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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF MARINE FISHERIES IN INDIAMEGHA GUPTA

Marine Fisheries

Its proportion in total fisheries production has decreased though because coastal aquaculture production has increased, and both of the capture fisheries subsectors have not been growingMarine capture fisheries has been the main subsector of capture fisheries

Sustainability

Sustainable Fishery is the one that is harvested at a sustainable rate where the fish population does not decline over time because of fishing practices.According to FAO17% - Overexploited7% - Depleted1% - Recovering from Depletion

Characterization

Marine capture fisheries can be characterized as SSF and LSF.The fishing boats, which are non-powered, outboard powered and inboard powered boats less than 10 gross tonnage (GT), as well as the fishing gears generally operating inshore, are considered as SSF. Also, coastal fishing operations without boats are included in SSF. The fishing boats of more than 10 GT and the fishing operations conducted offshore are LSF.

DifferencesLarge-scale fisheries (LSF)Small-scale fisheries (SSF)1.Otter board trawl1.Mackerel gill net2.Pair trawl2.Pomfret gill net3.Beam trawl3.Mullet gill net4.Purse seine4.Shrimp trammel net5.Anchovy purse seine5.Crab gill net6.King mackerel drifting gill net6.Squid trammel net7.Mackerel encircling gill net7.Other gill nets8.Push net8.Squid falling net9.Deep water set net9.Other cast nets10.Hand push net11.Long line12.Hand line and pole & line13.Set bag net14.Fish trap15.Crab trap16.Squid trap17.Shallow water set net18.Other stationary gears

8129 km2.02 m km20.50 million km20.18 million km2 32023.5 million0.9 million [20% in mech., 20%moto., 60% in arti.]; 30% posses ownership of fishing vesselsPhysical ComponentLength of coastline Exclusive economic zone Continental shelfInshore area (< 50 m depth) Fishing villagesHuman ComponentMarine fishers populationActive fishers populationComponentProfile

Infrastructure ComponentLanding centers1332Major fishing harbours6Minor fishing harbours27Mechanised vessels58,911Motorised vessels75,591Non-motorised vessels104,270

Profile of Indian Marine Fisheries

CraftLength (m)Engine power(hp)MechanisedTrawlers9-20150 - 400Gillnetters7-1480-100Purseseiners11-15100-120Dolnetters10-1580-100Ringseiners10-2085-120Pole & liners10-12100Motorised (with > one outboard motors)Plank-built canoes8-2235-120Plywood boats10-1740-65Motorised (with one outboard motor)Catamaran5-72-5Dugout canoes5-72-10Plank-built canoes5-122-25Plank-built boats7-98-15Plank transom canoes7-98-15Plywood boats9-128-15Non-motorisedCatamaran5-7-Dugout canoes5-7-Plank-bulit canoes5-12-

Scale Of Marine Fisheries In INDIA

AQUACULTUREAquacultureinvolves cultivating freshwater and saltwater populations under controlled conditions, and can be contrasted with commercial fishing, which is the harvesting of wild fish.According to theFAO, aquaculture "is understood to mean the farming of aquatic organisms including fish, molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic plants. Farming implies some form of intervention in the rearing process to enhance production, such as regular stocking, feeding, protection from predators, etc. Farming also implies individual or corporate ownership of the stock being cultivated.

Issues

Declining catches and overfishing in coastal watersPost-harvest losses (discard, spoilage, reduced quality)Habitat degradation (industrial waste, domesticsewage, pesticides etc)Climate changeIllegal, unreported and unregulated landingsPoor implementation of regulations (eg; meshsize

ISSUES

Management and conservation of theresourcesplansEcosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM)better than single species mgmt, ecosystem evaluation and modeling, can predictchangesBycatch reduction- BRDs and sem pelagic trawlingCapacity reduction- limit entry, buybackUnderstanding climate variability and fisheries-improved information on climate and effects made availableImplementation of CCRF -overexploitaton of stocks, damage to ecosystems, trade issues: ecolabelingNatural hazards disaster managementMariculture- potential mariculture site identification

Development of Infrastructure- post harvest loss -15%, public investment, VMS, better domestic marketing

Diversification of vessels and deep sea fishing- 1.3 lakh t of deep sea resources- tuna longliners and squid jiggersDiversification of products -value added productsUtilisation of fish waste to useful productsMarine Protected Areas (MPAs)-area to expand to 7.12%

Open Access Fishing is Governed by

Indian Fisheries Act, 1897The Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972MFR (regulation) Bill, 1978 formulated after the EEZ declarationMFRA of maritime states enacted from 1980 in all maritime statesMaritime Zones of India Act, 1981Environment (Protection) Act,1986

Primary aim is to prevent and minimize disputes among different sectors

Drawbackno entry restrictions, retire old fishing fleets, no legal action against violators

MARINE PROTECTED AREAS(MPAs)

Currently, there are 31 MPAs (majorityin A&N)

The current area under MPAs is 6.16 per cent of the area in the coastal biogeographic, which is proposed to be expanded to 7.12 per cent

Oil wells in Bombay High and Godavari Basin alsofunction as MPAs

Other Harvesting MethodsCommercial fishing uses many different methods to effectively catch a large variety of species including the use of pole and line,trolling with multiple lines,trawlingwithlarge nets, andtrapsorpots.Sustainability of fisheries is improved by using specific equipment that eliminates or minimizes catching non-targeted species

LAWSNational Environment Policy 2006 -ensure the integrity of the fisheries resource and the fishers and the environmental requirements of eachLaws related to trade- A clear policy should be considered specifying the roles of agencies in relation to fisheries and to each other

SOLUTIONSEnhancement of coastal stocks through sea-rainingCreation of artificial fish habitats in inshore groundsLimited entry, effort rational tin and closed fishing seasonsGear,Area temporal restrictions and mesh size regulation prevent growth of overfishingMonitoring ecosystem healthEnvironmental awarenessIntensifying the exploitation in offshore grounds by mechanized vessels

Learn to respect fish as our food and we can improve the quality of the fish

Abdussamad, E.M. and N.G.K. Pillai (2009). Significance of small pelagics in the marine ecosystem in sustaining the stock and fishery of Indian seas. In: Marine Ecosys tems Challenges and Opportunities" Book of Abstrac ts, p. 106-107, Marine Biological Association of India, February 9 -12, Cochin Responsible Fisheries in Marine Ecosystem : edited by M. Sinclair and G. ValdimarssonJ. R. Beddington1,D. J. Agnew1,C. W. Clark (2007) . Current Problems in the Management of Marine Fisheries(Joshi et al' J 2008; Akhilesh et al., 2009)FAO (2008) Report of the FAO Workshop on vulnerable ecosystems and destructive fishing in Deep sea fisheries, FAO Fish Rep. No. 829, FAO, Rome:18 p.Key tuna and tuna-like species in the IOTC Area of Competence Catch (2012) Average Catch (2008-2012) Status of StocksREFERENCES