyfindtinyhousingfascinatingbutnotthinksofitasarealistichousingsolution.

Suggestion:Exploitintermediacymoreefficientlybyattractingprofessionalswhovoluntarily

contributetoframecoordinationofbothprojectsbutalsothemovementasawholesome.Due

tothelowrisktheyhavelesstoloosebutcontributewithprofessionalgroundedevidence

easingdialoguewithactorsongovernmentlevel.Uncertaintiesbehindtinyhousingprojects

areinhibitingtorecruitmembersandthesehavetobeaddressedbyhigherauthorities.

Particularlydemandforspaceandmoresee-throughBRregulationsarenecessaryinorderto

expandthemovement.

Proactivereplication:Understandingtinyhousingas;innovativeandflexibledesign,simplicity,

sustainabilityandaffordabilitywhiledistancingfromaradicalperceptionofself-sufficiencyand

breakingfreefromsociety.

Moresmallscaledlocalinitiativesarebeginningtointegratetinyhousing.Thisgrowthis

mainlydiffusingbyaproactivereplication.Peopleseekinformationandfellowtinyhouse

enthusiaststoshareideasandthoughtswithandwanttoacquirenewknowledge.Through

conferences,books(MitTinyHouse),socialmediaplatform(DanskTinyHouseGruppe)and

person-to-personcommunicationpeopleseekguidanceofhowtoapproachnewprojectsboth

self-buildandlargerscaled.TinyHouseLivingexemplifiesamediatorbetweennicheand

regimecontributingwithprofessionalinsightsmainlyonBRrequirements.Sincethereisno

centralmanagementoftinyhousingtheintermediatestatusofreplicationproceed

proactivelywherepeopleactuponideasandinspirationwithoutseekingpermissionfromthe

globalniche.Reactivereplicationdoesalsooccur,asself-buildprojects,withnoconnectionto

otheractorsinvolvedinthemovement.Ontheupsidetheintermediacystatusencourage

projectstoarisearoundthecountryrapidlybutonthecontrarytheinformalrelationship

betweennicheprojectsandotheractorsinthemovementsuggestslesscoordinationand

accumulatingofknowledgeacrosspeopleandprojects.Sincetheglobalnichelevelisnotyet


73

organizedthereisnotmuchhelptoaccessandnewtinyhousingprojectslackguidancefrom

actorswhoareexperiencedinprocessfacilitation.Hencediffusionoftinyhousingthrough

proactiveandreactivereplicationbecomesproblematicwhenreplicationallowsformany

differenttypesofprojectsspeakingdifferentlanguages.Transitionthroughreplicationallows

formoretinyhousingprojectstodeveloparoundthecountryandmakesthiswayofliving

morevisibleforpeopleinthemainstream.Inorderfortinyhousingtoappealtothe

mainstreamreplicationadvantagefromanintermediateimagerybyarticulatinganinnovative

housingsolutionofferingflexibledesign,simplicity,sustainabilityandaffordability.This

imagedistancesfromaradicalperceptioncomparingtinyhousingtoadesireofwantingto

seekawayfromsocietyandbecomeself-sufficient.Thisradicalnessdoesnotappealtothe

mainstream.

Suggestion:Accumulatecommunication(conference,booksandotherwritten/mouth-to-

mouthinformation)inordertocoordinateaframeworkfortinyhousingthatiseasier

adaptedinfutureprojects.Thiswillstrengthenrelationshipsbetweenactorsinvolvedin

projectsondifferentscalesandlevelsanduniteamorehomogenousexpressionofwhattiny

housinginDenmarkrepresents.Anexpressionthatdistancesfromaradicalintermediate

imagery.

Closingremark

1:1AmericanTinyHouseMovementinDenmark?

LastlyasaclosingremarkIwanttogobacktothebeginningwheretinyhousingwas

presentedinanAmericancontext.BecausehowdoestinyhousinginDenmarkdifferfromthe

American?Projectsinvolvedwithtinyhousingcanbefoundaroundthecountryeitherasan

affordablesolutionofneed,housingpeoplewithlessresourcesorasanactivechoiceto

peoplewantingthiswayoflivingregardlessofeconomiccapacity.TheAmericanTinyHouse

Movementindicatesaliberationprocessfromsocietyandbuildingcompaniesareindirect

contacttoclientswhoarealsoresidentsofthehousethemselves.Thismainstreamed

Americanimplementationoftinyhousingisnotdirectlytranslatableintohowthemovement

operatesinDenmark.Therearesometinyhousesspreadaroundthecountryseekingaway


74

fromsocietyandsearchingforapeacefulenvironmentwithnoattachmenttootherhouses.

ThisisquitesimilartotheAmericaninterpretationofthephenomenon.Howevermajorityof

projectsfromempiricalfindingsincludetinyhousingaspartofavisionforacommunitythat

sharespaces,facilitiesandhavesomedegreeofco-living.Thesenseofcommunitywhere

livingsidebysidewithotherssharingsimilarlivingpreferencesisconsideredequally

importantasjustlivinginatinyhouse.Thisconceptionseeksawholesomewheretiny

housingisjustapartofitanddiffersfromtheAmericanperception.Ithasbeeninterestingto

uncoverhowtheperceptionmostsimilartotheAmericanistheonestrugglingthemostin

breakingthroughtotheestablishedsector.Thesesmallgrassrootsprojectsliveonsocial

mediaplatformssuchasDanskTinyHouseGruppe.Inordertoreachasuccessfulpathon

transitiontinyhousemovementmustbeadaptedintoaDanishcontextwhereotheraspects

aretakenintoconsideration.Thisadjustingprocesscomeswithsomeconditionswheretiny

housinghastoberethoughtasanadd-ontoothernichesinsteadofpursuingtheAmerican

dream.

ConclusionHowhastinyhousemovementbeenadaptedinaDanishcontextandhowmayaframeworkfortransitionappearlikeinordertopromotethissustainablenicheinbothanurbanandruralcontext?TinyhousemovementinDenmarkispresentintwoways;asatoolprovidedfornecessity

achievingaffordablehousingandasanideologyactivelychosenasawayofliving.Empirical

findingssuggestasetofvaluesintegratedintinyhousingprojects;lessconsumption,

sustainablebuildingmaterial,simplicity,co-living,circulareconomy,flexible/innovativedesign

andaffordability.BarriersfortinyhousingarepredominantlyBRrequirements,thePlanning

Act,localplansandbureaucracyinhibitingacceptanceoftinyhousingasliveable

accommodation.Commonlyforself-buildersandtinyhousingprojectsishowproviding

spacesforexperimentismainpitfallduetoabovebarriers.Asamovementtinyhousing

mainlycarriesoutthroughtheFacebookgroup;DanskTinyHouseGruppejoinedbymembers

ofinterestinthiswayofliving.ThroughtheglassesofGeels’(2002)multi-levelperspective

tinyhousingrepresentsanichecarriedoutthroughseverallocalprojectsandinitiatives


75

realizedbyactorsongrassrootslevelwhogoverntinyhousingasahobbyasidefromtheir

professionalwork,whichminimizeseconomicrisks.Tinyhousingrepresentsan

experimentalhousingalternativeandempiricalfindingsshowhotthedegreeofexperimental

freedomishigherinruralareasratherthanurban.Moreradicalchangesintechnologyare

acceptedbygovernmentinruralareaswherespaceisnotascarceresource.Tinyhousing

projectsmustfindaloopholeintheregimeansweringothermunicipalissues.

Commonforlocalprojectsandthemovementasawholesomeishowthenicheadvantagesof

addingontoothernicheswithsimilarvalues.Add-onpotentialthatsuggestsanegotiation

frameworkwheretinyhousingintegratesascommunities(LØS&Bofællesskab.dk)andadapt

tomoreecologicalbuildingmethods(LØB).Tinyhousingasamovementlacksorganisational

frameworkthatunifiesprojectsandfacilitateaplatformtostrengthendialoguewith

authoritiesinfutureprojects.ThisissomethingLØSandLØBmaycontributewithby

integratingtinyhousingasasubsection.Theseassociationsarealreadydefinedataglobal

nichelevelandarewell-knownbymunicipalitiescountrywide.

Anichetoregimenegotiationframeworkdevelopthroughfindingacommongroundwhere

tinyhousingadapttothesocietaltrendofincreasingdemandforhousingcommunities.

Empiricalfindingsshowhowmanytinyhousingprojectsequallyfindco-livingasan

importantaspectandsuggestplatformfornegotiationwitharegimethatseekstoreduceits

carbonfootprints.Thisprocessinitiatesathintranslationoftinyhousing,apathwayleast

efficientsinceitimplieswithchangesandreplacementofmanyelements.Transitionoftiny

housingbenefitsfromdiffusingbytwopathways;up-scalingandproactivereplication.


76

Perspectivation

Inspiredbyself-builderswhoexperimentindifferentsustainablebuildingtechniquesand

materialitwouldbeinterestingtoexaminethepotentialoftheseintermsofpromoting

sustainablehousing.Coulditbethatresidentsengagedinthebuildingprocesswouldchoose

tobuildmoresustainable?Particularlyinurbanareaswheretheexperimentalfreedomisnot

veryhighanbusinessasusualismorepresentinthebuiltenvironment.

InanarticleinPolitikens’section‘Byrum’from2019AnneRommeandMortenBirk

JørgensenbothprofessorsatinstituteforBuildingartandCulture,KADKarguehownew

housinginCopenhagenaresimilarintype,technique,sizeamongstotherandquestionwhy

everythinghavetolookalike.AtKADKtheyhaveexploredhowresidentsbuildingtheirown

housemaycontributetotheprevalenttypeofhousing.Self-buildprojectshavepotentialin

experimentingandchallengethecurrenthomogenousdeveloperdominatedhousing

landscape.Furthermoreitshowshowself-buildershaveatendencytoexperimentwithmore

sustainablesolutionsratherthandevelopers.InCopenhagenBy&Havntogetherwith

CopenhagenMunicipalityaremaindecisionmakerswhenpushingadeveloperdominated

newhousingmarketbuildingforthelargestandstrongestbuyers–upperclassfamilies.

AccordingtoRommeandJørgensenthisapproachgivesnoroomforcitizensparticipatingin

experimentalandalternativewaysoflivingwheretheyareequallypartofthedeveloping

process.Inordertodoso,spaceisrequiredforthemunicipalitytoreserveareasforthis

purpose.TodayBy&Havnisrequiredsellingbuildinglotstohighestpayingproposal.Why

notdividethesebiglotsintosmallerpropertiesthatenablecitizensofCopenhagentobuy

thesetogetherinsmallgroups?(Romme&Jørgensen,2019)


77

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